1
|
Zong Y, Yang JJ, Li K, Pei YF, Hou HY, Zhang Y, Wang CL, Li PL. Litoamentenes A-K, eleven undescribed cembranoids with cytotoxicity from the South China Sea soft coral Litophyton amentaceum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 223:114113. [PMID: 38697241 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Eleven undescribed cembrane-type diterpenoids, named litoamentenes A-K (1-11), were isolated from the soft coral Litophyton amentaceum collected from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, comparison with the literature data, single crystal X-ray diffraction, quantum chemical calculations and TDDFT-ECD calculations. This is the first systematic investigation of L. amentaceum. In particular, compounds 1-3 are cembrane-type norditerpenoids that lack isopropyl side chains. Compound 6 is a cembrane-type norditerpenoid without a methyl group at C-4, the first natural product identified with this carbon skeleton. Compounds 6, 9 and 10 showed modest cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 3.99 to 14.56 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy Department, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy Department, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy Department, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, China
| | - Yan-Fang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy Department, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, China
| | - Hui-Yue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy Department, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy Department, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, China
| | - Ci-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy Department, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ping-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy Department, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yan XY, Zhang L, Yang QB, Ge ZY, Liang LF, Guo YW. Genus Litophyton: A Hidden Treasure Trove of Structurally Unique and Diversely Bioactive Secondary Metabolites. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:523. [PMID: 37888458 PMCID: PMC10608288 DOI: 10.3390/md21100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine soft corals are prolific sources of various natural products that have served as a wealthy reservoir of diverse chemical scaffolds with potential as new drug leads. The genus Litophyton contains almost 100 species but only a small proportion of them has been chemically investigated, which calls for more attentions from global researchers. In the current work, 175 secondary metabolites have been discussed, drawing from published data spanning almost five decades, up to July 2023. The studied species of the genus Litophyton resided in various tropical and temperate regions and encompassed a broad range of biologically active natural products including terpenes, steroids, nitrogen-containing metabolites, lipids, and other metabolites. A wide spectrum of pharmacological effects of these compounds had been evaluated, such as cytotoxic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-malarial, antifeedant, anti-inflammatory, molluscicidal, PTP1B inhibitory, insect growth inhibitory, and neuroprotective activities. This review aims to offer an up-to-date survey of the literature and provide a comprehensive understanding of the chemical structures, taxonomical distributions, and biological activities of the reported metabolites from the title genus whenever available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yun Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Qi-Bin Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Zeng-Yue Ge
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Lin-Fu Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.-B.Y.); (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Bao Shan District, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, 198 Binhai East Road, High-tech Zone, Yantai 264117, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang K, Liu J, Huang J, Leng X, Li T, Ouyang H, Lin W, Yan X, He S. Discovery of uncommon terpenoids from the South China Sea soft coral Sinularia scabra. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 209:113616. [PMID: 36828101 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sinulatones A and B, presented as the unusual carbon skeleton with bicyclo[4.5.0] system, two undescribed sesquiterpenoids, namely sinulalides A and B, along with eight known terpenoids, were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Sinularia scabra. The structures and stereochemistry of these compounds were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data analyses, and computer-assisted methods, including the quantum mechanical-nuclear magnetic resonance (QM-NMR) and TDDFT-ECD calculations. In bioassay, sinulatones A and B showed inhibitory activity against osteoclast precursor cells, with IC50 values of 16.8 and 5.8 μM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Leng
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Te Li
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Ouyang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shan He
