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Zhu J, Lai Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Wei J, Xu H. Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Effect on Improving the Efficacy of β-Cypermethrin against Blattella germanica. J Agric Food Chem 2024. [PMID: 38652776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We screened the contact activity of 32 commercial essential oils (EOs) and their synergistic effect with β-cypermethrin against Blattella germanica. Results showed that the most effective EOs against B. germanica were from Illicium verum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Cinnamomum camphora, with LD50 values of less than 500 μg/insect. The most potent synergistic effects of β-cypermethrin on B. germanica were from Dysphania ambrosioides and Mentha canadensis. Both oils have a co-toxic factor of 133.33. The results of the major compound testing of the EOs showed that trans-anisaldehyde and thymol have the best insecticidal activity against B. germanica, with LD50 values of 141.30 and 138.61 μg/insect, respectively. The compounds with the best synergistic effect on β-cypermethrin were γ-terpinene and linalool at a concentration of 0.5%. The co-toxic factors for γ-terpinene and linalool were 150 and 133.33, respectively, which were similar to the synergistic effect observed with 2% piperonyl butoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhu
- Zhongshan Lanju Daily Chemical Industrial Company, Limited, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528415, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyan Lai
- Zhongshan Lanju Daily Chemical Industrial Company, Limited, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528415, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhua Wu
- Zhongshan Lanju Daily Chemical Industrial Company, Limited, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528415, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
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Gong LL, Ma YF, Zhang MQ, Feng HY, Zhou YY, Zhao YQ, Hull JJ, Dewer Y, He M, He P. The melanin pigment gene black mediates body pigmentation and courtship behaviour in the German cockroach Blattella germanica. Bull Entomol Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38623047 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485324000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Genes involved in melanin production directly impact insect pigmentation and can affect diverse physiology and behaviours. The role these genes have on sex behaviour, however, is unclear. In the present study, the crucial melanin pigment gene black was functionally characterised in an urban pest, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. RNAi knockdown of B. germanica black (Bgblack) had no effect on survival, but did result in black pigmentation of the thoraxes, abdomens, heads, wings, legs, antennae, and cerci due to cuticular accumulation of melanin. Sex-specific variation in the pigmentation pattern was apparent, with females exhibiting darker coloration on the abdomen and thorax than males. Bgblack knockdown also resulted in wing deformation and negatively impacted the contact sex pheromone-based courtship behaviour of males. This study provides evidence for black function in multiple aspects of B. germanica biology and opens new avenues of exploration for novel pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang-Lang Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Yun-Feng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Yang-Yuntao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Ya-Qin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - J Joe Hull
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ming He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Peng He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
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Domínguez-Santos R, Baixeras J, Moya A, Latorre A, Gil R, García-Ferris C. Gut Microbiota Is Not Essential for Survival and Development in Blattella germanica, but Affects Uric Acid Storage. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:153. [PMID: 38276282 PMCID: PMC10821347 DOI: 10.3390/life14010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cockroaches harbor two coexisting symbiotic systems: the obligate endosymbiont Blattabacterium cuenotii, and a complex gut microbiota. Blattabacterium is the only bacterium present in the eggs, as the gut microbiota is acquired by horizontal transmission after hatching, mostly through coprophagy. Blattella germanica, a cosmopolitan omnivorous cockroach living in intimate association with humans, is an appropriate model system for studying whether the gut microbiota is essential for the cockroach's survival, development, or welfare. We obtained a germ-free cockroach population (i.e., containing normal amounts of the endosymbiont, but free of microbes on the insects' surface and digestive tract). Non-significant differences with the controls were detected in most fitness parameters analyzed, except for a slight shortening in the hatching time of the second generation and a reduction in female weight at 10 days after adult ecdysis. The latter is accompanied by a decrease in uric acid reserves. This starvation-like phenotype of germ-free B. germanica suggests that the microbiota is not essential in this species for survival and development throughout its complete life cycle, but it could participate in complementation of host nutrition by helping with food digestion and nutrient absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Domínguez-Santos
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Baixeras
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (ICBiBE), University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Ferris
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Calle Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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Cai T, Wang X, Liu B, Zhao H, Liu C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Gao H, Schal C, Zhang F. A cuticular protein, BgCPLCP1, contributes to insecticide resistance by thickening the cockroach endocuticle. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127642. [PMID: 37898258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Overuse of insecticides has led to severe environmental problems. Insect cuticle, which consists mainly of chitin, proteins and a thin outer lipid layer, serves multiple functions. Its prominent role is as a physical barrier that impedes the penetration of xenobiotics, including insecticides. Blattella germanica (L.) is a major worldwide indoor pest that causes allergic disease and asthma. Extensive use of pyrethroid insecticides, including β-cypermethrin, has selected for the rapid and independent evolution of resistance in cockroach populations on a global scale. We demonstrated that BgCPLCP1, the first CPLCP (cuticular proteins of low complexity with a highly repetitive proline-rich region) family cuticular protein in order Blattodea, contributes to insecticide penetration resistance. Silencing BgCPLCP1 resulted in 85.0 %-85.7 % and 81.0 %-82.0 % thinner cuticle (and especially thinner endocuticle) in the insecticide-susceptible (S) and β-cypermethrin-resistant (R) strains, respectively. The thinner and more permeable cuticles resulted in 14.4 % and 20.0 % lower survival of β-cypermethrin-treated S- and R-strain cockroaches, respectively. This study advances our understanding of cuticular penetration resistance in insects and opens opportunities for the development of new efficiently and environmentally friendly insecticides targeting the CPLCP family of cuticular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cai
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Haizheng Zhao
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiancui Zhang
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Gao H, Zang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Ma W, Chen X, Wang J, Zhao D, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhang F. Transcriptome analysis revealed that short-term stress in Blattella germanica to β-cypermethrin can reshape the phenotype of resistance adaptation. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 197:105703. [PMID: 38072557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on insect resistance have primarily focused on resistance monitoring and the molecular mechanisms involved, while overlooking the process of phenotype formation induced by insecticide stress. In this study, we compared the expression profiles of a beta-cypermethrin (β-CYP) resistant strain (R) and a susceptible strain (S) of Blattella germanica after β-CYP induction using transcriptome sequencing. In the short-term stress experiment, we identified a total of 792 and 622 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the S and R strains. Additionally, 893 DEGs were identified in the long-term adaptation experiment. To validate the RNA-Seq data, we performed qRT-PCR on eleven selected DEGs, and the results were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing data. These DEGs exhibited down-regulation in the short-term stress group and up-regulation in the long-term adaptation group. Among the validated DEGs, CUO8 and Cyp4g19 were identified and subjected to knockdown using RNA interference. Subsequent insecticide bioassays revealed that the mortality rate of cockroaches treated with β-CYP increased by 69.3% and 66.7% after silencing the CUO8 and Cyp4g19 genes (P<0.05). Furthermore, the silencing of CUO8 resulted in a significant thinning of the cuticle by 59.3% and 53.4% (P<0.05), as observed through transmission electron microscopy and eosin staining, in the S and R strains, respectively. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the phenotypic plasticity in response to short-term stress can reshape the adaptive mechanisms of genetic variation during prolonged exposure to insecticides. And the identified resistance-related genes, CUO8 and Cyp4g19, could serve as potential targets for controlling these pest populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Yanan Zang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Haizheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Wenxiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Dongqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying 257000, China.
