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Chronic Gastric Ulcer Healing Actions of the Aqueous Extracts of Staple Plant Foods of the North-West, Adamawa, and West Regions of Cameroon. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:2657278. [PMID: 36654868 PMCID: PMC9842419 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2657278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aim This study is aimed at establishing phenolic compound profile and assessing the possible antiulcer activities of aqueous extracts of some staple plant foods from the West and North-West regions of Cameroon against chronic gastric ulcer models in rats. Materials and Methods Phenolic constituents of extracts were evaluated using HPLC-DAD. Aqueous extracts of Corchorus olitorius, Solanum nigrum, Vigna unguiculata, Triumfetta pentandra, "nkui" spices, and "yellow soup" spices were tested at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). After treatments, animals were sacrificed, healing percentage and antioxidant status (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) were evaluated, and histological examination of gastric mucosa was realized. Results HPLC-DAD revealed that p-hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acids were the phenolic compound present in all extracts. Oral administration of extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced ulcer surface value and significantly increased mucus production compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). Histological study supported the observed healing activity of different extracts characterized by a reduced inflammatory response. Moreover, administration of aqueous extracts increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion This study revealed that aqueous extracts of Solanum nigrum, Corchorus olitorius, Vigna unguiculata, Triumfetta pentandra, "yellow soup" spices, and "nkui" spices possess healing antiulcer effects against models of gastric ulcers. The antiulcer mechanisms involved may include increase of gastric mucus production and improvement of the antioxidant activity of gastric tissue. These activities may be due to the phenolic compounds identified in the extracts, especially p-hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acids present in all extracts and with known antioxidant, cytoprotective, and healing properties. However, all the diets may promote the healing process of chronic ulcers caused by excessive alcohol consumption/stress.
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Azadi S, Osanloo M, Zarenezhad E, Farjam M, Jalali A, Ghanbariasad A. Nano-scaled emulsion and nanogel containing Mentha pulegium essential oil: cytotoxicity on human melanoma cells and effects on apoptosis regulator genes. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:6. [PMID: 36624422 PMCID: PMC9830879 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical drug delivery using nanoemulsions and nanogels is a promising approach to treating skin disorders such as melanoma. METHODS In this study, the chemical composition of Mentha pulegium essential oil with five major compounds, including pulegone (68.11%), l-menthone (8.83%), limonene (2.90%), iso-pulegone (2.69%), and iso-menthone (1.48%) was first identified using GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis. Afterward, a nano-scaled emulsion containing the essential oil with a droplet size of 7.70 ± 1 nm was prepared. Nanogel containing the essential oil was then prepared by adding (2% w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose to the nano-scaled emulsion. Moreover, the successful loading of M. pulegium essential oil in the nano-scaled emulsion and nanogel was confirmed using ATR-FTIR (Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed) analysis. Then, human A375 melanoma cells were treated with different concentrations of samples, the MTT assay evaluated cell viability, and cell apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry. In addition, the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes, including Bax and Bcl-2, was evaluated using the qPCR (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique. RESULTS The results showed that cell viability was reduced by 90 and 45% after treatment with 300 μg/mL of the nanogel and nano-scaled emulsion. As confirmed by flow cytometry, this effect was mediated by apoptosis. Furthermore, gene expression analysis showed up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 genes. Therefore, the prepared nanogel, with high efficacy, could be considered a potent anticancer agent for supplementary medicine and in vivo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Azadi
- grid.411135.30000 0004 0415 3047Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Osanloo
- grid.411135.30000 0004 0415 3047Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Elham Zarenezhad
- grid.411135.30000 0004 0415 3047Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Farjam
- grid.411135.30000 0004 0415 3047Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Akram Jalali
- grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbariasad
- grid.411135.30000 0004 0415 3047Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Chhoud R, Said Bagga M, Ali Lassoued M, Jlizi S, Nabili A, Sfar S, Ben Jannet H, Majdoub H. Chemical Profile of the Pits Oil from the Tunisian 'Alig' Cultivar of Phoenix dactylifera L.: In Vivo Wound Healing Potential Evaluation of a Cream Formulated from the Extracted Oil and Insights from Molecular Docking and SAR Analysis. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200533. [PMID: 36325999 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times the oil from date palm pits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) has been used to heal wounds. In order to prove this traditional usage of the pits, this oil was extracted from the pits of the Tunisian cultivar 'Alig' and its physico-chemical properties and the chemical composition were evaluated. The fatty acid profile, evidenced by GC, allowed to classify this oil as an oleic-myristic acid oil with a clear abundance of oleic acid (53.66 %). 1 H and 13 C-NMR as well as FT-IR analyses confirmed the presence of fatty acids in triglyceride forms. Furthermore, in vivo wound healing activity of a cream formulated from the extracted oil was performed, for the first time, using a rat model and was compared to placebo cream and a commercial formulation, MEBO®. This study showed that the test cream promoted the healing of pressure ulcers better than the placebo cream and the MEBO® ointment. The results showed that this vegetable oil is able to improve the healing of infected wounds in rats, thus supporting its traditional use. The contribution of the main oleic, linoleic and myristic acids that can be derived from enzymatic hydrolysis to the healing activity of the whole pits oil was predicted by in silico study and the calculated pharmacokinetics parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Chhoud