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China; Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315800, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmed MMA, Ragab EA, Zayed A, El-Ghaly EM, Ismail SK, Khan SI, Ali Z, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Litoarbolide A: an undescribed sesquiterpenoid from the Red Sea soft coral Litophyton arboreum with an in vitro anti-malarial activity evaluation. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:542-550. [PMID: 35491702 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2071268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft corals distributed across the Red Sea coasts are a rich source of diverse and bioactive natural products. Chemical probing of the Red Sea soft coral Litophyton arboreum led to isolation and structural characterization of an undescribed sesquiterpenoid, litoarbolide A (1), along with 14 previously reported metabolites (2-15). The chemical structures of the isolates were assigned based on NMR as well as high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data. Litoarbolide A is supposed to be the biosynthetic precursor to other sesquiterpenoids, which formed via further post-translational modifications. Furthermore, these metabolites were evaluated for anti-malarial activity, where only the acyclic sesquiterpenoid of a sec-germacrane nucleus (7) showed an activity against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 at 3.7 and 2.2 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the isolated metabolites were all non-toxic to the Vero cell line. These findings support the consideration of L. arboreum in further natural anti-malarial studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Ehab A Ragab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, College of Pharmacy, Tanta, Egypt.,Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elsayed M El-Ghaly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Said K Ismail
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nagasaka M, Tani K, Nishikawa K, Kinjo R, Ishii T. Furanocembranoid from the Okinawan soft coral Sinularia sp. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:7. [PMID: 35233688 PMCID: PMC8888784 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One new furanocembranoid diterpene, 11-hydroxy-Δ12(13)-pukalide (1), along with six known secondary metabolites, 11-acetoxy-Δ12(13)-pukalide (2), 13α-acetoxypukalide (3), pukalide (4), 3α-methoxyfuranocembranoid (5), Δ9(15)-africanene (6), and methyl (5'E)-5-(2',6'-dimethylocta-5',7'-dienyl)furan-3-carboxylate (7) were isolated from the Okinawan soft coral Sinularia sp. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis (FTIR, NMR, and HRESIMS), and the relative stereochemistry of 1 was determined by NOESY experiments and acetylation, which yielded derivative 2. In addition, compounds 1 and 7 exhibited toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Nagasaka
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tani
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Riri Kinjo
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishii
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li SW, Mudianta IW, Cuadrado C, Li G, Yudasmara GA, Setiabudi GI, Daranas AH, Guo YW. Litosetoenins A-E, Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Litophyton setoensis, Backbone-Rearranged through Divergent Cyclization Achieved by Epoxide Reactivity Inversion. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11771-11781. [PMID: 34338508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Litosetoenins A-E (1-5), five new ring-rearranged serrulatane-type diterpenoids with a common tricyclo[3.0.4]decane core, along with a known diterpenoid glycoside (6), a related known diterpenoid (7), and four known sesquiterpenoids (8-11), were isolated from a Balinese soft coral Litophyton setoensis. Spirolitosetoenin A (5a) and isospirolitosetoenin A (5b), featuring an unprecedented spiro[4,5]decane core, were obtained after treatment of compound 5 with HCl in methanol. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum mechanical nuclear magnetic resonance approach, and chemical methods. A plausible biosynthetic pathway involving an unusual divergent biogenesis was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - I Wayan Mudianta
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Bali 81116, Indonesia
| | - Cristina Cuadrado
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife 38206, Spain
| | - Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gede A Yudasmara
- Study Program of Aquaculture, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Bali 81116, Indonesia
| | - Gede I Setiabudi
- Study Program of Aquaculture, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Bali 81116, Indonesia
| | - Antonio H Daranas
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife 38206, Spain
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hanif N, Murni A, Tanaka C, Tanaka J. Marine Natural Products from Indonesian Waters. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060364. [PMID: 31248122 PMCID: PMC6627775 DOI: 10.3390/md17060364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are primal and have been a driver in the evolution of organic chemistry and ultimately in science. The chemical structures obtained from marine organisms are diverse, reflecting biodiversity of genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is an extraordinary feature of life and provides benefits to humanity while promoting the importance of environment conservation. This review covers the literature on marine natural products (MNPs) discovered in Indonesian waters published from January 1970 to December 2017, and includes 732 original MNPs, 4 structures isolated for the first time but known to be synthetic entities, 34 structural revisions, 9 artifacts, and 4 proposed MNPs. Indonesian MNPs were found in 270 papers from 94 species, 106 genera, 64 families, 32 orders, 14 classes, 10 phyla, and 5 kingdoms. The emphasis is placed on the structures of organic molecules (original and revised), relevant biological activities, structure elucidation, chemical ecology aspects, biosynthesis, and bioorganic studies. Through the synthesis of past and future data, huge and partly undescribed biodiversity of marine tropical invertebrates and their importance for crucial societal benefits should greatly be appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Novriyandi Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Anggia Murni
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16128, Indonesia.