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Cazzaniga M, Domínguez-Santos R, Marín-Miret J, Gil R, Latorre A, García-Ferris C. Exploring Gut Microbial Dynamics and Symbiotic Interaction in Blattella germanica Using Rifampicin. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:955. [PMID: 37508385 PMCID: PMC10376618 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Blattella germanica harbours two cohabiting symbiotic systems: an obligate endosymbiont, Blattabacterium, located inside bacteriocytes and vertically transmitted, which is key in nitrogen metabolism, and abundant and complex gut microbiota acquired horizontally (mainly by coprophagy) that must play an important role in host physiology. In this work, we use rifampicin treatment to deepen the knowledge on the relationship between the host and the two systems. First, we analysed changes in microbiota composition in response to the presence and removal of the antibiotic with and without faeces in one generation. We found that, independently of faeces supply, rifampicin-sensitive bacteria are strongly affected at four days of treatment, and most taxa recover after treatment, although some did not reach control levels. Second, we tried to generate an aposymbiotic population, but individuals that reached the second generation were severely affected and no third generation was possible. Finally, we established a mixed population with quasi-aposymbiotic and control nymphs sharing an environment in a blind experiment. The analysis of the two symbiotic systems in each individual after reaching the adult stage revealed that endosymbiont's load does not affect the composition of the hindgut microbiota, suggesting that there is no interaction between the two symbiotic systems in Blattella germanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cazzaniga
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rebeca Domínguez-Santos
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Marín-Miret
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Ferris
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Rumbo M, Pagone V, Piulachs MD. Diverse functions of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) in the panoistic ovary of the German cockroach. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 156:103935. [PMID: 36996928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysone regulates essential processes in insect life. Perhaps the most well-known of these are related to metamorphosis. However, ecdysone is also required to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of germ cells in the ovary. The role of ecdysone in insect oogenesis has been studied in depth in holometabolan species with meroistic ovaries, such as Drosophila melanogaster, while in hemimetabolan species with panoistic ovaries their functions are still poorly understood. In the present work, we studied the role of ecdysone in the ovary of the last nymphal instar of the cockroach Blattella germanica by using RNA interference to reduce the levels of the ecdysone receptor (EcR), and thereby deplete the expression of ecdysteroidogenic genes in the prothoracic gland. However, the expression of ecdysteroidogenic genes was upregulated in the ovary, resulting in cell overproliferation in the germarium, which appeared swollen. By analysing the expression of genes that respond to ecdysone, we found that when the source of 20E is the nymphal ovary, EcR appears to repress 20E-associated genes bypassing early genes signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rumbo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Pagone
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M D Piulachs
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC- Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Ma YF, Gong LL, Zhang MQ, Liu XZ, Guo H, Hull JJ, Long GJ, Wang H, Dewer Y, Zhang F, He M, He P. Two Antenna-Enriched Carboxylesterases Mediate Olfactory Responses and Degradation of Ester Volatiles in the German Cockroach Blattella germanica. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:4789-4801. [PMID: 36920281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Insects have evolved an extremely sensitive olfactory system that is essential for a series of physiological and behavioral activities. Some carboxylesterases (CCEs) comprise a major subfamily of odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs) playing a crucial role in odorant signal inactivation to maintain the odorant receptor sensitivity. In this study, 93 CCEs were annotated in the genome of the German cockroach Blattella germanica, a serious urban pest. Phylogenetic and digital tissue expression pattern analyses identified two antenna-enriched CCEs, BgerCCE021e3 and BgerCCE021d1, as candidate ODEs. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of BgerCCE021e3 and BgerCCE021d1 resulted in partial anosmia with experimental insects exhibiting reduced attraction to ester volatile resources and slower olfactory responses than controls. Furthermore, enzymatic conversion of geranyl acetate by crude male antennal extracts from BgerCCE021e3 and BgerCCE021d1 RNAi insects was also significantly reduced. Our results provide evidence for CCE function in German cockroach olfaction and provide a basis for further exploring behavioral inhibitors that target olfactory-related CCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Lang-Lang Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xuan-Zheng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Huan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - J Joe Hull
- Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 United States
| | - Gui-Jun Long
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Peng He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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9
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Khan-Ahmadi A, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, Baniardalani M, Khalifeh-Soltani K, Azarm A, Zahraei-Ramazani A. Evaluation of Repellency and Lethal Effects of Ultrasonic Waves on the Blattella germanica (Blattodea: Blattellidae). J Arthropod Borne Dis 2023; 17:83-93. [PMID: 37609562 PMCID: PMC10440496 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v17i1.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Insecta: Blattodea, Blattellidae), which occurs widely in human buildings, is a small cockroach species. Cockroach control chemical pesticides are toxic to the environment, and it is sometimes impossible to prevent them. Controlling Blattella germanica through ultrasonic waves can be efficient and less dangerous for the environment. Methods In this study, the repellency and lethal effect of ultrasonic waves on male and female German cockroaches was tested in a twin glass cubic chamber at laboratory condition. The wave frequencies tested ranged from 20 to 100kHz with 5kHz steps. A signal generator generated these frequencies, and the piezoelectric transmitter of these ultrasonic waves was positioned in the chamber's center on the upper side. Results Fisher's test showed that there was the greatest repellency effect in both male and female at frequencies of 35 and 40kHz. According to the results of the regression test, the most lethal effect is at the frequencies of 40 and 75kHz. Conclusion The operating ultrasonic frequencies investigated in this study can be used to repel and kill German cockroaches as pests endangering human health and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Khan-Ahmadi
- Department of Biology and Vector Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Biology and Vector Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Biology and Vector Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Baniardalani
- Department of Biology and Vector Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Khalifeh-Soltani
- Department of Mechatronic, School of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Majlesi Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amrollah Azarm
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences of Tarbit Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
- Department of Biology and Vector Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Kausar MA, Bhardwaj T, Anwar S, Alenazi F, Ali A, Alshammari KF, AboElnaga SMH, Singh R, Najm MZ. In Silico Comparative Exploration of Allergens of Periplaneta americana, Blattella germanica and Phoenix dactylifera for the Diagnosis of Patients Suffering from IgE-Mediated Allergic Respiratory Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36557872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The burden of allergic illnesses is continuously rising, and patient diagnosis is a significant problem because of how intricately hereditary and environmental variables interact. The past three to four decades have seen an outbreak of allergies in high-income countries. According to reports on the illness, asthma affects around 300 million individuals worldwide. Identifying clinically important allergens for the accurate classification of IgE-mediated allergy respiratory disease diagnosis would be beneficial for implementing standardized allergen-associated therapy. Therefore, the current study includes an in silico analysis to identify potential IgE-mediated allergens in date palms and cockroaches. Such an immunoinformatic approach aids the prioritization of allergens with probable involvement in IgE-mediated allergic respiratory diseases. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) was used for molecular dynamic simulations, antigen-antibody docking analyses, epitope identifications, and characterizations. The potential of these allergens (Per a7, Per a 1.0102, and Bla g 1.0101) in IgE-mediated allergic respiratory diseases was explored through the evaluation of physicochemical characteristics, interaction observations, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations for drug and vaccine development.
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11
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Wang J, Si H, Liu Y, Song J, Wang P, Luo H, Chen S, Fan G, Rao X, Wang Z, Liao S. Experimental evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis of bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives as novel Blattella germanica repellent. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2022; 33:969-986. [PMID: 36548121 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2154838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches are urban pests that are very difficult to control. Using repellents is a green, safe and effective strategy for their control. In order to find novel cockroach repellents, the repellent activity of 45 bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives synthesized from β-pinene against Blattella germanica was tested. The relationship between the molecular structure of these bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives and their repellent activity against Blattella germanica was also analysed. The results show that some of the bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives exhibit good repellent activity against Blattella germanica, and six compounds (RR = 60.44-87.32%) show higher repellent activity against Blattella germanica than DEET (RR = 54.77%), making them promising for development as new cockroach repellents. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis revealed that the HOMO-1 energy, Kier and Hall index (order 2), Balaban index, and relative positive charged surface area of bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives have effects on repellent activity against Blattella germanica. The present study may provide a theoretical basis for the high-value use of β-pinene and can be helpful to the development of novel repellents against Blattella germanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - H Si
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Y Liu
- Hydrology and Water Resources Monitoring Center, Lower Reaches of the Ganjiang River, Yichun, China
| | - J Song
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - P Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - H Luo
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - S Chen
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - G Fan
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - X Rao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Z Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - S Liao
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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12
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Yang LY, Yang XJ, Zhao ZS, Zhang QL. Subcellular-Level Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism Response in the Fat Body of the German Cockroach Fed Abamectin. Insects 2022; 13:1091. [PMID: 36555001 PMCID: PMC9782180 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the leading organelle for energy metabolism. The toxic effects of environmental toxicants on mitochondrial morphology, energy metabolism, and their determination of cell fate have already been broadly studied. However, minimal research exists on effects of environmental toxicants such as pesticides on mitochondrial energy metabolism at in vitro subcellular level, particularly from an omics perspectives (e.g., metabolomics). Here, German cockroach (Blattella germanica) was fed diets with (0.01 and 0.001 mg/mL) and without abamectin, and highly purified fat body mitochondria were isolated. Swelling measurement confirmed abnormal mitochondrial swelling caused by abamectin stress. The activity of two key mitochondrial energy metabolism-related enzymes, namely succinic dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, was significantly affected. The metabolomic responses of the isolated mitochondria to abamectin were analyzed via untargeted liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry metabolomics technology. Fifty-two differential metabolites (DMs) were identified in the mitochondria between the 0.001 mg/mL abamectin-fed and the control groups. Many of these DMs were significantly enriched in pathways involved in ATP production and energy consumption (e.g., oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, and pentose phosphate pathway). Nineteen of the DMs were typically related to energy metabolism. This study is valuable for further understanding mitochondrial toxicology under environmental toxicants, particularly its subcellular level.
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Zuber L, Domínguez-Santos R, García-Ferris C, Silva FJ. Identification of the Gene Repertoire of the IMD Pathway and Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide Genes in Several Tissues and Hemolymph of the Cockroach Blattella germanica. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 35955579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, triggered by Toll and IMD pathways, are essential components of the innate immune system in the German cockroach Blattella germanica. Besides their role in killing pathogenic bacteria, AMPs could be involved in controlling its symbiotic systems (endosymbiont and microbiota). We found that the IMD pathway was active in the adult female transcriptomes of six tissues (salivary glands, foregut, midgut, hindgut, Malpighian tubules and fat body) and hemolymph. Total expression of AMP genes was high in hemolymph and salivary glands and much lower in the other sample types. The expression of specific AMP genes was very heterogeneous among sample types. Two genes, defensin_g10 and drosomycin_g5, displayed relevant expression in the seven sample types, although higher in hemolymph. Other genes only displayed high expression in one tissue. Almost no expression of attacin-like and blattellicin genes was observed in any sample type, although some of them were among the genes with the highest expression in adult female whole bodies. The expression of AMP genes in salivary glands could help control pathogens ingested with food and even determine gut microbiota composition. The low expression levels in midgut and hindgut are probably related to the presence of beneficial microbiota. Furthermore, a reduction in the expression of AMP genes in fat body could be the way to prevent damage to the population of the endosymbiont Blattabacterium cuenoti within bacteriocytes.
