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Pylypchuk IV, Karlsson M, Lindén PA, Lindström ME, Elder T, Sevastyanova O, Lawoko M. Molecular understanding of the morphology and properties of lignin nanoparticles: unravelling the potential for tailored applications. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:4415-4428. [PMID: 37288453 PMCID: PMC10243429 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc00703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the size of LNP depends on the molecular weight (Mw) of lignin. There is however need for deeper understanding on the role of molecular structure on LNP formation and its properties, in order to build a solid foundation on structure-property relationships. In this study, we show, for similar Mw lignins, that the size and morphology of LNPs depends on the molecular structure of the lignin macromolecule. More specifically, the molecular structure determined the molecular conformations, which in turn affects the inter-molecular assembly to yield size- and morphological-differences between LNPs. This was supported by density functional theory (DFT) modelling of representative structural motifs of three lignins sourced from Kraft and Organosolv processes. The obtained conformational differences are clearly explained by intra-molecular sandwich and/or T-shaped π-π stacking, the stacking type determined by the precise lignin structure. Moreover, the experimentally identified structures were detected in the superficial layer of LNPs in aqueous solution, confirming the theoretically predicted self-assembly patterns. The present work demonstrates that LNP properties can be molecularly tailored, consequently creating an avenue for tailored applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgen V Pylypchuk
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maria Karlsson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Pär A Lindén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mikael E Lindström
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Thomas Elder
- USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station 521 Devall Drive Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Olena Sevastyanova
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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Luo S, Jin S, Xu L, Liao Y, He R, Zhang J, Zhong L. Lignin-derived new hydrogen donors for photoinitiating systems in dental materials. J Dent 2023; 132:104477. [PMID: 36914066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to develop amine free photo-initiating system (PIs) for the photopolymerization of dental methacrylate resins, using seven new hydrogen donors HDA-HDG derived from β-O-4 lignin model. METHODS Seven experimental CQ/HD PIs were formulated with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA (70 w%/30 w%). CQ/EDB system was chosen as the comparison group. FTIR-ATR was used to monitor the polymerization kinetics and double bond conversion. Bleaching property and color stability were evaluated using a spectrophotometer. Molecular orbitals calculations were used to demonstrate C-H bond dissociation energies of the novel HDs. Depth of cure of the HD based systems were compared to the EDB based one. Cytotoxicity was also studied by CCK8 assay using tissue of mouse fibroblasts (L929 cells). RESULTS Compared to CQ/EDB system, the new CQ/HD systems show comparable or better photopolymerization performances (1 mm-thick samples). Comparable or even better bleaching properties were also obtained with the new amine-free systems. Comparing to EDB, all HDs exhibited significantly lower C-H bond dissociation energies by molecular orbitals calculations. Groups with new HD showed higher depth of cure. OD and RGR values were similar to that of the CQ/EDB group, ensuring the feasibility of the new HDs in dental materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The new CQ/HD PI systems could be potentially useful in dental materials, presenting improvements in restorations' esthetic and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Luo
- College of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shuqi Jin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of, Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- College of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yilei Liao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of, Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui He
- College of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China,; Center of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of, Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Center of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, 310000, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Liangjun Zhong
- College of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China,; Center of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, 310000, Hangzhou, China.