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials (LIMA), Bd. of the Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Said Bagga
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Pharmacological Drug Development LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ali Lassoued
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Pharmacological Drug Development LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Salma Jlizi
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Bd. of the Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdelkader Nabili
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials (LIMA), Bd. of the Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Souad Sfar
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Pharmacological Drug Development LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Bd. of the Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Majdoub
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials (LIMA), Bd. of the Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
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Baky MH, Shamma SN, Khalifa MR, Farag MA. How Does Allium Leafy Parts Metabolome Differ in Context to Edible or Inedible Taxa? Case Study in Seven Allium Species as Analyzed Using MS-Based Metabolomics. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010018. [PMID: 36676943 PMCID: PMC9866920 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genus Allium (F. Amaryllidaceae) includes a wide variety of edible foods widely consumed for their nutritive as well as health benefits. Seven Allium species, viz., chives, Egyptian leek, French leek, red garlic, white garlic, red onion, and white onion aerial parts were assessed for metabolome heterogeneity targeting both aroma and nutrients phytochemicals. A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed. Results revealed extensive variation in volatiles and nutrients profile among the seven Allium species represented by a total of 77 nutrients and 148 volatiles. Among edible Allium species, French leek encompassed high levels of nutrients, viz., sugars, fatty acids/esters, organic acids, and amino acids, compared to Egyptian leek. Sulfur aroma compounds appeared as the most discriminatory among Allium, taxa accounting for its distinct flavor. Furthermore, chemometric analysis of both datasets showed clear discrimination of the seven Allium species according to several key novel markers. This study provides the first comparative approach between edible and inedible aerial leafy parts of Allium species providing novel insight into their use as functional foods based on such holistic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa H. Baky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Samir N. Shamma
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Khalifa
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Garzoli S, Alarcón-Zapata P, Seitimova G, Alarcón-Zapata B, Martorell M, Sharopov F, Fokou PVT, Dize D, Yamthe LRT, Les F, Cásedas G, López V, Iriti M, Rad JS, Gürer ES, Calina D, Pezzani R, Vitalini S. Natural essential oils as a new therapeutic tool in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:407. [PMID: 36514100 PMCID: PMC9749237 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most revalent type of cancer in the world and the second most common cause of cancer death (about 1 million per year). Historically, natural compounds and their structural analogues have contributed to the development of new drugs useful in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Essential oils are natural odorous products made up of a complex mixture of low molecular weight compounds with recognized biological and pharmacological properties investigated also for the prevention and treatment of cancer. The aim of this paper is to highlight the possible role of essential oils in CRC, their composition and the preclinical studies involving them. It has been reviewed the preclinical pharmacological studies to determine the experimental models used and the anticancer potential mechanisms of action of natural essential oils in CRC. Searches were performed in the following databases PubMed/Medline, Web of science, TRIP database, Scopus, Google Scholar using appropriate MeSH terms. The results of analyzed studies showed that EOs exhibited a wide range of bioactive effects like cytotoxicity, antiproliferative, and antimetastatic effects on cancer cells through various mechanisms of action. This updated review provides a better quality of scientific evidence for the efficacy of EOs as chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive agents in CRC. Future translational clinical studies are needed to establish the effective dose in humans as well as the most suitable route of administration for maximum bioavailability and efficacy. Given the positive anticancer results obtained from preclinical pharmacological studies, EOs can be considered efficient complementary therapies in chemotherapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Garzoli
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, University “Sapienza” of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pedro Alarcón-Zapata
- grid.5380.e0000 0001 2298 9663Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, VIII – Bio Bio Region Chile ,grid.442215.40000 0001 2227 4297Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, 4080871 Concepción, Chile
| | - Gulnaz Seitimova
- grid.77184.3d0000 0000 8887 5266Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Barbara Alarcón-Zapata
