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Kaczmarek A, Boguś M. The metabolism and role of free fatty acids in key physiological processes in insects of medical, veterinary and forensic importance. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12563. [PMID: 35036124 PMCID: PMC8710053 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are the most widespread group of organisms and more than one million species have been described. These animals have significant ecological functions, for example they are pollinators of many types of plants. However, they also have direct influence on human life in different manners. They have high medical and veterinary significance, stemming from their role as vectors of disease and infection of wounds and necrotic tissue; they are also plant pests, parasitoids and predators whose activities can influence agriculture. In addition, their use in medical treatments, such as maggot therapy of gangrene and wounds, has grown considerably. They also have many uses in forensic science to determine the minimum post-mortem interval and provide valuable information about the movement of the body, cause of the death, drug use, or poisoning. It has also been proposed that they may be used as model organisms to replace mammal systems in research. The present review describes the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) in key physiological processes in insects. By focusing on insects of medical, veterinary significance, we have limited our description of the physiological processes to those most important from the point of view of insect control; the study examines their effects on insect reproduction and resistance to the adverse effects of abiotic (low temperature) and biotic (pathogens) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomibo, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Dodecanol, metabolite of entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus, affects fatty acid composition and cellular immunity of Galleria mellonella and Calliphora vicina. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15963. [PMID: 34354188 PMCID: PMC8342708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One group of promising pest control agents are the entomopathogenic fungi; one such example is Conidiobolus coronatus, which produces a range of metabolites. Our present findings reveal for the first time that C. coronatus also produces dodecanol, a compound widely used to make surfactants and pharmaceuticals, and enhance flavors in food. The main aim of the study was to determine the influence of dodecanol on insect defense systems, i.e. cuticular lipid composition and the condition of insect immunocompetent cells; hence, its effect was examined in detail on two species differing in susceptibility to fungal infection: Galleria mellonella and Calliphora vicina. Dodecanol treatment elicited significant quantitative and qualitative differences in cuticular free fatty acid (FFA) profiles between the species, based on gas chromatography analysis with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and had a negative effect on G. mellonella and C. vicina hemocytes and a Sf9 cell line in vitro: after 48 h, almost all the cells were completely disintegrated. The metabolite had a negative effect on the insect defense system, suggesting that it could play an important role during C. coronatus infection. Its high insecticidal activity and lack of toxicity towards vertebrates suggest it could be an effective insecticide.
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Kaczmarek A, Wrońska AK, Boguś MI, Kazek M, Gliniewicz A, Mikulak E, Matławska M. The type of blood used to feed Aedes aegypti females affects their cuticular and internal free fatty acid (FFA) profiles. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251100. [PMID: 33930098 PMCID: PMC8087090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of various arthropod-borne viral (arboviral) diseases such as dengue and Zika, is a popular laboratory model in vector biology. However, its maintenance in laboratory conditions is difficult, mostly because the females require blood meals to complete oogenesis, which is often provided as sheep blood. The outermost layer of the mosquito cuticle is consists of lipids which protects against numerous entomopathogens, prevents desiccation and plays an essential role in signalling processes. The aim of this work was to determine how the replacement of human blood with sheep blood affects the cuticular and internal FFA profiles of mosquitoes reared in laboratory culture. The individual FFAs present in cuticular and internal extracts from mosquito were identified and quantified by GC-MS method. The normality of their distribution was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Student's t-test was used to compare them. GC-MS analysis revealed similar numbers of internal and cuticular FFAs in the female mosquitoes fed sheep blood by membrane (MFSB) and naturally fed human blood (NFHB), however MFSB group demonstrated 3.1 times greater FFA concentrations in the cuticular fraction and 1.4 times the internal fraction than the NFHB group. In the MFSB group, FFA concentration was 1.6 times higher in the cuticular than the internal fraction, while for NFHB, FFA concentration was 1.3 times lower in the cuticular than the internal fraction. The concentration of C18:3 acid was 223 times higher in the internal fraction than the cuticle in the MHSB group but was absent in the NFHB group. MFSB mosquito demonstrate different FFA profiles to wild mosquitoes, which might influence their fertility and the results of vital processes studied under laboratory conditions. The membrane method of feeding mosquitoes is popular, but our research indicates significant differences in the FFA profiles of MFSB and NFHB. Such changes in FFA profile might influence female fertility, as well as other vital processes studied in laboratory conditions, such as the response to pesticides. Our work indicates that sheep blood has potential shortcomings as a substitute feed for human blood, as its use in laboratory studies may yield different results to those demonstrated by free-living mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- BIOMIBO, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Kazek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Mikulak