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F H Strassert J, Rodríguez-Rojas A, Kuropka B, Krahl J, Kaya C, Pulat HC, Nurel M, Saroukh F, Radek R. Nephridiophagids (Chytridiomycota) reduce the fitness of their host insects. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 192:107769. [PMID: 35597279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nephridiophagids are unicellular fungi (Chytridiomycota), which infect the Malpighian tubules of insects. While most life cycle features are known, the effects of these endobionts on their hosts remain poorly understood. Here, we present results on the influence of an infection of the cockroach Blattella germanica with Nephridiophaga blattellae (Ni = Nephridiophaga-infected) on physical, physiological, and reproductive fitness parameters. Since the gut nematode Blatticola blattae is a further common parasite of B. germanica, we included double infected cockroaches (N+Ni = nematode plus Ni) in selected experiments. Ni individuals had lower fat reserves and showed reduced mobility. The lifespan of adult hosts was only slightly affected in these individuals but significantly shortened when both Nephridiophaga and nematodes were present. Ni as well as N+Ni females produced considerably less offspring than parasite-free (P-free) females. Immune parameters such as the number of hemocytes and phenoloxidase activity were barely changed by Nephridiophaga and/or nematode infections, while the ability to detoxify pesticides decreased. Quantitative proteomics from hemolymph of P-free, Ni, and N+Ni populations revealed clear differences in the expression profiles. For Ni animals, for example, the down-regulation of fatty acid synthases corroborates our finding of reduced fat reserves. Our study clearly shows that an infection with Nephridiophaga (and nematodes) leads to an overall reduced host fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen F H Strassert
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexandro Rodríguez-Rojas
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Internal Medicine - Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joscha Krahl
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cem Kaya
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hakan-Can Pulat
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mehmed Nurel
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatma Saroukh
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Radek
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Boné E, Aráoz B, González-Audino P, Sfara V. Feeding Behaviour of a Pyrethroid-Resistant Strain of the German Cockroach Blattella germanica (Linnaeus, 1767). Neotrop Entomol 2022; 51:221-229. [PMID: 34988946 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many authors report biological differences among insecticide-resistant pest species, mainly associated with parameters of life history, but only a few studies approach differences at the behavioural level. Feeding behaviour in Blattella germanica (L.) is modulated by the detection of chemical volatiles emitted from food sources in order to be located a long-median distance, and also by the physicochemical properties of food. This work aimed to study the differences in the feeding behaviour of a susceptible and a pyrethroid-resistant strain of B. germanica, in the location and exploitation of a food source. Resistant males showed a lower performance in the feeding behaviour compared to susceptible males. Particularly, the time taken to locate the source was significantly higher in the resistant individuals, suggesting a lower capacity in the detection of food odours. In addition, although the Intake rate was negatively related to the stiffness of food for both strains, resistant individuals showed a lower intake rate compared to susceptible ones, when exploiting a food source of the same stiffness. In a control context, the phenotypic characteristics associated to feeding of pyrethroid-resistant individuals could induce a behavioural resistance mechanism caused by a reduction in the amount of toxic gel bait ingested. If that is the case, resistance of this strain would not be associated to physiological changes affecting the toxicity of the active principle of gel baits, but to a lower efficacy of these products against resistant individuals due to less amount of gel consumed, generating control problems of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Boné
- Instituto de Investigación Y Ingeniería Ambiental (IIIA), CONICET-UNSAM, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Beatriz Aráoz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías Emergentes Y Ciencias Aplicadas (ITECA), UNSAM, CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, ECyT, Argentina
| | - Paola González-Audino
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas Y Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Sfara
- Instituto de Investigación Y Ingeniería Ambiental (IIIA), CONICET-UNSAM, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Domínguez CV, Pagone V, Maestro JL. Regulation of insulin-like peptide expression in adult Blattella germanica females. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 141:103706. [PMID: 34974083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-IGF-signalling (IIS) pathway regulates key processes in metazoans. The pathway is activated through the binding of the ligands, which in insects are usually referred to as insulin-like peptides (ILPs), to a class of receptor tyrosine kinases, the insect insulin receptor. To study the pathway regulation, it is therefore essential to understand how ILPs are produced and released. In this study we analysed the factors that regulate the expression of the seven ILPs (BgILPs) expressed in adult females of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. The results showed that the starvation-induced expression reduction of brain BgILP3, 5 and 6 and fat body BgILP7 is not due to reduced juvenile hormone (JH) or decreased TOR pathway activity. In addition, depletion of FoxO in starved females did not correct the low levels of these BgILPs, but even reduced further BgILP5 expression, indicating the need to maintain certain basal levels of BgILP5 even during starvation. Furthermore, JH promoted increased BgILP5 and decreased BgILP3 expression in the brain, an effect that required Methoprene-tolerant (Met), the JH receptor, but not Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), the main JH transducer. On the other hand, JH inhibited the expression of BgILP7 in the fat body, although in this case, the action required both Met and Kr-h1. In addition, JH reduction treatments produced a decrease in the expression of the insulin receptor in the fat body, which suggests an increase in IIS. The results show a peculiar regulation of ILP expression in adult B. germanica females, which is clearly different than that seen in other species. This is understandable given that gene duplications in recent clades have resulted in different sets of ILP genes, involving substantial changes in gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Domínguez
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC.Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Viviana Pagone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC.Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L Maestro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC.Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Fazeli-Dinan M, Habibi A, Haghi SFM, Nikookar SH, Yazdani-Charati J, Enayati A. Determination of susceptibility levels of three different cockroach species including hospitals German cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Blattodea: Blattellidae), to common insecticides, cypermethrin, propoxur and fenitrothion. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2022; 16:13-21. [PMID: 35949698 PMCID: PMC9288131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective German cockroach is highly adapted to different environments like hospitals. This pest is an important carrier of pathogenic agents and allergic compounds. Hence, it is important to German cockroaches always be monitored and controlled. This study investigated the toxicity and resistance levels of technical-grade of cypermethrin, propoxur, and fenitrothion against adult males of four strains of the German cockroach. Methods Four German cockroaches' strains including laboratory-reared susceptible strain (S) and three hospital-collected strains (B, F, and Z) were tested in this study. Adult male cockroaches were treated topically with three technical grade insecticides on the first abdominal segment of the insects using a hand micro-applicator. Results Using topical application methods, fenitrothion showed the most toxicity to all four strains. The LD50 values of fenitrothion in the susceptible strain (S) and the hospital-collected strains B, F, and Z were 1.89, 21.48, 25.73, and 31.55 μg/grBW, respectively. All hospital-collected strains showed different resistant levels to all insecticides. The field-collected Z strain was the most resistant strain to cypermethrin, propoxur, and fenitrothion. The resistance ratios of strain Z to cypermethrin, propoxur, and fenitrothion were 10.9, 10.47 and 16.67, respectively. Conclusion Based on the susceptibility and resistance ratios for each insecticide, we conclude that there are high rates of insecticide resistance in Blattella germanica from different hospitals of Sari County which can be caused by different insecticides treatment histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Habibi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Farzad Motevalli Haghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Jamshid Yazdani-Charati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Address for correspondence: Ahmadali Enayati, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. E-mail:
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Turner M, Peta V, Pietri JE. New insight into the relationship between Salmonella Typhimurium and the German cockroach suggests active mechanisms of vector-borne transmission. Res Microbiol 2021;:103920. [PMID: 34954364 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are among the most common illnesses in the world and the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality from diarrhea globally. The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) frequently harbors and has been linked to human outbreaks of Salmonella, but the mechanisms of vector-borne transmission are not fully clear. Transmission of S. Typhimurium by cockroaches has been previously described as mechanical. Mechanical transmission is a wholly passive process that involves physical transfer of a pathogen from one location or host to another but lacks bacterial replication in the vector and active bacterial processes that promote vector colonization or transmission. Towards the goal of obtaining novel insight into the mechanisms of S. Typhimurium transmission by cockroaches, here we orally provisioned wild type and mutant strains of the bacteria to adult B. germanica and examined several aspects of colonization and shedding. Our results provide evidence of three previously unappreciated phenomena with significant implications. First, we demonstrate that S. Typhimurium undergoes replication at multiple phases during colonization of the cockroach gut. Second, we show the formation of biofilm-like aggregates by S. Typhimurium in the cockroach foregut. Lastly, we identify two mutant strains of S. Typhimurium that are deficient in colonization and shedding relative to isogenic controls, implicating type III secretion and the formation of fimbriae as two processes that are necessary for interaction with the cockroach vector. Together, our data indicate that transmission of S. Typhimurium by cockroaches is not solely mechanical but may resemble biological transmission by other insect vectors that intake human pathogenic bacteria from infected hosts and are subsequently colonized, enabling active dissemination. Thus, these findings suggest that cockroaches and their control may be more important for infection prevention than is currently appreciated. Additional studies to better understand the cycle and biological mechanisms of vector-borne transmission are warranted.
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Motevalli-Haghi SF, Shemshadian A, Nakhaei M, Faridnia R, Dehghan O, Malekzadeh Shafaroudi M, Nejadi Kelarijani M, Nikookar SH, Kalani H, Fakhar M. First report of Lophomonas spp. in German cockroaches ( Blattella germanica) trapped in hospitals, northern Iran. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:937-43. [PMID: 34789975 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockroaches are considered to be important reservoirs for protozoan and helminth parasites,particularly an emerging Lophomonas spp., protozoan parasite. German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (B. germanica), are domestic pest distributed worldwide. However, little information is available regarding the burden of Lophomonas spp. infestation among domestic cockroach population worldwide. The present study investigated parasitic agents, emphasizing Lophomonas spp. infestation among B. germanica in northern Iran. During spring and summer 2018, a total of 496 adults B. germanica (265 males and 231 females) were trapped by hand and glass traps from the teaching hospitals in Mazandaran, Sari, northern Iran. All cockroaches were identified using taxonomic keys. Each cockroaches was anesthetized with chloroform and the alimentary tract removed. Each section was smeared onto a glass slide. All the smears were examined under light microscopy to determine the presence of the parasites. Ten genera of parasites were identified from the trapped B. germanica; overall, 233 (47%) were found to be positive for helminths (n = 135) and protozoa (n = 98). The helminths included Aspiculuris tetraptera egg (67/233, 28.7%), Oxiuros sp. (39/233; 16.7%), Dentostomella translucida (17/233; 7.3%), and nematodes Ova (12/233; 5.2%). The protozoan parasites identified Gregarina sp. (61/233; 26.2%), Entamoeba sp. (19/233; 8.2%), Blastocystis sp. (5/233; 2.1%), Lophomonas (4/233; 1.7%), Nyctotherus sp. (4/233; 1.7%), unclassified flagella (5/233; 2.1%). Lophomonas spp. was detected within the gut of B. germanica, for the first time, in Iran. It has previously been identified in the gut of cockroaches a long time ago, however, this is the first attempt to detect Lophomonas in cockroaches housing in hospitals. Thereby, it possibly presenting pose a serious respiratory infection risk for patients and health care personnel.
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Kim HK, Park H, Seok SJ, Kyung Y, Kim GH. Effectiveness of Ethyl Formate as a Fumigant of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana (Blattodea: Ectobiidae, Blattidae) in Cross-Border Trade Transportation. Insects 2021; 12:1010. [PMID: 34821811 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fumigation is one effective cockroach control method. Ethyl formate (EF) has recently been employed as a grain fumigant and has been evaluated as relatively safer than other fumigants. In this experiment, the effects of an ethyl formate fumigant on two species of cockroaches were investigated. Cockroach nymphs and adults had 100% mortality, but the effect on egg hatching inhibition was weak. Therefore, ethyl formate could be used as a fumigant if the control period and its usage should be adjusted considering the developmental stage of the cockroach. Abstract Cockroaches cause problems as pests not only locally in residential areas but also internationally, as they can disperse across borders in transport vessels. We investigated the effects of the ethyl formate (EF) fumigant on all developmental stages of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana. For B. germanica eggs, the hatching inhibition rate increased directly proportionately with the increasing treatment concentration of EF, but the 100% control was not observed. P. americana eggs did not show any fumigation effect, even after exposure to 60 mg/L of fumigant in a 12 L desiccator. Adults and nymphs of the two species showed various fumigation effects dependent on the concentration in the 12 L desiccator. When EF was applied at the lethal concentration for 99% mortality (LCT99) values of 35 mg/L for 4 h (78.5 mg·h/L) and 60 mg/L for 2 h (70.8 mg·h/L), respectively, adults and nymphs of both species had 100% mortality in a 0.65 m3 fumigation chamber with a 20% loading ratio. However, no significant difference from the control was observed in the egg stage of either species of cockroach. The results of this experiment indicate that EF can be used as a fumigant for cross-border transport vessels if the control period occurs during the cockroach developmental stage and continuous refumigation is performed.