- grid.5380.e0000 0001 2298 9663Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, VIII – Bio Bio Region Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- grid.5380.e0000 0001 2298 9663Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- grid.469891.b0000 0001 1702 746XResearch Institution “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products”, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Ayni 299/2, Dushanbe, 734063 Tajikistan
| | - Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou
- grid.449799.e0000 0004 4684 0857Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bambili, 39 Cameroon
| | - Darline Dize
- grid.412661.60000 0001 2173 8504Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Ngoa Ekelle, Yaounde, 812 Cameroon
| | | | - Francisco Les
- grid.440816.f0000 0004 1762 4960Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego (Saragossa), Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50059 Saragossa, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cásedas
- grid.440816.f0000 0004 1762 4960Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego (Saragossa), Spain
| | - Víctor López
- grid.440816.f0000 0004 1762 4960Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego (Saragossa), Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50059 Saragossa, Spain
| | - Marcello Iriti
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Javad Sharifi Rad
- grid.442126.70000 0001 1945 2902Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Eda Sönmez Gürer
- grid.411689.30000 0001 2259 4311Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Daniela Calina
- grid.413055.60000 0004 0384 6757Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Phytotherapy Lab (PhT-Lab), Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy ,AIROB, Associazione Italiana Per la Ricerca Oncologica Di Base, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Vitalini
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Karkanrood MV, Homayouni Tabrizi M, Ardalan T, Soltani M, Khadem F, Nosrat T, Moeini S. Pistacia atlantica fruit essential oil nanoemulsions (PAEO-NE), an effective antiangiogenic therapeutic and cell-dependent apoptosis inducer on A549 human lung cancer cells. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2034008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Touran Ardalan
- Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Soltani
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Toktam Nosrat
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soheila Moeini
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biology, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
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Sharma M, Grewal K, Jandrotia R, Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohli RK. Essential oils as anticancer agents: Potential role in malignancies, drug delivery mechanisms, and immune system enhancement. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112514. [PMID: 34963087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer retains a central place in fatality rates among the wide variety of diseases known world over, and the conventional synthetic medicaments, albeit used until now, produce numerous side effects. As a result, newer, better, and safer alternatives such as natural plant products, are gravely required. Essential oils (EOs) offer a plethora of bioactivities including antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, therefore, the use of EOs in combination with synthetic drugs or aromatherapy continues to be popular in many settings. In view of the paramount importance of EOs and their potential bioactivities, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the interconnection between EOs and cancer treatment. In particular, the current review presents an updated summary of the chemical composition of EOs, their current applications in cancer treatments based on clinical studies, and the mechanism of action against the cancer cell lines. Similarly, an overview of using EOs in aromatherapy and enhancing immunity during cancer treatment is provided. Further, this review focuses on the recent technological advancements such as the loading of EOs using protein microspheres, ligands, or nanoemulsions/nanoencapsulation, which offer multiple benefits in cancer treatment via site-specific and target-oriented delivery of drugs. The continuing clinical studies of EOs implicate that their pharmacological applications are a rewarding research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Sharma
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Kamaljit Grewal
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Rupali Jandrotia
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | | | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India.
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Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. and Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal Extracts Decrease Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity on H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8858165. [PMID: 33688366 PMCID: PMC7920721 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8858165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Materials and Methods Bark extracts of these plants (1 and 25 µg/mL) were added 3 hours before coincubating H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with Dox (0.5 and 1 µM) for 24 hours more. We measured cell mass and metabolic viability, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, superoxide anion content, and activity-like of caspase-3 and caspase-9 following treatment with the extracts and/or Dox. Also, selenium and vitamin C contents were measured in the plant extracts. Results The results confirmed that Dox treatment decreased cell mass, mitochondrial membrane potential and metabolic viability, increased mitochondrial superoxide anion, and stimulated caspase-3 and caspase-9-like activities. Pretreatment of the cells with the plant extracts significantly inhibited Dox cytotoxicity, with more significant results at the higher concentration. Measurements of selenium and vitamin C in the extracts revealed higher concentration of both when compared with other Cameroonian spices. Conclusion Both extracts of A. lepidophyllus and M. myristica were effective against Dox-induced cytotoxicity, most likely due to their content in antioxidants.