- National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Matławska
- National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
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Gołębiowski M, Bojke A, Tkaczuk C. Effects of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium robertsii, Metarhizium flavoviride, and Isaria fumosorosea on the lipid composition of Galleria mellonella larvae. Mycologia 2021; 113:525-535. [PMID: 33783340 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1877520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Galleria mellonella is a pest of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and causes significant losses to the beekeeping industry; therefore, experiments are needed to decode the effects of entomopathogenic fungi on insect physiology. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was successful for the determination of the organic compounds of Galleria mellonella larvae, noninfected and infected by three fungal species: M. robertsii, M. flavoviride, and I. fumosorosea. A total of 46 compounds were identified in G. mellonella, including fatty acids, other acids, fatty acid methyl esters, monoacylglycerols, amino acids, sterols, and several other organic compounds. The lipids of G. mellonella larvae after M. robertsii, M. flavoviride, and I. fumosorosea exposure contained 40, 35, and 33 organic compounds, respectively. The following organic compounds, present in the noninfected larvae, were absent from the infected larvae: fatty acids C22:0 and C24:0, glutaric acid, urocanic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, dihydroxycinnamic acid, 10-oxodecanoic acid, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, 2-aminobutyric acid, and tyramine. These compounds can be used by fungi as an exogenous source of carbon. The following organic compounds, present in the infected larvae, were absent from the noninfected larvae: fatty acids C10:0, C11:0, C13:0, and C20:0, suberic acid, phenylacetic acid, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) C16:0, FAME C18:2, FAME C18:1, glycerol 2-monopalmitate, norvaline, proline, sitosterol, and 2-dekanal. These compounds can be synthesized as an insect response to fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bojke
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Cezary Tkaczuk
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, B. Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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Kaczmarek A, Wrońska AK, Kazek M, Boguś MI. Metamorphosis-related changes in the free fatty acid profiles of Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). Sci Rep 2020; 10:17337. [PMID: 33060748 PMCID: PMC7562915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flies of the Sarcophagidae, widespread throughout the temperate zone, are of great significance in Medicine, Veterinary science, Forensics and Entomotoxicology. Lipids are important elements of cell and organelle membranes and a source of energy for embryogenesis, metamorphosis and flight. Cuticular lipids protect from desiccation and act as recognition cues for species, nest mates and castes, and are a source of various pheromones. The free fatty acid (FFA) profile of cuticular and internal extracts of Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) larvae, pupae and adults was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The larvae, pupae and adults contained FFAs from C5:0 to C28:0. The extracts differed quantitatively and qualitatively from each other: C18:1 > C16:1 > C16:0 > C18:0 predominated in the cuticular and internal extracts from the larvae and adults, while 18:1 > C16:0 > C16:1 > C18:0 predominated in the pupae. The FFA profile of the cuticle varies considerably between each development stage: C23:0 and C25:0 are only present in larvae, C28:0 in the pupal cuticle, and C12:1 and C18:3 in internal extracts from adults. The mechanisms underlying this diversity are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Kazek
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomibo, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Insecticidal activity of Stemona collinsiae root extract against Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Acta Trop 2017; 173:62-68. [PMID: 28549911 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In Thai indigenous knowledge, Stemona plant has traditionally been used as insecticide on plantations. Recently, S. collinsiae extract was showed to be an anti-feedant and growth inhibitor and to exert strong insecticidal activity. Here, the insecticidal activity of S. collinsiae root extract against Parasarcophaga ruficornis is studied. The larvicidal and pupicidal activities of the ethanolic root extract of S. collinsiae were tested using contact toxicity tests, and adulticidal activity was tested using the topical contact toxicity and sugar bait methods The ethanolic extract at concentration ranging of 0.3-320mg/larva for the direct contact toxicity test and from 0.3 to 3.2mg/cm2/larva for the secondary contact toxicity test showed 3.0-51.0 and 1.0-94.0% corrected mortality, respectively. Against third-instar larvae, the LD50 concentrations of the ethanolic extract were 31.7±0.0mg/larva and 1.4±0.0mg/cm2/larva for direct and secondary contact toxicity tests, respectively. Pupae were not eliminated at all concentrations of the ethanolic extract. Against adult flies, which were killed via oral administration, the LD50 concentration of the ethanolic extract was 0.145±0.070g extract/g glucose. Thus, the ethanolic extract of S. collinsiae was capable of eliminating P. ruficornis in larval and adult stages via topical and ingestion administration, respectively.