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Wangberg H, Mendoza J, Gomez R, Coop C, White A, Woessner K. The first reported case of Blaptica dubia cockroach allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2021; 17:114. [PMID: 34727988 PMCID: PMC8561936 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica cockroaches are widespread, and risk of sensitization increases in urban environments where these roaches thrive as household pests. There are no prior reports of Blaptica dubia cockroach allergy, though human exposure to B. dubia is increasing through commercial breeding as feeder insects. Case presentation A 50-year-old B. dubia cockroach breeder presented with progressively worsening upper and lower respiratory symptoms in recent years. Symptoms were worse with exposure to her B. dubia roach colony. Skin prick testing (SPT) to B. dubia cast skin, internal organs, and feces was performed in both the subject and a human control. Testing for P. americana and B. germanica sensitization was also performed in the subject. SDS–Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), immunoblots, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) studies were performed using the subject and control serums to explore for specific IgE binding to B. dubia as well as P. americana. Our results showed SPT was positive to B. dubia internal organs in the subject and negative in the control. In the subject, SPT was negative to P. americana though intradermal (ID) testing was positive and serum specific IgE (sIgE) testing was negative to B. germanica. Immunoblotting of the subject's serum to B. dubia internal organ extract showed several distinct bands of IgE binding at 47 kilodaltons (kD), 68 kD, 74 kD, 83 kD, and 118 kD. The strongest band was at 118 kD on B. dubia immunoblotting, which was absent in P. americana on SDS-PAGE. ELISA studies showed an increased IgE response to both B. dubia and P. americana in the subject versus the control. Conclusions This case confirmed the first reported allergy to B. dubia cockroaches. There may be cross-reactivity between B. dubia and P. americana, though our case suggests SPT and sIgE testing using P. americana and B. germanica extract has potential to miss a B. dubia cockroach allergy. This allergy is likely underreported, and further study is needed to explore the natural history of B. dubia cockroach allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wangberg
- Scripps Clinic Department of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, 3811 Valley Centre Dr. S99, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA.
| | - Jun Mendoza
- Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Gomez
- Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Andrew White
- Scripps Clinic Department of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, 3811 Valley Centre Dr. S99, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA
| | - Katharine Woessner
- Scripps Clinic Department of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, 3811 Valley Centre Dr. S99, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA
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Muñoz-Benavent M, Latorre A, Alemany-Cosme E, Marín-Miret J, Domínguez-Santos R, Silva FJ, Gil R, García-Ferris C. Gut Microbiota Cannot Compensate the Impact of (quasi) Aposymbiosis in Blattella germanica. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:1013. [PMID: 34681115 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The German cockroach Blattella germanica is a good model to study complex symbiotic relationships because the following two symbiotic systems coexist in a single individual: the endosymbiont Blattabacterium (living inside specialized cells called bacteriocytes) and the gut microbiota. Although the role of the endosymbiont has been fully elucidated, the function of the gut microbiota remains unclear. The study of the gut microbiota will benefit from the availability of insects deprived of Blattabacterium. Our goal is to determine the effect of the removal (or, at least, the reduction) of the endosymbiont population on the cockroach’s fitness, in a normal gut microbiota community. For this purpose, we treated our cockroach population with rifampicin to decrease the amount of endosymbiont in the following generation. As the treatment also affects rifampicin-sensitive gut bacteria, we allowed it to recover for at least 20 days before sampling. We found that after this antibiotic treatment, the endosymbiont population remained extremely reduced and only the microbiota were able to recover, although it could not compensate for the endosymbiont role, and the host’s fitness was drastically affected. This accomplished reduction, however, is not homogenous and requires further study to develop stable quasi-aposymbiotic cockroaches. Abstract Blattella germanica presents a very complex symbiotic system, involving the following two kinds of symbionts: the endosymbiont Blattabacterium and the gut microbiota. Although the role of the endosymbiont has been fully elucidated, the function of the gut microbiota remains unclear. The study of the gut microbiota will benefit from the availability of insects deprived of Blattabacterium. Our goal is to determine the effect of the removal (or, at least, the reduction) of the endosymbiont population on the cockroach’s fitness, in a normal gut microbiota community. For this purpose, we treated our cockroach population, over several generations, with rifampicin, an antibiotic that only affects the endosymbiont during its extracellular phase, and decreases its amount in the following generation. As rifampicin also affects gut bacteria that are sensitive to this antibiotic, the treatment was performed during the first 12 days of the adult stage, which is the period when the endosymbiont infects the oocytes and lacks bacteriocyte protection. We found that after this antibiotic treatment, the endosymbiont population remained extremely reduced and only the microbiota was able to recover, although it could not compensate for the endosymbiont role, and the host’s fitness was drastically affected. This accomplished reduction, however, is not homogenous and requires further study to develop stable quasi-aposymbiotic cockroaches.
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Khaksar MR, Kababian M, Fateh R, Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Sharififard M. Possible Synergistic Effect of Combined Metarhizium anisopliae and Fenitrothion for Control of German Cockroach ( Blattella germanica) as a Novel Approach. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2021; 15:314-324. [PMID: 36578995 PMCID: PMC9759444 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i3.9818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cockroaches are one of the most common pests in many residential areas. In this study, the simultaneous effects of fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and fenitrothion-coated baits on the mortality rate of the German cockroach nymphs were investigated. Methods To determine the lethal level of fenitrothion insecticide, a bioassay test was performed on the last instar nymphs of the German cockroach reared at insectarium conditions. Various toxic concentrations of fenitrothion (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 0.9%, 1.5%, and 2%) were used. Different concentrations of M. anisopliae (1×104, 1×105, 1×106, 1×107, 1×108 Conidia/ml) were also applied to nymphs. Eventually, we combined the effective dose of fenitrothion (0.93%) with the effective concentration of M. anisopliae (6.6 ×106 Conidia/ml) to provide the fungus-coated bait to attract insects. Mortality was recorded 24-96 hours after exposure to the toxic bait. The resulting data were subjected to Probit analysis. Results The results of applying M. anisopliae spores with fenitrothion composition showed that the mortality rate of German cockroach nymphs was significant. Therefore, the optimal dose of fenitrothion used in combination with M. anisopliae seems essential to reduce the German cockroach nymphs. Conclusion The results of this study can be considered a suitable method as a mixture with low cost and minimal damage to the environment and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Khaksar
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Majid Kababian
- Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Roohollah Fateh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences. Qom, Iran
| | - Abedin Saghafipour
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran,Corresponding author: Dr Abedin Saghafipour, E-mail:
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Environment Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sharififard
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Jones AK, Goven D, Froger JA, Bantz A, Raymond V. The cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel gene superfamilies of the cockroaches Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:3787-3799. [PMID: 33347700 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroaches are serious urban pests that can transfer disease-causing microorganisms as well as trigger allergic reactions and asthma. They are commonly managed by pesticides that act on cys-loop ligand-gated ion channels (cysLGIC). To provide further information that will enhance our understanding of how insecticides act on their molecular targets in cockroaches, we used genome and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) data to characterize the cysLGIC gene superfamilies from Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana. RESULTS The B. germanica and P. americana cysLGIC superfamilies consist of 30 and 32 subunit-encoding genes, respectively, which are the largest insect cysLGIC superfamilies characterized to date. As with other insects, the cockroaches possess ion channels predicted to be gated by acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and histamine, as well as orthologues of the drosophila pH-sensitive chloride channel (pHCl), CG8916 and CG12344. The large cysLGIC superfamilies of cockroaches are a result of an expanded number of divergent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, with B. germanica and P. americana, respectively, possessing eight and ten subunit genes. Diversity of the cockroach cysLGICs is also broadened by alternative splicing and RNA A-to-I editing. Unusually, both cockroach species possess a second glutamate-gated chloride channel as well as another CG8916 subunit. CONCLUSION These findings on B. germanica and P. americana enhance our understanding of the evolution of the insect cysLGIC superfamily and provide a useful basis for the study of their function, the detection and management of insecticide resistance, and for the development of improved pesticides with greater specificity towards these major pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Jones
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Delphine Goven
- Laboratoire « Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et Récepteurs » (SiFCIR), UPRES-EA2647 USC INRAE 1330, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Josy-Anne Froger
- Laboratoire « Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et Récepteurs » (SiFCIR), UPRES-EA2647 USC INRAE 1330, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Alexandre Bantz
- Laboratoire « Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et Récepteurs » (SiFCIR), UPRES-EA2647 USC INRAE 1330, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Valerie Raymond
- Laboratoire « Signalisation Fonctionnelle des Canaux Ioniques et Récepteurs » (SiFCIR), UPRES-EA2647 USC INRAE 1330, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Domínguez-Santos R, Pérez-Cobas AE, Cuti P, Pérez-Brocal V, García-Ferris C, Moya A, Latorre A, Gil R. Interkingdom Gut Microbiome and Resistome of the Cockroach Blattella germanica. mSystems 2021; 6:6/3/e01213-20. [PMID: 33975971 PMCID: PMC8125077 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01213-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cockroaches are intriguing animals with two coexisting symbiotic systems, an endosymbiont in the fat body, involved in nitrogen metabolism, and a gut microbiome whose diversity, complexity, role, and developmental dynamics have not been fully elucidated. In this work, we present a metagenomic approach to study Blattella germanica populations not treated, treated with kanamycin, and recovered after treatment, both naturally and by adding feces to the diet, with the aim of better understanding the structure and function of its gut microbiome along the development as well as the characterization of its resistome.IMPORTANCE For the first time, we analyze the interkingdom hindgut microbiome of this species, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses. Network analysis reveals putative cooperation between core bacteria that could be key for ecosystem equilibrium. We also show how antibiotic treatments alter microbiota diversity and function, while both features are restored after one untreated generation. Combining data from B. germanica treated with three antibiotics, we have characterized this species' resistome. It includes genes involved in resistance to several broad-spectrum antibiotics frequently used in the clinic. The presence of genetic elements involved in DNA mobilization indicates that they can be transferred among microbiota partners. Therefore, cockroaches can be considered reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and potential transmission vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Domínguez-Santos
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Paolo Cuti
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Ferris
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