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Yiin CL, Odita EB, Mun Lock SS, Cheah KW, Chan YH, Wong MK, Chin BLF, Quitain AT, Loh SK, Yusup S. A review on potential of green solvents in hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of lignin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128075. [PMID: 36220532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in biorefinery is to reduce biomass' recalcitrance and enable valorization of lignin into higher value compounds. Likewise, green solvents and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) with feasible economic viability, functionality, and environmental sustainability have been widely introduced in extraction and conversion of lignin. This review starts with the underscore of disadvantages and limitations of conventional pretreatment approaches and role of green solvents in lignin extraction. Subsequently, the effect of process parameters along with the reaction mechanisms and kinetics on conversion of lignin through HTL were comprehensively reviewed. The limitations of green solvents in extraction and HTL of lignin from biomass were discussed based on the current advancements of the field and future research scopes were also proposed. More details info on HTL of biomass derived lignin which avoid the energy-intensive drying procedures are crucial for the accelerated development and deployment of the advanced lignin biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Loong Yiin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia; Institute of Renewable and Sustainable Energy (ISuRE), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Elatta Bin Odita
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Serene Sow Mun Lock
- CO(2) Research Center (CO(2)RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
| | - Kin Wai Cheah
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Herng Chan
- PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. (PRSB), Lot 3288 & 3289, off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mee Kee Wong
- PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. (PRSB), Lot 3288 & 3289, off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bridgid Lai Fui Chin
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, 250 CDT, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia; Energy and Environment Research Cluster, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, 250 CDT, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Armando T Quitain
- Center for International Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Soh Kheang Loh
- Energy and Environment Unit, Engineering and Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Yusup
- Fuel and Combustion Section, Generation Unit, Department of Generation & Environment, Tenaga Nasional Berhad Research (TNBR) Sdn Bhd, No. 1, Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan, Jalan Ayer Hitam, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Al‐Naji M, Brandi F, Drieß M, Rosowski F. From Lignin to Chemicals: An Expedition from Classical to Modern Catalytic Valorization Technologies. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majd Al‐Naji
- Technische Universität Berlin BasCat – UniCat BASF JointLab Hardenbergstraße 36, Sekr. EW K-01 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Francesco Brandi
- KU Leuven Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Matthias Drieß
- Technische Universität Berlin BasCat – UniCat BASF JointLab Hardenbergstraße 36, Sekr. EW K-01 10623 Berlin Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Straße des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Frank Rosowski
- Technische Universität Berlin BasCat – UniCat BASF JointLab Hardenbergstraße 36, Sekr. EW K-01 10623 Berlin Germany
- BASF SE Process Research and Chemical Engineering 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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5
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Recent Advancements and Challenges in Lignin Valorization: Green Routes towards Sustainable Bioproducts. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186055. [PMID: 36144795 PMCID: PMC9500909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic hetero-polymer lignin is industrially processed in the paper/pulp and lignocellulose biorefinery, acting as a major energy source. It has been proven to be a natural resource for useful bioproducts; however, its depolymerization and conversion into high-value-added chemicals is the major challenge due to the complicated structure and heterogeneity. Conversely, the various pre-treatments techniques and valorization strategies offers a potential solution for developing a biomass-based biorefinery. Thus, the current review focus on the new isolation techniques for lignin, various pre-treatment approaches and biocatalytic methods for the synthesis of sustainable value-added products. Meanwhile, the challenges and prospective for the green synthesis of various biomolecules via utilizing the complicated hetero-polymer lignin are also discussed.
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Rational highly dispersed ruthenium for reductive catalytic fractionation of lignocellulose. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4716. [PMID: 35953497 PMCID: PMC9372153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Producing monomeric phenols from lignin biopolymer depolymerization in a detachable and efficient manner comes under the spotlight on the fullest utilization of sustainable lignocellulosic biomass. Here, we report a low-loaded and highly dispersed Ru anchored on a chitosan-derived N-doped carbon catalyst (RuN/ZnO/C), which exhibits outstanding performance in the reductive catalytic fractionation of lignocellulose. Nearly theoretical maximum yields of phenolic monomers from lignin are achieved, corresponding to TON as 431 molphenols molRu−1, 20 times higher than that from commercial Ru/C catalyst; high selectivity toward propyl end-chained guaiacol and syringol allow them to be readily purified. The RCF leave high retention of (hemi)cellulose amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis due to the successful breakdown of biomass recalcitrance. The RuN/ZnO/C catalyst shows good stability in recycling experiments as well as after a harsh hydrothermal treatment, benefiting from the coordination of Ru species with N atoms. Characterizations of the RuN/ZnO/C imply a transformation from Ru single atoms to nanoclusters under current reaction conditions. Time-course experiment, as well as reactivity screening of a series of lignin model compounds, offer insight into the mechanism of current RCF over RuN/ZnO/C. This work opens a new opportunity for achieving the valuable aromatic products from lignin and promoting the industrial economic feasibility of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin valorization becomes the spotlight on the full utilization of biomass. Here, the authors report a highly dispersed Ru catalyst for reductive catalytic fractionation of lignocellulose, which affords monophenols in theoretical maximum yields, along with high preservation of carbohydrate.