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Optimization of total vaporization solid-phase microextraction (TV-SPME) for the determination of lipid profiles of Phormia regina, a forensically important blow fly species. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6349-6357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cerkowniak M, Boguś MI, Włóka E, Stepnowski P, Gołębiowski M. Application of headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to determine esters of carboxylic acids and other volatile compounds inDermestes maculatusandDermestes aterlipids. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cerkowniak
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Mieczysława I. Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Warszawa Poland
| | - Emilia Włóka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Warszawa Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Laboratory of Chemical Environmental Risks, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
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9
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Kranz W, Carroll C, Dixon DA, Goodpaster JV, Picard CJ. Factors Affecting Species Identifications of Blow Fly Pupae Based upon Chemical Profiles and Multivariate Statistics. INSECTS 2017; 8:E43. [PMID: 28398264 PMCID: PMC5492057 DOI: 10.3390/insects8020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternative methods for the identification of species of blow fly pupae have been developed over the years that consist of the analyses of chemical profiles. However, the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that could influence the predictive manner for the tests have not been evaluated. The lipids of blowfly pupae (Cochliomyia macellaria, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, and Phormia regina) were extracted in pentane, derivatized, and analyzed by total-vaporization solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TV-SPME GC-MS). Peak areas for 26 compounds were analyzed. Here we evaluated one biotic factor (colonization) on four species of blow flies to determine how well a model produced from lipid profiles of colonized flies predicted the species of flies of offspring of wild-caught flies and found very good species identification following 10 generations of inbreeding. When we evaluated four abiotic factors in our fly rearing protocols (temperature, humidity, pupation substrate, and diet), we found that the ability to assign the chemical profile to the correct species was greatly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Kranz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Clinton Carroll
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Darren A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - John V Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Christine J Picard
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Boguś MI, Włóka E, Wrońska A, Kaczmarek A, Kazek M, Zalewska K, Ligęza-Żuber M, Gołębiowski M. Cuticle hydrolysis in four medically important fly species by enzymes of the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:23-35. [PMID: 27770452 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi infect insects via penetration through the cuticle, which varies remarkably in chemical composition across species and life stages. Fungal infection involves the production of enzymes that hydrolyse cuticular proteins, chitin and lipids. Host specificity is associated with fungus-cuticle interactions related to substrate utilization and resistance to host-specific inhibitors. The soil fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Constantin) (Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae) shows virulence against susceptible species. The larvae and pupae of Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus), Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Musca domestica (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae) are resistant, but adults exposed to C. coronatus quickly perish. Fungus was cultivated for 3 weeks in a minimal medium. Cell-free filtrate, for which activity of elastase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, chitobiosidase and lipase was determined, was used for in vitro hydrolysis of the cuticle from larvae, puparia and adults. Amounts of amino acids, N-glucosamine and fatty acids released were measured after 8 h of incubation. The effectiveness of fungal enzymes was correlated with concentrations of compounds detected in the cuticles of tested insects. Positive correlations suggest compounds used by the fungus as nutrients, whereas negative correlations may indicate compounds responsible for insect resistance. Adult deaths result from the ingestion of conidia or fungal excretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Department of Molecular Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- BIOMIBO, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Włóka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Department of Molecular Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Wrońska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Department of Molecular Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- BIOMIBO, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Department of Molecular Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Kazek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Department of Molecular Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - M Ligęza-Żuber
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Department of Molecular Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Gołębiowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Analysis, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Gołębiowski M, Cerkowniak M, Ostachowska A, Naczk AM, Boguś MI, Stepnowski P. Effect of Conidiobolus coronatus
on the Cuticular and Internal Lipid Composition of Tettigonia viridissima
Males. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:982-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds; Department of Environmental Analysis; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Magdalena Cerkowniak
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds; Department of Environmental Analysis; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ostachowska