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Montañés JC, Rojano C, Ylla G, Piulachs MD, Maestro JL. siRNA enrichment in Argonaute 2-depleted Blattella germanica. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2021; 1864:194704. [PMID: 33895310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2021.194704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism used to fight various threats, including transposons, aberrant RNAs, and some types of viruses. This mechanism relies on the detection of dsRNA molecules, which through a pathway involving Dicer-2 (Dcr-2) and Argonaute 2 (AGO2), produces small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that bind to the complementary RNAs triggering their degradation. METHODS Using the cockroach Blattella germanica as a model, we examined AGO2 activity by depleting its mRNA using RNAi and analyzing the phenotypes produced. RESULTS Depleting AGO2 expression had no remarkable effect on nymphal development or reproduction. dsRNA treatment triggered an immediate and transitory increase in AGO2 expression, independently of Dcr-2 action. In addition, we analyzed the siRNAs generated after injecting a heterologous dsRNA in control and AGO2-depleted animals. The results revealed that obtained siRNAs mapped non-uniformly along the dsRNA sequence. In AGO2-depleted animals, the proportion of 22 nucleotide reads was higher and accumulations of reads appeared in areas less well-represented in the controls. We also detected a preference for cytosine as the first nucleotide in controls that was significantly attenuated in AGO2-depleted individuals. CONCLUSIONS/GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The siRNAs produced from a dsRNA mapped heterogeneously along the length of the dsRNA and this arrangement depends on the dsRNA sequence. AGO2 exerts its role as nuclease on the siRNA duplexes independently of its action on the corresponding mRNA. This study sheds light on an extremely useful process for reverse genetics in laboratories, in addition to the design of more effective, specific, and eco-friendly pest-control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Montañés
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rojano
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Ylla
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Maria Dolors Piulachs
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Luis Maestro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Drago A, Montarsi F, Dutto M, Martini S, Vitale ML. Evaluation of the effectiveness of three sticky traps to monitor four species of cockroaches (Hexapoda: Blattaria) with simulated use tests. Ann Ig 2021; 34:97-106. [PMID: 33779674 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2021.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Cockroaches are the pest of major concern for the disinfestation programs of the sanitary system in Italy. Hygienic-sanitary interest is linked to the role of mechanical vectors of pathogens and to their allergological potential. Sticky traps are the best tool to monitor the presence of these insects and several types of them are available on the market. In most of the cases the traps are not indicated for a given species, but, instead, generically for cockroaches. Domestic cockroaches differ in morphology, size and habits. Consequently, the effectiveness of the trap can change in relation to the target species. Materials and methods In this study three of the most employed traps in Italy were compared: the INDIA trap with and without its attractant tablet (hereafter mentioned as INDIA-A and INDIA-E, respectively), the ZAPI Simply trap and the CATCHMASTER Spider & Insect Glue trap. We chose the four most common species of cockroach (Blattodea) in Italy, Blatta orientalis (L.), Periplaneta americana (L.) (Blattidae), Blattella germanica (L.) and Supella longipalpa (F.) (Blattellidae). Each species of cockroach was tested separately inside arenas containing one of the traps. Each test (one species with one kind of trap) was replicated five times. Results and discussion The INDIA-A trap collected more cockroaches of every species, followed by the INDIA-E. The ZAPI trap caught less specimens of each species in respect to the INDIA traps, with the only exception of B. orientalis, for which the ZAPI trap caught more than the INDIA-E. The CATCHMASTER trap performed significantly less for all the species. B. orientalis was the species most abundantly caught by all traps, followed by B. germanica, S. longipalpa and P. americana. No significant difference was observed in the catch according to the developmental stage. In general, there was no particular predisposition of any trap to catch a particular species. Conclusions It is not possible to indicate a model of trap for each species of cockroach, but it is clear that different traps have different performances in terms of attractiveness and capture. Therefore, the choice of the trap affects the results of the monitoring, and as consequence, the evaluation of the infesting population of the pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Drago
- Entostudio s.r.l, Ponte San Nicolò (Padua), Italy
| | - F Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - M Dutto
- Studio di Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Verzuolo (CN), Italy
| | - S Martini
- Entostudio s.r.l, Ponte San Nicolò (Padua), Italy
| | - M L Vitale
- Entostudio s.r.l, Ponte San Nicolò (Padua), Italy
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Jiang M, Dong FY, Pan XY, Zhang YN, Zhang F. Boric acid was orally toxic to different instars of Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) and caused dysbiosis of the, gut microbiota. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2021; 172:104756. [PMID: 33518048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Boric acid, a well-established chemical insecticide, has a good control effect on various types of cockroaches. In this study, we investigated the oral virulence effect of boric acid on German cockroach (Blattella germanica) of various instars and characterized its effect on the gut microbiota by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results of an oral toxicity test showed that the toxicity of boric acid was positively correlated with its concentration and negatively correlated with the instar of cockroach nymphs. The 1-3 instar nymphs showed the strongest sensitivity to boric acid, which exhibited a median lethal time of only 3.16 d, while the 6-7 instar nymphs showed the weakest sensitivity, and exhibited a median lethal time of 10.15 d. There was no significant difference between male and female insects regarding their sensitivity to boric acid. Oral treatment of boric acid resulted in severe dysbiosis in cockroaches, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, which can degrade a variety of complex macromolecules, and Enterococcus, which can inhibit pathogenic microorganisms, were significantly reduced, while the relative abundance of the opportunistic pathogenic bacterium Weissella was significantly increased. It was speculated that dysbiosis of gut microbiota might accelerate the toxicity of boric acid on German cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
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Clark-Hachtel C, Fernandez-Nicolas A, Belles X, Tomoyasu Y. Tergal and pleural wing-related tissues in the German cockroach and their implication to the evolutionary origin of insect wings. Evol Dev 2021; 23:100-116. [PMID: 33503322 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of wings has facilitated the massive evolutionary success of pterygotes (winged insects), which now make up nearly three-quarters of described metazoans. However, our understanding of how this crucial structure has evolved remains quite elusive. Historically, two ideas have dominated in the wing origin debate, one placing the origin in the dorsal body wall (tergum) and the other in the lateral pleural plates and the branching structures associated with these plates. Through studying wing-related tissues in the wingless segments (such as wing serial homologs) of the beetle, Tribolium castaneum, we obtained several crucial pieces of evidence that support a third idea, the dual origin hypothesis, which proposes that wings evolved from a combination of tergal and pleural tissues. Here, we extended our analysis outside of the beetle lineage and sought to identify wing-related tissues from the wingless segments of the cockroach, Blattella germanica. Through detailed functional and expression analyses for a critical wing gene, vestigial (vg), along with re-evaluating the homeotic transformation of a wingless segment induced by an improved RNA interference protocol, we demonstrate that B. germanica possesses two distinct tissues in their wingless segments, one with tergal and one with pleural nature, that might be evolutionarily related to wings. This outcome appears to parallel the reports from other insects, which may further support a dual origin of insect wings. However, we also identified a vg-independent tissue that contributes to wing formation upon homeotic transformation, as well as vg-dependent tissues that do not appear to participate in wing formation, in B. germanica, indicating a more complex evolutionary history of the tissues that contributed to the emergence of insect wings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Silva LMR, Voelker I, Geiger C, Schauerte N, Hirzmann J, Bauer C, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Pterygodermatites nycticebi infections in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) and aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) from a German zoo. Zoo Biol 2020; 40:59-64. [PMID: 33135172 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) colony kept indoors in a German zoo, two animals presented a sudden onset of reduced general condition, lethargy, and diarrhea. At animal capture for clinical examination, adult nematode stages were observed after stress-induced defecation. Despite treatment, two golden lion tamarins died in the following 2 days. At necropsy, spirurid stages were found in the lungs and intestine. Additionally, adult Pterygodermatites spp. were identified in histopathological samples of intestine and pancreas, confirming the previous diagnosis. Upon diagnosis, all animals were treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg; SC). Thereafter, the general condition of the golden lion tamarins improved, whereby some of them excreted spirurid nematodes over 3 days. Four weeks after treatment, 20 fecal samples from the colony were examined and proved negative for parasitic stages. Given that common German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) are suitable intermediate hosts of Pterygodermatites nycticebi, 30 specimens were collected from seven different locations around the golden lion tamarins housing. Third-stage larvae of Pterygodermatites spp. were recovered from those cockroaches. Regular anthelmintic treatments, coprological screenings, and controls for intermediate hosts were recommended. More than 2 years later, P. nycticebi infection was diagnosed again histopathologically in an aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) which suddenly died. Coprological analysis confirmed the presence of spirurid eggs. Due to prosimian primates' cockroach-eating habits and given that total cockroach eradication proved impossible, continuous cockroach control strategies and regular treatments of primates are currently performed to prevent further P. nycticebi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Iris Voelker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology and Parasitology Diagnostic, Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Joerg Hirzmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Bauer
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Cai T, Huang YH, Zhang F. Ovarian morphological features and proteome reveal fecundity fitness disadvantages in β-cypermethrin-resistant strains of Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae). Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 170:104682. [PMID: 32980072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate whether the development of β-cypermethrin resistance in Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattellidae) affects the fecundity fitness of this insect and to determine the underlying mechanism, we compared fecundity differences between β-cypermethrin-resistant (R) and sensitive (S) strains of B. germanica, observed the physiological structural changes of ovaries from an visual perspective, and analyzed differences in the ovarian proteome using proteomic methods. The results showed that, compared with the S strain of B. germanica, the R strain of B. germanica had a significantly higher ootheca shedding rate, a significantly lower number of hatched and surviving nymphs, a significantly higher female proportion in the population and defective ovarian development. Ovarian proteomic analysis showed a total of 64 differentially expressed proteins in the R strain, including 18 upregulated proteins and 46 downregulated proteins. Twenty-four significantly differentially expressed proteins were further studied, and 14 were successfully identified, which were mainly classified into the following categories: immunity-related proteins, development-related proteins, structural proteins, energy metabolism-related proteins and proteins with unknown functions. The differential expression of these proteins reflects the overall changes in cell structure and metabolism associated with β-cypermethrin resistance and explains the possible molecular mechanism of fecundity fitness disadvantages. In summary, β-cypermethrin resistance can cause fecundity fitness disadvantages in B. germanica. The metabolic deviations needed to overcome the adverse effects of insecticides may result in an energy exchange that affects energy allocation and, ultimately, the basic needs of the insect. The fitness cost due to insecticide resistance is critical to the delay of the evolution of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Huang
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 41 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China..