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Singh‐Morgan A, Puente‐Urbina A, van Bokhoven JA. Technology Overview of Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin: Current State and Potential for Scale-Up. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200343. [PMID: 35474609 PMCID: PMC9400966 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant natural polymer obtained from lignocellulosic biomass and rich in aromatic substructures. When efficiently depolymerized, it has great potential in the production of value-added chemicals. Fast pyrolysis is a promising depolymerization method, but current studies focus mainly on small quantities of lignin. In this Review, to determine the potential for upscaling, systems used in the most relevant unit operations of fast pyrolysis of lignin are evaluated. Fluidized-bed reactors have the most potential. It would be beneficial to combine them with the following: slug injectors for feeding, hot particle filters, cyclones, and fractional condensation for product separation and recovery. Moreover, upgrading lignin pyrolysis oil would allow the necessary quality parameters for particular applications to be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Singh‐Morgan
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
- School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh EH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Allen Puente‐Urbina
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable ChemistryPaul Scherrer Institute OSUA 201Forschungsstrasse 1115232VilligenSwitzerland
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8
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Thermochemical and Catalytic Conversion Technologies for the Development of Brazilian Biomass Utilization. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The social, economic, and environmental impacts of climate change have been shown to affect poorer populations throughout the world disproportionally, and the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020–2021 has only exacerbated the use of less sustainable energy, fuel, and chemical sources. The period of economic and social recovery following the pandemic presents an unprecedented opportunity to invest in biorefineries based on the pyrolysis of agricultural residues. These produce a plethora of sustainable resources while also contributing to the economic valorization of first-sector local economies. However, biomass-derived pyrolysis liquid is highly oxygenated, which hinders its long-term stability and usability. Catalytic hydrogenation is a proposed upgrading method to reduce this hindrance, while recent studies on the use of nickel and niobium as low-cost catalysts, both abundant in Brazil, reinforce the potential synergy between different economic sectors within the country. This review gathers state-of-the-art applications of these technologies with the intent to guide the scientific community and lawmakers alike on yet another alternative for energy and commodities production within an environmentally sustainable paradigm.
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Fractionation of Cynara cardunculus L. by Acidified Organosolv Treatment for the Extraction of Highly Digestible Cellulose and Technical Lignin. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13168714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary targets for the new lignocellulosic feedstock-based biorefinery is the simultaneous valorization of holocellulose and lignin. Acidified organosolv treatment is among the most promising strategy for recovering technical lignin, water-soluble hemicellulose, and cellulose pulp with increased accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes. In this work, a design-of-experiment (DoE) approach was used to increase the cellulose recovery, digestibility, and the delignification of Cynara cardunculus L. feedstock. In the first treatment, the milled biomass was subjected to microwave-assisted extraction using an acidified GVL/water mixture to separate lignin and hemicellulose from cellulose. In the second treatment, the cellulose pulp was hydrolyzed by cellulolytic enzymes to demonstrate the enhanced digestibility. At the optimal condition (154 °C, 2.24% H2SO4, and 0.62 GVL/water ratio), the cellulose pulp showed a cellulose content of 87.59%, while the lignin content was lower than 8%. The cellulose recovery and digestibility were equal to 79.46% and 86.94%, respectively. About 40% of the initial hemicellulose was recovered as monosaccharides. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the two-step organosolv treatment for biomass fractionation; however, as suggested by DoE analysis, a confirmative study at a low temperature (<154 °C) should be performed to further increase the cellulose recovery.