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abou El-Kassem LT, Hawas UW, El-Desouky SK, Al-Farawati R. Sesquiterpenes from the Saudi Red Sea: Litophyton arboreum with their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 73:9-14. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new pseudoguaiane-type sesquiterpene named litopharbol (1) was isolated from the methanolic extract of the Red Sea soft coral Litophyton arboreum, along with known sesquiterpenoids alismol (2), alismorientol B (3), teuhetenone A (4), and calamusin I (5); steroid, 24-methyl-cholesta-5,24(28)-diene-3β-ol (6), alkyl glyceryl ether, chimyl alcohol (7); sphingolipid, erythro-N-dodecanoyl-docosasphinga-(4E,8E)-dienine (8); and nitrogenous bases, thymine (9) and thymidine (10). The structures were determined on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR data including heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) and mass spectrometric analyses. Compounds 1–5 were explored for antimicrobial activity and cancer cell line sensitivity tests. Compound 1 exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus with a minimum inhibition concentration of 1.8 μg/mL, whereas compound 3 showed significant potent cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) with IC50 4.32 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Usama W. Hawas
- Marine Chemistry Department , Faculty of Marine Sciences , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematic Department , National Research Centre , Dokki 12311, Cairo , Egypt , Tel.: +966-5424-68093; Fax: +966-2640-1747
| | - Samy K. El-Desouky
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , Jazan University , Jazan 2097 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematic Department , National Research Centre , Dokki 12311, Cairo , Egypt
| | - Radwan Al-Farawati
- Marine Chemistry Department , Faculty of Marine Sciences , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McAulay K, Clark JS. Total Synthesis of 7-epi
-Pukalide and 7-Acetylsinumaximol B. Chemistry 2017; 23:9761-9765. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten McAulay
- WestCHEM; School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow; University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - J. Stephen Clark
- WestCHEM; School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow; University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghandourah MA, Alarif WM, Abdel-Lateff A, Al-Lihaibi SS, Ayyad SEN, Basaif SA, Badria FA. Two new terpenoidal derivatives: a himachalene-type sesquiterpene and 13,14-secosteroid from the soft coral Litophyton arboreum. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Antiosteoporotic and antioxidant activities of diterpenoids from the Vietnamese soft corals Sinularia maxima and Lobophytum crassum. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
Yang B, Huang J, Lin X, Liao S, Zhou X, Liu J, Wang J, Wang L, Liu Y. New Casbane Diterpenoids from the Hainan Soft CoralSinulariaSpecies. Helv Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
López-Acosta JF, Villa-Pérez P, Fernández-Díaz CM, Román DDL, Díaz-Marrero AR, Cueto M, Perdomo G, Cózar-Castellano I. Protective effects of epoxypukalide on pancreatic β-cells and glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Islets 2015; 7:e1078053. [PMID: 26406478 PMCID: PMC4878260 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2015.1078053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a consequence of a decrease on functional β-cell mass. We have recently demonstrated that epoxypukalide (Epoxy) is a natural compound with beneficial effects on primary cultures of rat islets. In this study, we extend our previous investigations to test the hypothesis that Epoxy protects β-cells and improves glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic mice. We used 3-months old male mice that were treated with Epoxy at 200 μg/kg body weight. Glucose intolerance was induced by multiple intraperitoneal low-doses of streptozotocin (STZ) on 5 consecutive days. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated measuring plasma insulin levels and glucose tolerance. Histomorphometry was used to quantify the number of pancreatic β-cells per islet. β-cell proliferation was assessed by BrdU incorporation, and apoptosis by TUNEL staining. Epoxy treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels. These metabolic changes were associated with increased β-cell numbers, as a result of a two-fold increase in β-cell proliferation and a 50% decrease in β-cell death. Our results demonstrate that Epoxy improves whole-body glucose homeostasis by preventing pancreatic β-cell death due to STZ-induced toxicity in STZ-treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose F López-Acosta
- Instituto de Genética y Biología Molecular (University of Valladolid-CSIC); Valladolid, Spain
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pablo Villa-Pérez
- Instituto de Genética y Biología Molecular (University of Valladolid-CSIC); Valladolid, Spain
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Daniel de Luis Román
- Svo Endocrinología y Nutrición HCUVA; Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición (University of Valladolid); Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana R Díaz-Marrero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica “Antonio González” -CIBICAN; University of La Laguna; San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Mercedes Cueto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC); La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Germán Perdomo
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquimica; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Toledo, Spain