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds; Department of Environmental Analysis; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Aleksandra M. Naczk
- Department of Molecular Evolution; University of Gdańsk; ul. Wita Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Mieczysława I. Boguś
- Institute of Parasitology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Twarda 51/55 00-818 Warszawa Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Laboratory of Chemical Environmental Risks; Department of Environmental Analysis; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
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Paszkiewicz M, Sikora A, Boguś MI, Włóka E, Stepnowski P, Gołębiowski M. Effect of exposure to chlorpyrifos on the cuticular and internal lipid composition of Blattella germanica males. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:94-104. [PMID: 25641824 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The results of our research on the cuticular and internal lipids of Blattella germanica males provide new information on variation in the composition of the cuticular and internal lipids of B. germanica males after exposure to the presence of the insecticide. gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses were used to identify and quantify the cuticular and internal lipid composition in males and males exposed to insecticide. There were significantly more acids having an even number of carbon atoms in the molecule, and these were also generally in higher concentrations. The following acids were in a higher concentration: C16:0 and C18:1, C18:2, C18:0. In both males and males exposed to insecticide, 24 fatty acids ranging from C6 to C22 were determined. However, there was a significantly higher content of fatty acids in the surface lipids of B. germanica males after exposure to insecticide. Our results indicate a higher content of n-alkanes, sterols, particularly cholesterol, fatty acids, and fatty acid methyl esters in the B. germanica surface after exposure to chlorpyrifos than in males that were not exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Paszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Natural Products Analysis, Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk
| | - Agata Sikora
- Laboratory of Natural Products Analysis, Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk
| | - Mieczysława I Boguś
- Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Emilia Włóka
- Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Laboratory of Natural Products Analysis, Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Natural Products Analysis, Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk
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13
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Gołębiowski M, Cerkowniak M, Urbanek A, Dawgul M, Kamysz W, Boguś MI, Stepnowski P. Identification and antifungal activity of novel organic compounds found in cuticular and internal lipids of medically important flies. Microbiol Res 2015; 170:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Gołębiowski M, Sosnowska A, Puzyn T, Boguś MI, Wieloch W, Włóka E, Stepnowski P. Application of Two-Way Hierarchical Cluster Analysis for the Identification of Similarities between the Individual Lipid Fractions ofLucilia sericata. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:733-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Gołębiowski M, Urbanek A, Oleszczak A, Dawgul M, Kamysz W, Boguś MI, Stepnowski P. The antifungal activity of fatty acids of all stages of Sarcophaga carnaria L. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Microbiol Res 2014; 169:279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Gołębiowski M, Cerkowniak M, Urbanek A, Dawgul M, Kamysz W, Boguś MI, Sosnowska D, Stepnowski P. Antimicrobial activity of untypical lipid compounds in the cuticular and internal lipids of four fly species. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:269-87. [PMID: 24238211 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This article describes the qualitative and quantitative analyses of untypical compounds in the cuticular and internal lipids of four dipteran species. For isolated compounds, antimicrobial activity against 18 reference strains of bacteria and fungi was determined. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, gas chromatography (GC) combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyse the surface and internal compounds of four fly species. Seven untypical compounds from both pre-imaginal and imaginal stages of examined insects were identified. Azelaic acid (AA) was the most abundant, while phenylacetic and phenylpropionic acids occurred in lower concentration. Minor quantities of sebacic acid, 2-methyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid, tocopherol acetate and trace amounts of 2,4-decadienal were also detected. Tocopherol acetate was found only in cuticular lipids of Musca domestica larvae. Each compound was tested against several species of fungi and bacteria by determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Human pathogenic fungi were also investigated. Phenylpropionic acid showed the greatest antifungal activity. Bacterial strains were insensitive to the presence of identified compounds, apart from 2,4-decadienal which strongly inhibited bacterial growth. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of untypical compounds in the cuticular and internal lipids of four fly species has been analysed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Determination of untypical compounds and their antimicrobial activity can effectively contribute to the knowledge concerning insect defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gołębiowski
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M Cerkowniak
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - A Urbanek
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M Dawgul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - W Kamysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M I Boguś
- Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Sosnowska
- Institute of Plant Protection, Poznań, Poland
| | - P Stepnowski
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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