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10
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Örn OE, Sacchetto S, van Niel EWJ, Hatti-Kaul R. Enhanced Protocatechuic Acid Production From Glucose Using Pseudomonas putida 3-Dehydroshikimate Dehydratase Expressed in a Phenylalanine-Overproducing Mutant of Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:695704. [PMID: 34249890 PMCID: PMC8264583 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.695704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a strong antioxidant and is also a potential platform for polymer building blocks like vanillic acid, vanillin, muconic acid, and adipic acid. This report presents a study on PCA production from glucose via the shikimate pathway precursor 3-dehydroshikimate by heterologous expression of a gene encoding 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase in Escherichia coli. The phenylalanine overproducing E. coli strain, engineered to relieve the allosteric inhibition of 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase by the aromatic amino acids, was shown to give a higher yield of PCA than the unmodified strain under aerobic conditions. Highest PCA yield of 18 mol% per mol glucose and concentration of 4.2 g/L was obtained at a productivity of 0.079 g/L/h during cultivation in fed-batch mode using a feed of glucose and ammonium salt. Acetate was formed as a major side-product indicating a shift to catabolic metabolism as a result of feedback inhibition of the enzymes including 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase by PCA when reaching a critical concentration. Indirect measurement of proton motive force by flow cytometry revealed no membrane damage of the cells by PCA, which was thus ruled out as a cause for affecting PCA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Englund Örn
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefano Sacchetto
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ed W J van Niel
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Verevkin SP, Turovtsev VV, Andreeva IV, Orlov YD, Pimerzin AA. Webbing a network of reliable thermochemistry around lignin building blocks: tri-methoxy-benzenes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10727-10737. [PMID: 35423580 PMCID: PMC8695713 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00690h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methoxy-substituted benzenes are the simplest fragments from the lignin separation feedstock. Extensive experimental thermochemical studies of these compounds were carried out, including vapor pressure measurements, combustion and differential scanning calorimetry. These data were evaluated using empirical, semi-empirical and quantum chemical methods. The consistent sets of evaluated thermodynamic data were used to design the method for predicting enthalpies of vaporisation and enthalpies of formation of di- and tri-substituted benzenes. It has been found that the agglomeration of substituents on the benzene ring has dramatic consequences for the energetics of the molecule (in terms of the enthalpy of formation), as well as for the energetics of intermolecular interactions (in terms of the enthalpy of vaporisation). These observations are essential to reliably assess the energetics of the molecules that appear in reaction products of lignin transformations in value-adding chemicals and materials. Methoxy-substituted benzenes are the simplest fragments from the lignin separation feedstock.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Chemical Department
| | | | - Irina V. Andreeva
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Yurij D. Orlov
- Physical-Technical Department
- Tver State University
- 170100 Tver
- Russia
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12
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Bryden MA, Zysman-Colman E. Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compounds used in photocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7587-7680. [PMID: 34002736 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds that show Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) have become wildly popular as next-generation emitters in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Since 2016, a subset of these have found increasing use as photocatalysts. This review comprehensively highlights their potential by documenting the diversity of the reactions where an organic TADF photocatalyst can be used in lieu of a noble metal complex photocatalyst. Beyond the small number of TADF photocatalysts that have been used to date, the analysis conducted within this review reveals the wider potential of organic donor-acceptor TADF compounds as photocatalysts. A discussion of the benefits of compounds showing TADF for photocatalysis is presented, which paints a picture of a very promising future for organic photocatalyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Amy Bryden