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Pan X, Wang X, Zhang F. New Insights into Cockroach Control: Using Functional Diversity of Blattella germanica Symbionts. Insects 2020; 11:E696. [PMID: 33066069 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insect hosts have close relationships with microbial symbionts. The limited metabolic networks of most insects are enhanced by these symbiotic relationships. Using symbiotic microorganisms for biological control of insects and insect-borne diseases has become an important research topic and shows potential for the development of applicable control approaches. Blattella germanica (L.) is public health pest worldwide; it is difficult to control because of its strong reproductive ability, adaptability, and resistance to insecticides. In this paper, the diverse biological functions (nutrition metabolism, reproductive regulation, insecticide resistance, defense, and behavior management) of symbionts, their interaction mechanism with hosts, and the research progress in the control of B. germanica are reviewed and discussed. Abstract Insects have close symbiotic relationships with several microbes, which extends the limited metabolic networks of most insects. Using symbiotic microorganisms for the biological control of pests and insect-borne diseases has become a promising direction. Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) is a public health pest worldwide, which is difficult to control because of its strong reproductive ability, adaptability, and resistance to insecticides. In this paper, the diverse biological functions (nutrition, reproductive regulation, insecticide resistance, defense, and behavior) of symbionts were reviewed, and new biological control strategies on the basis of insect–symbiont interaction were proposed. We highlight new directions in B. germanica control, such as suppressing cockroach population using Wolbachia or paratransgenes, and combining fungal insecticides with synergistic agents to enhance insecticidal efficacy.
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Chao Y, Wang M, Dai W, Dong F, Wang X, Zhang F. Synergism between Hydramethylnon and Metarhizium anisopliae and Their Influence on the Gut Microbiome of Blattella germanica (L.). Insects 2020; 11:E538. [PMID: 32824260 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The widespread use of insecticides has cause extensive resistance in German cockroach (Blattella germanica) populations globally. Biological control has the potential to mitigate insecticide resistance, and Metarhizium anisopliae, an entomopathogenic fungus, alone and in combination with various insecticides has shown good effects against cockroaches. This experiment compared the cumulative mortality after infecting B. germanica with M. anisopliae conidia by per os infection and topical dorsal infection. To probe the mechanisms that underlie the synergism between M. anisopliae and hydramethylnon, we conducted dose-response assays with cockroaches fed combinations of them and characterized the gut microbiome of treated cockroaches. The results showed that the mortality of per os infection was lower than that of topical dorsal infection. In addition, the combination of M. anisopliae and hydramethylnon had a synergistic effect. The gut microbiome was also altered by hydramethylnon treatment. Therefore, we speculate that one of the mechanism underlying this synergism is that hydramethylnon promotes the survival of M. anisopliae in the harsh gut environment and enhances its virulence on German cockroaches by altering the gut microbiome. This may help to develop new types of bio-control glue baits for the control of cockroaches. Abstract (1) Background: The widespread use of insecticides has cause extensive resistance in German cockroach (Blattella germanica) populations globally. Biological control has the potential to mitigate insecticide resistance, and Metarhizium anisopliae (Meschn.) Sorokin, an entomopathogenic fungus, alone and in combination with various insecticides, has shown good effects against cockroaches. (2) Methods: This experiment compared the cumulative mortality after infecting B. germanica with M. anisopliae conidia by two routes, per os and topical application. To probe the mechanisms that underlie the synergism between M. anisopliae and hydramethylnon, we conducted dose–response assays with cockroaches fed combinations of M. anisopliae and hydramethylnon and characterized the gut microbiomes of the treated cockroaches. (3) Results: The study showed that the mortality with per os infection was lower than that with topical application. In addition, the combination of M. anisopliae and hydramethylnon had a synergistic effect in 16 treatments. The gut microbiome was also altered by hydramethylnon treatment. The abundance of Parabacteroides and Enterococcus declined with the hydramethylnon and combination treatments, which are known to have anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities. The abundance of Alistipes, which is a fungal cell wall component, significantly increased in these treatments. (4) Conclusions: Therefore, we speculate that the major mechanism underlying this synergism is hydramethylnon promoting the survival of M. anisopliae in the harsh gut environment and enhancing its virulence for German cockroaches by altering the gut microbiome. This may provide a method for the fight against B. germanica and lay the foundation for the development of new baits.
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Mehainaoui A, Menasria T, Benouagueni S, Benhadj M, Lalaoui R, Gacemi-Kirane D. Rapid screening and characterization of bacteria associated with hospital cockroaches ( Blattella germanica L.) using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:960-970. [PMID: 32737936 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study aimed to explore the diversity of culturable microbiota colonizing the alimentary tract and outer surfaces of German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) captured in a health care facility. METHODS AND RESULTS Microbial identification was conducted using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Biotyper and 16S rRNA sequencing. A total of 181 bacteria strains were isolated from 25 cockroach specimens and the MALDI-TOF MS-based assay yielded direct identification of 96·5% (175 out of 181) of the strains at the species level. The proteomic fingerprinting mainly revealed strains belonged to Gram-negative Enterobacteria (103) with six different genera that were characterized including Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Kluyevera, Leclercia, Morganella and Serratia. In addition, Pseudomonas sp. strains ranked in second with 29·8% (54 strains) followed by Staphylococcus sp. (6·62%) and Enterococcus sp. (1·65%). A large number of these bacteria (n = 90, 49·72%) was found in cockroaches captured in the maternity ward, whereas 45 strains (24·8%) were recovered in the paediatric ward. Altogether, 24 bacterial species were identified from both the external surface and digestive tract of the insect, of which Serratia marcescens presented the major group (n = 80, 44·19%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 53, 29·28%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 9, 4·94%). CONCLUSION The findings showed a high prevalence of bacterial pathogens harboured in the body and alimentary tract of B. germanica captured in a health care facility. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This investigation shows the possible role of German cockroaches as a source for bacterial pathogens, increasing the likelihood of direct transmission of healthcare associated infections, and thereby representing a public health risk. In addition, the present study revealed a high discriminatory power of the mass spectra investigation and a competent bacterial typing tool that extends phenotypic and genotypic approaches, which allows new possibilities for fast and accurate diagnosis in medical entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mehainaoui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria.,Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Plants and Adaptation, Team of Water, Soil, and Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria.,Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - T Menasria
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria
| | - S Benouagueni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
| | - M Benhadj
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria
| | - R Lalaoui
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - D Gacemi-Kirane
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria.,Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Plants and Adaptation, Team of Water, Soil, and Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
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Kobayashi M, Ooi HK, Taira K. Effects of anthelmintics on the pinworm Blatticola blattae in laboratory-reared German cockroaches Blattella germanica. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3093-7. [PMID: 32591863 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of pyrantel pamoate, pyrvinium pamoate, ivermectin, and piperazine citrate against pinworm in cockroach was evaluated. Laboratory-reared German cockroaches naturally infected with Blatticola blattae were treated with the anthelmintics and necropsied at 3 to 35 days after treatment. Ivermectin at over 5 ppm and piperazine citrate at over 2000 ppm killed all the treated cockroaches. Pinworms were still detected in cockroaches given lower concentration of the aforementioned drugs. Administration of pyrantel pamoate (100-1000 ppm) and pyrvinium pamoate (2000 ppm) did not kill the cockroaches, and no pinworms were detected at 3 and 17 days after treatment. Thus, pyrantel pamoate and pyrvinium pamoate were found to be effective for deworming B. blattae in the German cockroaches, without causing mortality for the host. Our results showed that anthelmintics selection is essential for eradication of pinworms in cockroaches because of the toxicity for the host such as ivermectin or piperazine citrate. This is the first report of piperazine citrate toxicity in cockroaches.
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Domínguez-Santos R, Pérez-Cobas AE, Artacho A, Castro JA, Talón I, Moya A, García-Ferris C, Latorre A. Unraveling Assemblage, Functions and Stability of the Gut Microbiota of Blattella germanica by Antibiotic Treatment. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:487. [PMID: 32269557 PMCID: PMC7109288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is a widespread phenomenon that has contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes. In cockroaches, two types of symbionts coexist: an endosymbiont in the fat body (Blattabacterium), and a rich gut microbiota. The transmission mode of Blattabacterium is vertical, while the gut microbiota of a new generation is mainly formed by bacterial species present in feces. We have carried out a metagenomic analysis of Blattella germanica populations, treated and non-treated with two antibiotics (vancomycin and ampicillin) over two generations to (1) determine the core of bacterial communities and potential functions of the gut microbiota and (2) to gain insights into the mechanisms of resistance and resilience of the gut microbiota. Our results indicate that the composition and functions of the bacteria were affected by treatment, more severely in the case of vancomycin. Further results demonstrated that in an untreated second-generation population that comes from antibiotic-treated first-generation, the microbiota is not yet stabilized at nymphal stages but can fully recover in adults when feces of a control population were added to the diet. This signifies the existence of a stable core in either composition and functions in lab-reared populations. The high microbiota diversity as well as the observed functional redundancy point toward the microbiota of cockroach hindguts as a robust ecosystem that can recover from perturbations, with recovery being faster when feces are added to the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Elena Pérez-Cobas
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research, Valencia, Spain
| | - José A. Castro
- Unit of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Irene Talón
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Ferris
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research, Valencia, Spain
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Li N, Zeng M, Xiao H, Lin S, Yang S, Huang H, Zhu S, Zhao Z, Ren C, Li S. Alteration of insulin and nutrition signal gene expression or depletion of Met reduce both lifespan and reproduction in the German cockroach. J Insect Physiol 2019; 118:103934. [PMID: 31449796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In insects, nutrition and hormones coordinately regulate lifespan and reproduction, which might affect each other. We here investigated how nutrition, insulin, and juvenile hormone (JH) signal genes affect lifespan and reproduction in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, a serious urban pest throughout the world. Starvation as well as altering insulin and nutrition signal genes by RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of the expression of either positive or negative components in the two pathways simultaneously reduced lifespan and ootheca number of the mated female cockroaches. Meanwhile, depletion of the JH receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met), but not kruppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) that predominately transduces JH signaling to prevent metamorphosis, significantly reduced the two parameters. Moreover, suppressing the expression of several reproduction-related genes, including doublesex (Dsx), vitellogenin (Vg), and the Vg receptor (VgR), had little yet various effects on lifespan; nevertheless, it is likely that there are some reproduction-independent mating factors reducing lifespan. In conclusion, through blocking lifespan and reproduction in a simultaneous manner, the alteration of insulin and nutrient signal gene expression or the depletion of Met might provide a great potential for controlling the German cockroach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Huilu Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Shuren Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Haixin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Shiming Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Chonghua Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China.