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Khatamian N, Soltani M, Shadan B, Neamati A, Tabrizi MH, Hormozi B. Pinus morrisonicola needles essential oil nanoemulsions as a novel strong antioxidant and anticancer agent. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2021.1892760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mozhgan Soltani
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shadan
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Neamati
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Bahareh Hormozi
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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Silva AFC, Haris PI, Serralheiro ML, Pacheco R. Mechanism of action and the biological activities of Nigella sativa oil components. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Keykhasalar R, Tabrizi MH, Ardalan P, Khatamian N. The Apoptotic, Cytotoxic, and Antiangiogenic Impact of Linum usitatissimum Seed Essential Oil Nanoemulsions on the Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line A2780. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2388-2396. [PMID: 32959696 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1824001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linum usitatissimum seed essential oil (LSEO) has been used to reduce the risk of prostate and colon cancer. In this study, we optimized the bio-accessibility and bio-compatibility of LSEO to evaluate its cytotoxic, apoptotic and anti-angiogenic impact on the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780. METHOD We produced LSEO nanoemulsions (LSEO-NEs) utilizing the ultrasound-based technique and the size, its droplets' morphology and stability were characterized. LSEO-NE cytotoxicity was studied by estimating the viability of A2780 human ovarian cancer cell and normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFS). Their apoptotic activity was evaluated measuring the Caspase-3, 8 and nine gene expression. Finally, its anti-angiogenic potential was measured applying Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. RESULTS A significant dose-dependent cytotoxic impact of LSEO-NE was detected in the A2780 cells and not in HFF cellsThe apoptotic genes expression profile confirmed the A2780 cell apoptosis death. Moreover, the reduction in length and number of blood vessels in the CAM assay demonstrated the anti-angiogenic activity of LSEO-NE. CONCLUSION The cancer cell-selective cytotoxicity apoptosis, and anti-angiogenic effects of LSEO-NE indicate its potential as a novel anticancer compound. However, further cell lines have to be analyzed in case of its potential anticancer impacts on human ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaye Keykhasalar
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Pouran Ardalan
- Department of chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niloufar Khatamian
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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Fazelifar P, Tabrizi MH, Rafiee A. The Arachis hypogaea Essential Oil Nanoemulsion as an Efficient Safe Apoptosis Inducer in Human Lung Cancer Cells (A549). Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1059-1067. [PMID: 32586130 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1783330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions have improved therapeutic efficiency. In this regard, due to the Arachis hypogaea components such as flavonoids, we planned to produce Arachis hypogaea oil nanoemulsion (AHO-NE) in order to evaluate its anticancer impacts on A549 lung cancer cells. The AHO-NE was formulated by ultrasonication, characterized, and used in treating A549 cells. Then, we evaluated Caspase-3 gene expression, flow cytometry results, and MTT assay on A549 cells to check its anticancer impacts. The 50.3 nm AHO-NE significantly reduced the of A549 cells' viability comparing with HFF normal cells. The increasing SubG1 peaks and Cas3 overexpression indicate the AHO-NE apoptotic impact on A549 cells. We found its antioxidant activity (ABTS IC50 = 270.42 μg/ml and DPPH IC50 = 208.51 μg/ml). In conclusion, AHO-NE has the potential to be used as an exclusive cell-dependent anticancer compound in A549 lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Fazelifar
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Aras Rafiee
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Maruca A, Lanzillotta D, Rocca R, Lupia A, Costa G, Catalano R, Moraca F, Gaudio E, Ortuso F, Artese A, Trapasso F, Alcaro S. Multi-Targeting Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Essential Oils as Kinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:E2174. [PMID: 32384767 PMCID: PMC7249159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are popular in aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine that claims their curative effects. Moreover, several studies reported EOs as potential anti-cancer agents by inducing apoptosis in different cancer cell models. In this study, we have considered EOs as a potential resource of new kinase inhibitors with a polypharmacological profile. On the other hand, computational methods offer the possibility to predict the theoretical activity profile of ligands, discovering dangerous off-targets and/or synergistic effects due to the potential multi-target action. With this aim, we performed a Structure-Based Virtual Screening (SBVS) against X-ray models of several protein kinases selected from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) by using a chemoinformatics database of EOs. By evaluating theoretical binding affinity, 13 molecules were detected among EOs as new potential kinase inhibitors with a multi-target profile. The two compounds with higher percentages in the EOs were studied more in depth by means Induced Fit Docking (IFD) protocol, in order to better predict their binding modes taking into account also structural changes in the receptor. Finally, given its good binding affinity towards five different kinases, cinnamyl cinnamate was biologically tested on different cell lines with the aim to verify the antiproliferative activity. Thus, this work represents a starting point for the optimization of the most promising EOs structure as kinase inhibitors with multi-target features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Maruca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science srl, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Delia Lanzillotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Roberta Rocca
- Net4Science srl, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Antonio Lupia
- Net4Science srl, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Giosuè Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science srl, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Raffaella Catalano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science srl, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Federica Moraca
- Net4Science srl, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University “Federico II” of Naples, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Lymphoma and Genomics Research Program, the Institute of Oncology Research, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science srl, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science srl, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesco Trapasso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science srl, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (A.L.); (F.M.)