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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Karlsson M, Giummarella N, Lindén PA, Lawoko M. Toward a Consolidated Lignin Biorefinery: Preserving the Lignin Structure through Additive-Free Protection Strategies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4666-4677. [PMID: 32530110 PMCID: PMC7540675 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As part of the continuing efforts in lignin-first biorefinery concepts, this study concerns a consolidated green processing approach to obtain high yields of hemicelluloses and lignin with a close to native molecular structure, leaving a fiber fraction enriched in crystalline cellulose. This is done by subcritical water extraction of hemicelluloses followed by organosolv lignin extraction. This initial report focuses on a detailed characterization of the lignin component, with the aim of unravelling processing strategies for the preservation of the native linkages while still obtaining good yields and high purity. To this effect, a static cycle process is developed as a physical protection strategy for lignin, and advanced NMR analysis is applied to study structural changes in lignin. Chemical protection mechanisms in the cyclic method are also reported and contrasted with the mechanisms in a reference batch extraction process where the role of homolytic cleavage in subsequent repolymerization reactions is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karlsson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer, TechnologySchool of ChemistryRoyal Institute of Technology, KTHTeknikringen 56–58100 44StockholmSweden
| | - Nicola Giummarella
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer, TechnologySchool of ChemistryRoyal Institute of Technology, KTHTeknikringen 56–58100 44StockholmSweden
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer TechnologySchool of ChemistryRoyal Institute of Technology, KTHTeknikringen 56–58100 44StockholmSweden
| | - Pär A. Lindén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer, TechnologySchool of ChemistryRoyal Institute of Technology, KTHTeknikringen 56–58100 44StockholmSweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer, TechnologySchool of ChemistryRoyal Institute of Technology, KTHTeknikringen 56–58100 44StockholmSweden
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer TechnologySchool of ChemistryRoyal Institute of Technology, KTHTeknikringen 56–58100 44StockholmSweden
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Natte K, Narani A, Goyal V, Sarki N, Jagadeesh RV. Synthesis of Functional Chemicals from Lignin‐derived Monomers by Selective Organic Transformations. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Natte
- Synthetic Chemistry and Petrochemicals Area Chemical and Material Sciences Division CSIR – Indian Institute of Petroleum Haridwar road, Mohkampur Dehradun 248005 India
| | - Anand Narani
- BioFuels Division CSIR – Indian Institute of Petroleum Haridwar road, Mohkampur Dehradun 248005 India
| | - Vishakha Goyal
- Synthetic Chemistry and Petrochemicals Area Chemical and Material Sciences Division CSIR – Indian Institute of Petroleum Haridwar road, Mohkampur Dehradun 248005 India
| | - Naina Sarki
- Synthetic Chemistry and Petrochemicals Area Chemical and Material Sciences Division CSIR – Indian Institute of Petroleum Haridwar road, Mohkampur Dehradun 248005 India
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16
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Chatel G. Chemists around the World, Take Your Part in the Circular Economy! Chemistry 2020; 26:9665-9673. [PMID: 32608524 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Based on recent examples and initiatives reported in the literature, this concept article discusses how chemistry can contribute to the circular economy approach in order to improve our current and future economical, societal, and environmental system. Through five proposed levels of contribution, chemists can take a significant part in this global approach via the consideration of green chemistry principles, the simplification of syntheses, the limitation of complex products preparation, the efficient utilization of resources but also the novel ways of waste valorization. A more systematic and generalized environmental and economic assessment from the lab-scale is also recommended. At last, chemists have to work even more collaboratively and in a multidisciplinary way, within chemistry and beyond.
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17
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Lignin to Materials: A Focused Review on Recent Novel Lignin Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, advancements in lignin application include the synthesis of polymers, dyes, adhesives and fertilizers. There has recently been a shift from perceiving lignin as a waste product to viewing lignin as a potential raw material for valuable products. More recently, considerable attention has been placed in sectors, like the medical, electrochemical, and polymer sectors, where lignin can be significantly valorized. Despite some technical challenges in lignin recovery and depolymerization, lignin is viewed as a promising material due to it being biocompatible, cheap, and abundant in nature. In the medical sector, lignins can be used as wound dressings, pharmaceuticals, and drug delivery materials. They can also be used for electrochemical energy materials and 3D printing lignin–plastic composite materials. This review covers the recent research progress in lignin valorization, specifically focusing on medical, electrochemical, and 3D printing applications. The technoeconomic assessment of lignin application is also discussed.