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China.
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Wexler J, Delaney EK, Belles X, Schal C, Wada-Katsumata A, Amicucci MJ, Kopp A. Hemimetabolous insects elucidate the origin of sexual development via alternative splicing. eLife 2019; 8:e47490. [PMID: 31478483 PMCID: PMC6721801 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are the only known animals in which sexual differentiation is controlled by sex-specific splicing. The doublesex transcription factor produces distinct male and female isoforms, which are both essential for sex-specific development. dsx splicing depends on transformer, which is also alternatively spliced such that functional Tra is only present in females. This pathway has evolved from an ancestral mechanism where dsx was independent of tra and expressed and required only in males. To reconstruct this transition, we examined three basal, hemimetabolous insect orders: Hemiptera, Phthiraptera, and Blattodea. We show that tra and dsx have distinct functions in these insects, reflecting different stages in the changeover from a transcription-based to a splicing-based mode of sexual differentiation. We propose that the canonical insect tra-dsx pathway evolved via merger between expanding dsx function (from males to both sexes) and narrowing tra function (from a general splicing factor to dedicated regulator of dsx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wexler
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Emily Kay Delaney
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Xavier Belles
- Institut de Biologia EvolutivaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighUnited States
| | - Ayako Wada-Katsumata
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighUnited States
| | - Matthew J Amicucci
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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Zhang F, Yang R. Life history and functional capacity of the microbiome are altered in beta-cypermethrin-resistant cockroaches. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:715-723. [PMID: 31269412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches are widely perceived to evolve resistance to insecticides. Over-expression of a resistance-conferring gene can be costly and may require energy and resource reallocation for metabolic and developmental processes. To evaluate whether changes in the composition of gut microbiota in Blattella germanica affected its resistance evolution to beta-cypermethrin and to determine the role of gut microbiota in host growth and development, we studied the relationship between insecticide resistance and the diversity and genetic content of gut microbiota in cockroaches. Results suggest beta-cypermethrin-resistant cockroaches (R strain) exhibited a delayed development period and reduced adult longevity compared with susceptible cockroaches (S strain). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and community metagenomics, we found that the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Acetobacteraceae were significantly lower in the R strain compared with the S strain in the foregut and midgut of both strains. Functional annotation of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) modules of midgut genes in the two strains revealed that 10.6% were involved in metabolism, while the relative abundance in the R strain was 7.4%. Unigenes were also translated into amino acid sequences and assigned to protein families based on hits to the Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZy) database. This process identified the glycoside hydrolases, glycosyl transferases and carbohydrate-binding modules of the S strain as all being significantly higher in diversity than those in the R strain. Overall, we conclude that fitness-related costs increased in the resistant strain of cockroaches compared with the susceptible strain, and the variation in insect gut microbiota, especially those related to growth and development, was an important influencing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rongai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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Dominguez CV, Maestro JL. Expression of juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase and juvenile hormone synthesis in Blattella germanica. Insect Sci 2018; 25:787-796. [PMID: 28374493 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH), a sesquiterpenoid synthetized by the insect corpora allata (CA), plays critical roles in metamorphosis and reproduction. Penultimate or last step of JH synthesis is catalyzed by juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase (JHAMT). Here we report the cloning and expression analysis of the JHAMT orthologue in the cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (BgJHAMT). BgJHAMT is mainly expressed in CA, with only expression traces in ovary. Three different isoforms, differing in the 3'-UTR sequence, were identified. Isoform A shows between 35 and 65 times higher expression than B and C in CA from penultimate nymphal instar and adult females. RNAi-triggered knock down of BgJHAMT produces a dramatic reduction of JH synthesis, concomitant with a decrease of fat body vitellogenin expression and basal follicle length. BgJHAMT mRNA levels in CA of females along the gonadotrophic cycle parallel, with a slight advancement, JH synthesis profile. BgJHAMT mRNA levels were reduced in starved females and in females in which we reduced nutritional signaling by knocking down insulin receptor and target of rapamycin (TOR). Results show that conditions that modify JH synthesis in adult B. germanica females show parallel changes of BgJHAMT mRNA levels and that the JH-specific branch of the JH synthesis pathway is regulated in the same way as the mevalonate branch. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nutrition and its signaling through the insulin receptor and TOR pathways are essential for activating BgJHAMT expression, which suggests that this enzyme can be a checkpoint for the regulation of JH production in relation to nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Dominguez
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose L Maestro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Adenusi AA, Akinyemi MI, Akinsanya D. Domiciliary Cockroaches as Carriers of Human Intestinal Parasites in Lagos Metropolis, Southwest Nigeria: Implications for Public Health. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2018; 12:141-151. [PMID: 30123808 PMCID: PMC6091797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domiciliary cockroaches are obnoxious pests of significant medical importance. We investigated the prevalence of human intestinal parasites in cockroaches and its attendant public health importance. METHODS Overall, 749 cockroaches (Periplaneta americana, 509, Blattella germanica, 240) caught by trapping from 120 households comprising 3 different housing types in Somolu, Lagos metropolis, southwest Nigeria, in 2015 were screened for human intestinal parasites using standard parasitological techniques. RESULTS The prevalence of human intestinal parasites in cockroaches was 96.4%. There was no statistically significant difference (P> 0.05) in parasite prevalences between P. americana (95.7%) and B. germanica (97.9%). Parasite species identified and their prevalence were as follows: Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (44.1%), E. coli (37.8%), Giardia lamblia (18.7%), Cryptosporidium sp. (13.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (61.3%), Trichuris trichiura (55.8%), hookworms (11.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (11.7%), Taenia/Echinococcus spp. (10.5%), Enterobius vermicularis (17.2%) and Hymenolepis nana (11.6%). Parasite prevalence and burdens varied with housing type; the prevalence was significantly higher statistically (P< 0.05) in cockroaches from low-cost bungalow, LCB (100%) and low-cost, 2-storey, LC2-S (100%) houses than in medium-cost flats, MCF (81.3%). Parasite burdens were also significantly higher statistically (P< 0.05) in cockroaches from LCB or LC2-S than in cockroaches from MCF. Parasite prevalences between cockroach gut and body surfaces were not statistically significant (P> 0.05) but mean parasite burdens in gut were significantly higher statistically (P< 0.05) than on body surfaces. CONCLUSION Cockroaches types carry transmissive stages of human intestinal parasites and may act as reservoirs and potential mechanical vectors for disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedotun A Adenusi
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria,Corresponding author: Dr Adedotun A. Adenusi, E-mail:
| | - Mary I Akinyemi
- Statistics Unit, Department of Mathematics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Dele Akinsanya
- Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
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Zhang F, Sun XX, Zhang XC, Zhang S, Lu J, Xia YM, Huang YH, Wang XJ. The interactions between gut microbiota and entomopathogenic fungi: a potential approach for biological control of Blattella germanica (L.). Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:438-447. [PMID: 28888066 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana mainly infect insects through the cuticle; gut infection occasionally occurs. Micro-organisms existing in the gut may play a crucial role in the evolution and ecology of host defenses against fungal pathogens. To evaluate whether the gut bacteria participate in antifungal activity, and to determine their role in host protection, the interactions between gut bacteria and M. anisopliae and the diversity of gut microbiota in cockroaches were studied. RESULTS An oral feeding test showed that the mortality of conventional cockroaches was significantly lower than that of germ-free cockroaches; both gut homogenates and aqueous fecal extracts showed antifungal activity, but the samples from germ-free cockroaches did not. Twenty-two bacterial strains with antifungal activity and siderophore-producing ability were isolated from the gut and feces of cockroaches. Using high-throughput sequencing techniques, a total of 23 different phyla and 212 genera were detected. The composition of the microbiota of the hindgut was vastly different from those of the foregut and midgut; higher diversity and abundance of Bacteroides and Pseudomonas were found in the hindgut. CONCLUSION The gut microbiota of German cockroaches may play a critical role in protecting cockroaches from fungal invasion and colonization. Removing certain bacteria from the B. germanica microbiota may facilitate microbial control using fungal pathogens. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao X Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian C Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong M Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan H Huang
- Food and Fermentation Engineering Key Lab of Shandong Province, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue J Wang
- Shandong Center for Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Sanei Dehkordi A, Salim Abadi Y, Nasirian H, Hazratian T, Gorouhi MA, Yousefi S, Paksa A. Synergists action of piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate on toxicity of carbamate insecticides against Blattella germanica. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:981-986. [PMID: 29111194 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the synergists action of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) on toxicity of carbamate insecticides against Blattella germanica in Tehran city. METHODS In the current study, German cockroach strains were collected from several hospitals and dormitories in Tehran. At the beginning, different concentrations of bendiocarb and carbaryl (insecticides belong to carbamate group) were determined by surface contact on a susceptible strain. Then, the level of susceptibility and type of resistance mechanisms in the collected strains from contaminated sites to the aforementioned insecticides were studied by using PBO and DEF synergists with different insecticide ratios to synergist (1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3). RESULTS The DEF synergist along with bendiocarb and carbaryl completely eliminated the resistance in all strains but PBO did not completely eliminate the resistance in the strains of Mofid, Alvand, Valiasr hospitals and Shariati dormitory. Generally, the impact of DEF was observed in the removing resistance more than PBO. CONCLUSIONS In most of these strains, resistance to bendiocarb and carbaryl is completely eliminated by DEF, showing a very high role of estraze enzymes in resistance to bendiocarb and carbaryl. But in most strains PBO does not remove the resistance because other mechanisms, such as reduced cuticle penetration and insensitivity to the acetylcholine esterase enzyme, may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sanei Dehkordi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Yaser Salim Abadi
- Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hasan Nasirian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saideh Yousefi
- Sirjan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azim Paksa
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Loucif L, Cherak Z, Chamlal N, Bendjama E, Gacemi-Kirane D, Grainat N, Rolain JM. First Detection of VIM-2 Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas putida in Blattella germanica Cockroaches in an Algerian Hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00357-17. [PMID: 28559273 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00357-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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45
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Liao S, Liu Y, Si H, Xiao Z, Fan G, Chen S, Wang P, Wang Z. Hydronopylformamides: Modification of the Naturally Occurring Compound (-)-β-Pinene to Produce Insect Repellent Candidates against Blattella germanica. Molecules 2017. [PMID: 28621730 PMCID: PMC6152770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a novel repellent plays an important role in the integrated control of Blattella germanica. A series of novel hydronopylformamides derivatives were synthesized from a naturally occurring compound (-)-β-pinene. The structures of these hydronopylformamides derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), and electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS). Repellency of these hydronopylformamides derivatives against Blattella germanica was evaluated by the using petri dish arena method. The results showed that four derivatives (compounds 8a, 8b, 8c and 8e) exhibited repellency against Blattella germanica at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. Compound 8a was the most active compound among these derivatives, where the repelling ratios of compound 8a against Blattella germanica were 66.10%, 50.46%, 48.26%, at concentrations of 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, compound 8a showed better repellency than the traditional insect repellent N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), which indicated that compound 8a had a good application prospect in the prevention of Blattella germanica. This research hopes to promote the value-added utilization of (-)-β-pinene and the development of novel German cockroach repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Liao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Yichun Hydrological Bureau of Jiangxi Province, Yichun 336000, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Hongyan Si
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zhuanquan Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330027, China.