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Instituto de Genética y Biología Molecular (University of Valladolid-CSIC); Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence to: Irene Cózar-Castellano;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ellithey MS, Lall N, Hussein AA, Meyer D. Cytotoxic and HIV-1 enzyme inhibitory activities of Red Sea marine organisms. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:77. [PMID: 24568567 PMCID: PMC3939812 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Cancer and HIV/AIDS are two of the greatest public health and humanitarian challenges facing the world today. Infection with HIV not only weakens the immune system leading to AIDS and increasing the risk of opportunistic infections, but also increases the risk of several types of cancer. The enormous biodiversity of marine habitats is mirrored by the molecular diversity of secondary metabolites found in marine animals, plants and microbes which is why this work was designed to assess the anti-HIV and cytotoxic activities of some marine organisms of the Red Sea. Methods The lipophilic fractions of methanolic extracts of thirteen marine organisms collected from the Red Sea (Egypt) were screened for cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines; leukaemia (U937) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) were used as normal non-malignant control cells. The extracts were also tested for their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 enzymes, reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR). Results Cytotoxicity results showed strong activity of the Cnidarian Litophyton arboreum against U-937 (IC50; 6.5 μg/ml ±2.3) with a selectivity index (SI) of 6.45, while the Cnidarian Sarcophyton trochliophorum showed strong activity against HeLa cells (IC50; 5.2 μg/ml ±1.2) with an SI of 2.09. Other species showed moderate to weak cytotoxicity against both cell lines. Two extracts showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease; these were the Cnidarian jelly fish Cassiopia andromeda (IC50; 0.84 μg/ml ±0.05) and the red algae Galaxura filamentosa (2.6 μg/ml ±1.29). It is interesting to note that the most active extracts against HIV-1 PR, C. andromeda and G. filamentosa showed no cytotoxicity in the three cell lines at the highest concentration tested (100 μg/ml). Conclusion The strong cytotoxicity of the soft corals L. arboreum and S. trochliophorum as well as the anti-PR activity of the jelly fish C. andromeda and the red algae G. filamentosa suggests the medicinal potential of crude extracts of these marine organisms.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang B, Wang L, Li Y, Liu Y. Heterocyclic terpenes: linear furano- and pyrroloterpenoids. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra48040b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review of furano- and pyrroloterpenoids covers the literature, 180 articles in all, published from January 2006 to December 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Shajing Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Lishu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Yinglei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ellithey MS, Lall N, Hussein AA, Meyer D. Cytotoxic, cytostatic and HIV-1 PR inhibitory activities of the soft coral Litophyton arboreum. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4917-36. [PMID: 24336129 PMCID: PMC3877894 DOI: 10.3390/md11124917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation using different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques in the analysis of the Red Sea soft coral Litophyton arboreum led to the isolation of nine compounds; sarcophytol M (1), alismol (2), 24-methylcholesta-5,24(28)-diene-3β-ol (3), 10-O-methyl alismoxide (4), alismoxide (5), (S)-chimyl alcohol (6), 7β-acetoxy-24-methylcholesta-5-24(28)-diene-3,19-diol (7), erythro-N-dodecanoyl-docosasphinga-(4E,8E)-dienine (8), and 24-methylcholesta-5,24(28)-diene-3β,7β,19-triol (9). Some of the isolated compounds demonstrated potent cytotoxic- and/or cytostatic activity against HeLa and U937 cancer cell lines and inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease (PR). Compound 7 was strongly cytotoxic against HeLa cells (CC50 4.3 ± 0.75 µM), with selectivity index of SI 8.1, which was confirmed by real time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES). Compounds 2, 7, and 8 showed strong inhibitory activity against HIV-1 PR at IC50s of 7.20 ± 0.7, 4.85 ± 0.18, and 4.80 ± 0.92 µM respectively. In silico docking of most compounds presented comparable scores to that of acetyl pepstatin, a known HIV-1 PR inhibitor. Interestingly, compound 8 showed potent HIV-1 PR inhibitory activity in the absence of cytotoxicity against the cell lines used. In addition, compounds 2 and 5 demonstrated cytostatic action in HeLa cells, revealing potential use in virostatic cocktails. Taken together, data presented here suggest Litophyton arboreum to contain promising compounds for further investigation against the diseases mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona S. Ellithey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Ahmed A. Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Belleville 7535, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Debra Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +27-12-420-2300; Fax: +27-12-362-5302
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activation in HepG2 cells by diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia maxima. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:706-12. [PMID: 23934574 PMCID: PMC4047482 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory transcriptional effects of nineteen compounds (1–19) from the soft coral Sinularia maxima were evaluated using NF-κB luciferase and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 17, and 18 significantly inhibited TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values ranging from 15.81 ± 2.29 to 29.10 ± 1.54 μM. Furthermore, the transcriptional inhibitory function of these compounds was confirmed by a decrease in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression levels in HepG2 cells. These results provide a scientific rationale for the use of the soft coral S. maxima warrant further studies to develop new agents for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory.