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Navaei Shoorvarzi S, Shahraki F, Shafaei N, Karimi E, Oskoueian E. Citrus aurantium L. bloom essential oil nanoemulsion: Synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and its potential health impacts on mice. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13181. [PMID: 32173879 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This research was performed to synthesize the Citrus aurantium L. bloom essential oil nanoemulsion (CABE-NE) and investigate its cytotoxic and apoptotic impacts on human lung (A549 cells), and further, the effects of CABE-NE on mice health parameters was determined. The obtained results demonstrated that C. aurantium bloom contained 1.2 ± 0.16% of essential oil with linalyl acetate, limonene, and α-terpineol as major compounds. The CABE-NE possessed particle size of 76.9 ± 6.11 nm, PDI of 0.19, and zeta potential of -43.5 mV. The CABE-NE indicated the cytotoxicity against A549 cells with the IC50 value of 152 µg/ml. The CABE-NE induced the overexpression of Cas-3 and triggered the apoptotic cells death. The mice gavaged daily with CABE-NE at the concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight for 30 days did not show any remarkable histopathological alteration in the liver and kidney while exhibited enhancement in the jejunum morpho-structural architecture and hepatic antioxidant redox potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: According to the results, the produced CABE-NE drug delivery system could be considered as a promising alternative to prevent lung cancer progression and it provides a new way to enhance the therapeutic value of the plant phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzaneh Shahraki
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negin Shafaei
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Karimi
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Oskoueian
- Mashhad Branch, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
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Javanshir A, Karimi E, Maragheh AD, Tabrizi MH. The antioxidant and anticancer potential of Ricinus communis L. essential oil nanoemulsions. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Maragheh AD, Tabrizi MH, Karimi E, Seyedi SMR, Khatamian N. Producing the sour cherry pit oil nanoemulsion and evaluation of its anti-cancer effects on both breast cancer murine model and MCF-7 cell line. J Microencapsul 2019; 36:399-409. [PMID: 31250686 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2019.1638460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The sour cherry pit oil (SCPO) displays the potent anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. In the present study, we have produced the SCPO nanoemulsion (SCPO-NE) to evaluate their anticancer impacts on breast cancer comparing with its un-processed oil. Methods: We employed an ultrasonication method to formulate the stable SCPO-NE. Their size, stability, and morphology were measured. Then, their cytotoxic impacts and apoptotic activity were checked on MCF7 breast cancer cells and compared with the normal Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). Finally, their anti-tumour effect was studied on murine breast cancer model (inoculated with TUBO cancer cells). Results: The results indicated the 36.5 nm stable SCPO-NE significantly decreased the MCF7 cells viability comparing with normal HFF cells, and reduced the tumour size in the murine model. Conclusion: We suggest that SCPO-NEs are able to efficiently inhibit breast cancer progression in both MCF7 cells and murine breast cancer model through apoptotic death induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ehsan Karimi
- a Department of Biology , Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Seyedi
- b Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Niloufar Khatamian
- a Department of Biology , Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch , Mashhad , Iran
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Ene-Obong H, Onuoha N, Aburime L, Mbah O. Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of some indigenous spices consumed in Nigeria. Food Chem 2016; 238:58-64. [PMID: 28867102 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The chemical compositions and antioxidant capacities of seven spices consumed in Southern Nigeria were determined. They were purchased from majors markets in the study area. Edible portions of the spices were ground into fine powder and their nutrient and phytochemical compositions determined using standard methods. Antioxidant activity were determined on aqueous extract using standard assays, namely, 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical ability and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP). The spices were rich in macro-and micro-nutrients. Ricinodendron heudelotii had the highest protein (30.6%) and fat (24.6%) contents. Tetrapleura tetraptera had the least fat content. The total phenol, flavonoid and vitamin C contents differed significantly (p<0.001) from each other. Aframomum citratum had the highest amount of total phenol, flavonoid and DPPH scavenging ability, while Afrostyrax lepidophyllus had the best FRAP. The spices have good nutrient profile and antioxidant potentials. Their increased consumption is recommended and use as functional foods needs to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Ene-Obong