| | - Guorong Fan
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Shangxing Chen
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zongde Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China.
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Wu X, Appel AG. Insecticide Resistance of Several Field-Collected German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) Strains. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:1203-1209. [PMID: 28334316 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), remain one of the most difficult indoor insect species to control because of its ability to develop resistance to insecticides. The toxicity and resistance levels of five technical-grade insecticides (permethrin, chlorpyrifos, propoxur, imidacloprid, and fipronil) were determined for adult males of seven strains of the German cockroach, a laboratory-reared susceptible strain (S) and six field-collected strains (B, D, E, G, H, and I). Using topical application methods, fipronil was the most toxic insecticide to all seven strains. The LD50 values of fipronil in the susceptible strain (S) and the field-collected strains B, D, E, G, H, and I were 1.33, 2.62, 11.53, 5.07, 7.66, 5.15, and 10.15 ng/insect, respectively. The field-collected strains were most resistant to permethrin among the five insecticides, except for strain H. The resistance ratios of strains B, D, E, G, and I to permethrin were 31.8, 37.3, 51.9, 34.9, and 37.5, respectively. With a resistance ratio of 6.4, the field-collected strain H was most resistant to chlorpyrifos. The field-collected strains were not significantly resistant to propoxur. Strains B, H, and I were not significantly resistant to imidacloprid when compared with the susceptible strain. Based on the different resistance ratios for each insecticide, we conclude that there are high rates of insecticide resistance in German cockroaches from Franklin County, NC, and that the field-collected strains most likely had different treatment histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849-5413 (; )
| | - Arthur G Appel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849-5413 ( ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Matos YK, Sierras A, Schal C. Evaluation of the Potential for Secondary Kill for Ingested Insecticides in the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:1218-1225. [PMID: 28334348 PMCID: PMC6281325 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Baits are a preferred method of urban pest management. Baits enable more targeted insecticide applications with a fraction of the active ingredient used in residual sprays. Bait translocation by foragers, and consequent secondary kill of nonforagers, enhances bait effectiveness in social insects, and in other group-living species like German cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.). We investigated the potential for secondary kill in bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.), another gregarious species, using a liquid bait. We first investigated whether blood-fed adults enhance nymph survivorship within aggregations by increasing the local relative humidity (RH) and providing fecal nutrients. Higher RH (50% and 95%) resulted in greater survivorship of first instars compared with 0% RH. Therefore, in subsequent experiments, we controlled RH to decouple its effect on nymph survivorship from effects of fecal nutrients. The presence of fed or unfed adults did not increase unfed first instar survivorship, suggesting that if nymphs ingested feces, its nutritional benefits were minimal. Nymph survivorship was unaffected by the presence of adult males fed fipronil or clothianidin, suggesting that unlike in cockroaches, highly effective insecticides might not be effective as secondary kill toxicants in bed bugs. To directly compare secondary kill in first-instar bed bugs and B. germanica, we exposed both to insecticide-laden adult B. germanica feces. Whereas first-instar B. germanica died in the presence of insecticide-laden feces, bed bugs did not. We, therefore, conclude that secondary kill with neuroactive insecticides will likely not be a significant factor in bed bug population suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne K Matos
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 ( ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Angela Sierras
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 (; ; )
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 (; ; )
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Lee HR, Kim GH, Choi WS, Park IK. Repellent Activity of Apiaceae Plant Essential Oils and their Constituents Against Adult German Cockroaches. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:552-557. [PMID: 28165121 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the repellent activity of 12 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their components against male and female adult German cockroaches, Blattella germanica L., to find new natural repellents. Of all the plant essential oils tested, ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.) essential oils showed the most potent repellent activity against male and female adult German cockroaches. Repellent activities of chemicals already identified in active oils were also investigated. Of the compounds identified, carvacrol, thymol, and R-(-)-carvone showed >80% repellent activity against male and female adult German cockroaches at 2.5 µg/cm2. S-(+)-Carvone, (+)-dihydrocarvone, and terpinen-4-ol showed >70% repellent activity against male and female adult German cockroaches at 10 µg/cm2. Our results indicated that Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents have good potential as natural repellents against adult German cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Rim Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea (; )
| | - Gil-Hah Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sil Choi
- Labatory of Chromatography, National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Park
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea ( ; )
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Memona H, Manzoor F, Anjum AA. Cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae): A Reservoir of Pathogenic Microbes in Human-Dwelling Localities in Lahore. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:435-440. [PMID: 27744361 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on isolation of pathogenic bacteria from external and internal surfaces of cockroaches collected from houses and hospitals in Lahore. In total, 240 adult cockroaches were collected from houses and hospitals by hand or using sticky traps and food-bait traps. Cockroach species were identified, and microbial screening was done for external surfaces and gut tracts of cockroaches. Jaccard's index of similarity, Bray-Curtis' index of dissimilarity, and Shannon-Wiener's diversity index were used to measure the bacterial community diversity (all species of bacteria) in each habitat. Relative abundance and frequency were measured for each bacterial species on external and internal surfaces of cockroaches. Among human habitations, two major species of cockroaches were isolated, i.e., Periplaneta americana (P. americana) and Blattella germanica (B. germanica). Out of 240 cockroaches collected, 167 were P. americana and 73 were B. germanica. In total, 11 bacterial species were isolated, but no different bacterial load in each habitat was observed. The most common diagnostic bacterium isolated from the external surface of cockroaches was found to be Escherichia coli (10.31%). In contrast, the most common isolate from the internal gut tract of cockroaches was found to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with relative frequency of 19.96%. Jaccard's index of similarity of bacterial species found on cockroaches was highest (0.3125) in houses, whereas Bray-Curtis' index of dissimilarity was highest for hospitals (0.2174). The highest Shannon-Wiener's diversity index value was found in bacteria on cockroaches collected from the Punjab Institute of Cardiology (2.610632). No Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Streptococcus pneumonia were found in the digestive tract of any cockroach.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Memona
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Rd., Lahore 54000, Pakistan (; )
| | - F Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Rd., Lahore 54000, Pakistan (; )
| | - A A Anjum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall Rd., Lahore, Pakistan
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Nasirian H. Infestation of cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) in the human dwelling environments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2017; 167:86-98. [PMID: 28012906 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica and Supella longipalpa are the most common worldwide cockroaches that mentioned in the "22 common pest" or "22 dirty" species named as "group I". They are able to infest any type of buildings. A meta-analysis review was conducted between January 2015 and July 2016 on any literature published about infestation of cockroaches. Scientific reports and papers about infestation of cockroaches and relevant topics were collected from various specific scientific websites such as PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer, Elsevier, Scopus, and Google Scholar. About 271 scientific reports and papers were collected and after a preliminary review, 63 were selected to become part of the detailed synthesis review and meta-analysis. Results showed that the global world mean infestation trend of cockroaches, and B. germanica and P. americana cockroach species ranged 49.0-55.0, 40.0-70.0 and 60.0-70.0%, respectively suggests that their infestation trend are increasing. The global world mean infestation of cockroaches, and B. germanica and P. americana cockroach species were 52.3, 55.2 and 65.4, respectively. There was a significant difference between the global world mean infestation of cockroaches and P. americana cockroach species (P=0.019). The global mean infestation trend of cockroaches in the human dwelling environments and world ranged 55.0-65.0 and 50.0-70.0%, respectively suggests that their infestation trend are increasing. The global world mean infestation of cockroaches in the human dwelling environments and world were 60.4 and 57.7%, respectively. Although some factors affect the infestation of cockroaches and the sanitation and quality structure of the buildings are also being improved. While as present study reveal that the globally the world infestation trend of cockroaches are being increased and recent studies also indicate that the prevalence of asthma has increased dramatically over the decades suggest that infestation of cockroaches can directly affect the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasirian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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