Collapse
|
18
|
López-Acosta JF, Moreno-Amador JL, Jiménez-Palomares M, Díaz-Marrero AR, Cueto M, Perdomo G, Cózar-Castellano I. Epoxypukalide induces proliferation and protects against cytokine-mediated apoptosis in primary cultures of pancreatic β-cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52862. [PMID: 23300997 PMCID: PMC3534672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgency to find new treatments for the devastating epidemic of diabetes. Pancreatic β-cells viability and function are impaired in the two most common forms of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Regeneration of pancreatic β-cells has been proposed as a potential therapy for diabetes. In a preliminary study, we screened a collection of marine products for β-cell proliferation. One unique compound (epoxypukalide) showed capability to induce β-cell replication in the cell line INS1 832/13 and in primary rat cell cultures. Epoxypukalide was used to study β-cell proliferation by [3H]thymidine incorporation and BrdU incorporation followed by BrdU/insulin staining in primary cultures of rat islets. AKT and ERK1/2 signalling pathways were analyzed. Cell cycle activators, cyclin D2 and cyclin E, were detected by western-blot. Apoptosis was studied by TUNEL and cleaved caspase 3. β-cell function was measured by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Epoxypukalide induced 2.5-fold increase in β-cell proliferation; this effect was mediated by activation of ERK1/2 signalling pathway and upregulation of the cell cycle activators, cyclin D2 and cyclin E. Interestingly, epoxypukalide showed protection from basal (40% lower versus control) and cytokine-induced apoptosis (80% lower versus control). Finally, epoxypukalide did not impair β-cell function when measured by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In conclusion, epoxypukalide induces β-cell proliferation and protects against basal and cytokine-mediated β-cell death in primary cultures of rat islets. These findings may be translated into new treatments for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco López-Acosta
- Instituto de Genética y Biología Molecular (IBGM)-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana R. Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mercedes Cueto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Germán Perdomo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Instituto de Genética y Biología Molecular (IBGM)-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Elaboration of the carbocyclic ring systems in plumarellide and rameswaralide using a coordinated intramolecular cycloaddition approach, based on a common biosynthesis model. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
New cembrane diterpenoids from a Hainan soft coral Sinularia sp. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:2023-2032. [PMID: 23118718 PMCID: PMC3475270 DOI: 10.3390/md10092023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Five new cembrane diterpenoids, named sinuflexibilins A-E (1-5), along with nine other known diterpenoids (6-14), have been isolated from the organic extract of a Hainan soft coral Sinularia sp. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison of their spectral data with those of related metabolites. Compound 13, flexibilide, exhibited significant inhibitory activity of NF-κB activation using the cell-based HEK293 NF-κB luciferase reporter gene assay.
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Albrecht Ł, Ransborg LK, Jørgensen KA. Organocatalytic synthesis of optically active heteroaromatic compounds. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Mao SC, Gavagnin M, Mollo E, Guo YW. A new rare asteriscane sesquiterpene and other related derivatives from the Hainan aeolid nudibranch Phyllodesmium magnum. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Exploration of a proposed biomimetic synthetic route to plumarellide. Development of a facile transannular Diels–Alder reaction from a macrocyclic enedione leading to a new 5,6,7-tricyclic ring system. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
Li Y, Pattenden G. Novel macrocyclic and polycyclic norcembranoid diterpenes from Sinularia species of soft coral: Structural relationships and biosynthetic speculations. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:429-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
26
|
Li Y, Pattenden G. Perspectives on the structural and biosynthetic interrelationships between oxygenated furanocembranoids and their polycyclic congeners found in corals. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1269-310. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Iwagawa T, Kusatsu D, Tsuha K, Hamada T, Okamura H, Furukawa T, Akiyama SI, Doe M, Morimoto Y, Iwase F, Takemura K. Cytotoxic Eunicellin-Type Diterpenes from the Soft Coral Litophyton viscudium. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Pattenden G, Winne JM. Synthetic studies towards oxygenated and unsaturated furanocembranoid macrocycles. Precursors to plumarellide, rameswaralide and mandapamates. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
29
|
Shaker K, Müller M, Ghani M, Dahse HM, Seifert K. Terpenes from the Soft Corals Litophyton arboreum and Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:2007-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Synthesis of exo enol ether-cyclic ketal isomers of substituted furanmethanol structures related to marine furanocembranoids. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
32
|
Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:165-237. [DOI: 10.1039/b906091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
33
|
An intramolecular [4+3]-cycloaddition approach to rameswaralide inspired by biosynthesis speculation. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
|