- Department of Biochemistry (Human Nutrition and Dietetics Unit), Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
| | - NneOla Onuoha
- Department of Home Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Lilian Aburime
- Department of Biochemistry (Human Nutrition and Dietetics Unit), Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Obioma Mbah
- Department of Home Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Pavela R, Maggi F, Mbuntcha H, Woguem V, Fogang HPD, Womeni HM, Tapondjou LA, Barboni L, Nicoletti M, Canale A, Benelli G. Traditional herbal remedies and dietary spices from Cameroon as novel sources of larvicides against filariasis mosquitoes? Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4617-4626. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Tchoupang EN, Ateba SB, Zingue S, Zehl M, Krenn L, Njamen D. Estrogenic properties of spices of the traditional Cameroonian dish "Nkui" in ovariectomized Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 13:151-162. [PMID: 26978864 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2015-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides the basic role to flavor and color foods, several health benefits have been attributed to spices. The traditional Cameroonian food "Nkui" is prepared using several spices (Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr., Capsicum frutescens Linn., Fagara leprieurii Guill. et Perr., Fagara tessmannii Engl., Mondia whitei Hook. F. Skell., Pentadiplandra brazzeana Baill., Solanum gilo Raddi., Tetrapleura tetraptera Taub. and Xylopia parviflora A. Rich. Benthane) that are believed to have a positive impact on the female reproductive physiology. Aiming to determine the potential effect of this food on the female reproductive tract, we evaluated the estrogenic properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Nkui using a 3-day uterotrophic assay in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS OVX female Wistar rats were randomly separated in several groups of five animals each and submitted to a 3-day uterotrophic assay (per os). At the end of treatment, animals were sacrificed and uterus, vagina and mammary gland collected and fixed in 10 % formalin for histological analysis. RESULTS These extracts increased the uterine wet weight, the uterine and vaginal epithelial heights, and the lumen and diameter of alveoli in the mammary glands. They also altered the estradiol-induced increase of uterine wet weight. The dichloromethane and methanol fractions of the ethanol extract exhibited estrogenic properties as well by increasing uterine and vaginal endpoints. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the spices of "Nkui" contain estrogenic phytoconstituents and this traditional food may be considered as functional.
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Moukette BM, Pieme CA, Biapa PCN, Moor VJA, Berinyuy E, Ngogang JY. Afrostyrax lepidophyllus extracts exhibit in vitro free radical scavenging, antioxidant potential and protective properties against liver enzymes ion mediated oxidative damage. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:344. [PMID: 26264271 PMCID: PMC4534151 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies described the phytochemical constituents of plants in relation with the free radical scavenging property and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant property, and the protective effects of ethanolic and aqueous ethanol extract of the leaves and barks of Afrostyrax lepidophyllus (Huaceae) against ion mediated oxidative damages. METHODS Four extracts (ethanol and aqueous-ethanol) from the leaves and barks of A. lepidophyllus were used in this study. The total phenols content, the antiradical and antioxidant properties were determined using standard colorimetric methods. RESULTS The plant extracts had a significant scavenging potential on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), nitrite oxide (NO) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals with the IC50 varied between 47 and 200 µg/mL depending on the part of plant and the type of extract. The ethanol extract of A. lepidophyllus bark (GEE) showed the highest polyphenolic (35.33 ± 0.29) and flavonoid (12.00 ± 0.14) content. All the tested extracts demonstrated a high protective potential with the increased of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities. CONCLUSION Afrostyrax lepidophyllus extracts exhibited higher antioxidant potential and significant protective potential on liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moukette Moukette
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Constant Anatole Pieme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Prosper Cabral Nya Biapa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Vicky Jocelyne Ama Moor
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Eustace Berinyuy
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Jeanne Yonkeu Ngogang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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