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18
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Li J, Zhang W, Xu S, Hu C. The Roles of H 2O/Tetrahydrofuran System in Lignocellulose Valorization. Front Chem 2020; 8:70. [PMID: 32117893 PMCID: PMC7020750 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass as a potential alternative to fossil resource for the production of valuable chemicals and fuels has attracted substantial attention, while reducing the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is still challenging due to the complex and cross-linking structure of biomass. Solvent system plays important roles in the pretreatment of lignocellulose, enabling the transformation of solid biomass to liquid fluid with better mass and heat transfer, as well as in the selective formation of target products. In particular, H2O/tetrahydrofuran (H2O/THF) system has recently been widely applied in lignocellulose valorization, which has been proved to exhibit outstanding efficiency for the conversion of lignocellulose, solubilization of the intermediates and products, and shifting reaction equilibrium, thereby significantly improving the yield and selectivity of target products, as well as the full utilization of lignocellulose. In addition, THF shows low toxicity, and is known as a renewable solvent which can be produced from bio-derived chemicals. Herein, this review concentrates on the advances of H2O/THF system in lignocellulose valorization in recent years. Several aspects relative to the roles of H2O/THF system are discussed as follows: the pretreatment of lignin, conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose components in lignocelluloses, and the promoting formation of valuable chemicals like furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), levulinic acid, and so on, as well as the inhibiting role in humins formation. This review might provide useful information for the design of effective solvent system in full utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Wang P, Linares-Pastén JA, Zhang B. Synthesis, Molecular Docking Simulation, and Enzymatic Degradation of AB-Type Indole-Based Polyesters with Improved Thermal Properties. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1078-1090. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Centre of Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Javier A. Linares-Pastén
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Baozhong Zhang
- Centre of Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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20
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Yu O, Yoo CG, Kim CS, Kim KH. Understanding the Effects of Ethylene Glycol-Assisted Biomass Fractionation Parameters on Lignin Characteristics Using a Full Factorial Design and Computational Modeling. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16103-16110. [PMID: 31592478 PMCID: PMC6777291 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Contributing to recent lignin valorization efforts, this study uses an integrative approach to explore the effects of fractionation parameters on lignin characteristics. The following reaction parameters are explored: water content of the water-organic solvent mixture, reaction temperature, and sulfuric acid content. Ethylene glycol (EG) was selected as the fractionation solvent because of its promising lignin solubility and extractability. This study takes a novel approach in conducting EG-assisted biomass fractionation; instead of removing lignin from the biomass, lignin was extracted and characterized. Lignin characteristics involving recovery and linkages were analyzed. A maximum of 27 wt % lignin recovery was achieved at a low water content (25%) and high reaction temperature (180 °C) in the presence of sulfuric acid (1 wt %). From NMR analysis, aryl-ether linkages, which are important to preserve for lignin valorization, were decomposed as a result of relatively high temperature and the presence of sulfuric acid. Statistical analysis showed that all individual parameters and their interactions had significant effects on lignin recovery. Computational analysis revealed that hydrogen bonding between the EG and lignin macromolecules greatly decreased with an increasing amount of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osbert Yu
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department
of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, State
University of New York-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Clean
Energy Research Center, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Clean
Energy Research Center, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic
of Korea
- E-mail:
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21
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Salvador M, Abdulmutalib U, Gonzalez J, Kim J, Smith AA, Faulon JL, Wei R, Zimmermann W, Jimenez JI. Microbial Genes for a Circular and Sustainable Bio-PET Economy. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E373. [PMID: 31100963 PMCID: PMC6562992 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics have become an important environmental concern due to their durability and resistance to degradation. Out of all plastic materials, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are amenable to biological degradation due to the action of microbial polyester hydrolases. The hydrolysis products obtained from PET can thereby be used for the synthesis of novel PET as well as become a potential carbon source for microorganisms. In addition, microorganisms and biomass can be used for the synthesis of the constituent monomers of PET from renewable sources. The combination of both biodegradation and biosynthesis would enable a completely circular bio-PET economy beyond the conventional recycling processes. Circular strategies like this could contribute to significantly decreasing the environmental impact of our dependence on this polymer. Here we review the efforts made towards turning PET into a viable feedstock for microbial transformations. We highlight current bottlenecks in degradation of the polymer and metabolism of the monomers, and we showcase fully biological or semisynthetic processes leading to the synthesis of PET from sustainable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Salvador
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Umar Abdulmutalib
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jaime Gonzalez
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Juhyun Kim
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Alex A Smith
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jean-Loup Faulon
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- SYNBIOCHEM Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
- CNRS-UMR8030/Laboratoire iSSB, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Évry, France.
| | - Ren Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jose I Jimenez
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
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22
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Magallanes G, Kärkäs MD, Bosque I, Lee S, Maldonado S, Stephenson CRJ. Selective C–O Bond Cleavage of Lignin Systems and Polymers Enabled by Sequential Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation and Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Magallanes
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Bosque
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sudarat Lee
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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23
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Galaverna R, Fernandes LP, Browne DL, Pastre JC. Continuous flow processing as a tool for the generation of terpene-derived monomer libraries. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A Diels–Alder reaction employing terpenes for rapid synthesis of monomer libraries under flow conditions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Galaverna
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
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24
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Schutyser W, Renders T, Van den Bosch S, Koelewijn SF, Beckham GT, Sels BF. Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:852-908. [PMID: 29318245 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00566k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 823] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of more sustainable and competitive biorefineries, the effective valorisation of lignin is key. An alluring opportunity is the exploitation of lignin as a resource for chemicals. Three technological biorefinery aspects will determine the realisation of a successful lignin-to-chemicals valorisation chain, namely (i) lignocellulose fractionation, (ii) lignin depolymerisation, and (iii) upgrading towards targeted chemicals. This review provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that has been devoted to each of these three interconnected biorefinery aspects, ranging from industrially well-established techniques to the latest cutting edge innovations. To navigate the reader through the overwhelming collection of literature on each topic, distinct strategies/topics were delineated and summarised in comprehensive overview figures. Upon closer inspection, conceptual principles arise that rationalise the success of certain methodologies, and more importantly, can guide future research to further expand the portfolio of promising technologies. When targeting chemicals, a key objective during the fractionation and depolymerisation stage is to minimise lignin condensation (i.e. formation of resistive carbon-carbon linkages). During fractionation, this can be achieved by either (i) preserving the (native) lignin structure or (ii) by tolerating depolymerisation of the lignin polymer but preventing condensation through chemical quenching or physical removal of reactive intermediates. The latter strategy is also commonly applied in the lignin depolymerisation stage, while an alternative approach is to augment the relative rate of depolymerisation vs. condensation by enhancing the reactivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerisation. Finally, because depolymerised lignins often consist of a complex mixture of various compounds, upgrading of the raw product mixture through convergent transformations embodies a promising approach to decrease the complexity. This particular upgrading approach is termed funneling, and includes both chemocatalytic and biological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schutyser
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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25
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Luo J, Zhang X, Lu J, Zhang J. Fine Tuning the Redox Potentials of Carbazolic Porous Organic Frameworks for Visible-Light Photoredox Catalytic Degradation of Lignin β-O-4 Models. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Jingzhi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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26
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Brun N, Hesemann P, Esposito D. Expanding the biomass derived chemical space. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4724-4738. [PMID: 28959397 PMCID: PMC5603961 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00936d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The derivatization and covalent modification of biomass derived platform chemicals expand the biomass derived chemical spaces allowing for the preparation of new bioactive molecules and materials.
Biorefinery aims at the conversion of biomass and renewable feedstocks into fuels and platform chemicals, in analogy to conventional oil refinery. In the past years, the scientific community has defined a number of primary building blocks that can be obtained by direct biomass decomposition. However, the large potential of this “renewable chemical space” to contribute to the generation of value added bio-active compounds and materials still remains unexplored. In general, biomass derived building blocks feature a diverse range of chemical functionalities. In order to be integrated into value-added compounds, they require additional functionalization and/or covalent modification thereby generating secondary building blocks. The latter can be thus regarded as functional components of bio-active molecules or materials and represent an expansion of the renewable chemical space. This perspective highlights the most recent developments and opportunities for the synthesis of secondary biomass derived building blocks and their application to the preparation of value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brun
- Institut Charles Gerhardt , UMR 5253 CNRS - Université de Montpellier - ENSCM , Place Eugène Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier cédex 05 , France
| | - Peter Hesemann
- Institut Charles Gerhardt , UMR 5253 CNRS - Université de Montpellier - ENSCM , Place Eugène Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier cédex 05 , France
| | - Davide Esposito
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14424 Potsdam , Germany .
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27
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Schmidt BV, Molinari V, Esposito D, Tauer K, Antonietti M. Lignin-based polymeric surfactants for emulsion polymerization. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Galkin MV, Smit AT, Subbotina E, Artemenko KA, Bergquist J, Huijgen WJJ, Samec JSM. Hydrogen-free catalytic fractionation of woody biomass. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:3280-3287. [PMID: 27860308 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The pulping industry could become a biorefinery if the lignin and hemicellulose components of the lignocellulose are valorized. Conversion of lignin into well-defined aromatic chemicals is still a major challenge. Lignin depolymerization reactions often occur in parallel with irreversible condensation reactions of the formed fragments. Here, we describe a strategy that markedly suppresses the undesired condensation pathways and allows to selectively transform lignin into a few aromatic compounds. Notably, applying this strategy to woody biomass at organosolv pulping conditions, the hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin were separated and in parallel the lignin was transformed into aromatic monomers. In addition, we were able to utilize a part of the lignocellulose as an internal source of hydrogen for the reductive lignin transformations. We hope that the presented methodology will inspire researchers in the field of lignin valorization as well as pulp producers to develop more efficient biomass fractionation processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Galkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arjan T Smit
- Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Biomass & Energy Efficiency, Westerduinweg 3, 1755, LE, Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin A Artemenko
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wouter J J Huijgen
- Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Biomass & Energy Efficiency, Westerduinweg 3, 1755, LE, Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Luo J, Zhang J. Aerobic Oxidation of Olefins and Lignin Model Compounds Using Photogenerated Phthalimide-N-oxyl Radical. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9131-9137. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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30
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Galkin MV, Samec JSM. Lignin Valorization through Catalytic Lignocellulose Fractionation: A Fundamental Platform for the Future Biorefinery. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1544-58. [PMID: 27273230 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Current processes for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass focus on the production of high-quality cellulosic fibers for paper, board, and viscose production. The other fractions that constitute a major part of lignocellulose are treated as waste or used for energy production. The transformation of lignocellulose beyond paper pulp to a commodity (e.g., fine chemicals, polymer precursors, and fuels) is the only feasible alternative to current refining of fossil fuels as a carbon feedstock. Inspired by this challenge, scientists and engineers have developed a plethora of methods for the valorization of biomass. However, most studies have focused on using one single purified component from lignocellulose that is not currently generated by the existing biomass fractionation processes. A lot of effort has been made to develop efficient methods for lignin depolymerization. The step to take this fundamental research to industrial applications is still a major challenge. This review covers an alternative approach, in which the lignin valorization is performed in concert with the pulping process. This enables the fractionation of all components of the lignocellulosic biomass into valorizable streams. Lignocellulose fractions obtained this way (e.g., lignin oil and glucose) can be utilized in a number of existing procedures. The review covers historic, current, and future perspectives, with respect to catalytic lignocellulose fractionation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Galkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Graglia M, Pampel J, Hantke T, Fellinger TP, Esposito D. Nitro Lignin-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Carbon as an Efficient and Sustainable Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4364-4371. [PMID: 26986215 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of lignin as a precursor for the synthesis of materials is nowadays considered very interesting from a sustainability standpoint. Here we illustrate the synthesis of a micro-, meso-, and macroporous nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC) using lignin extracted from beech wood via alkaline hydrothermal treatment and successively functionalized via aromatic nitration. The so obtained material is thus carbonized in the eutectic salt melt KCl/ZnCl2. The final NDC shows an excellent activity as electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Graglia
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jonas Pampel
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tina Hantke
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Davide Esposito
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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32
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Renders T, Schutyser W, Van den Bosch S, Koelewijn SF, Vangeel T, Courtin CM, Sels BF. Influence of Acidic (H3PO4) and Alkaline (NaOH) Additives on the Catalytic Reductive Fractionation of Lignocellulose. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Renders
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Schutyser
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Van den Bosch
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven-Friso Koelewijn
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thijs Vangeel
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Center
for Food and Microbial Technology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Molinari V, Clavel G, Graglia M, Antonietti M, Esposito D. Mild Continuous Hydrogenolysis of Kraft Lignin over Titanium Nitride–Nickel Catalyst. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Molinari
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guylhaine Clavel
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Micaela Graglia
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Davide Esposito
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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