Effects of Se, Cu and Se + vitamin E deficiency on the activities of CuZnSOD, GSH-Px, CAT and LPO levels in chicken erythrocytes

Characteristics of antioxidant substances and identification of antioxidant peptides in duck embryo eggs

1. Oxidative stress in duck embryos undergoes dynamic change during incubation. However, the detailed change characteristics has not been studied yet. Here, we explored the dynamic change characteristics of different antioxidant substances in duck embryo eggs during incubation.2. The following trial assayed antioxidant substances, including vitamins E (VE) and C (VC), glutathione (GSH), reduced glutathione (reduced GSH), oxidative glutathione (GSSG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and malonic dialdehyde (MDA). Five antioxidant peptides (DY1, DY2, DY3, DY4 and DY5) were screened and their protective effect on HepG2 cells and their mechanism of action determined.3. The results showed that antioxidant substances underwent a dynamic change during incubation through various mechanisms. Moreover, the T-AOC of duck embryos at different incubation times, firstly increased and then decreased, reaching the highest level on d 15 during incubation. The peptide DY2 (TVDGPSGKLWRD) exhibited high antioxidant activity in vitro, and is known to regulate the apoptosis pathway in mitochondria.4. The data indicated that duck embryos can be used for the development of related antioxidant products and purification of new bioactive peptides.

The Effect of Administration of Copper Nanoparticles in Drinking Water on Redox Reactions in the Liver and Breast Muscle of Broiler Chickens

The aim of the study was to determine what dosage of copper nanoparticles added in the form of a hydrocolloid to standard dietary supplementation with copper sulphate will increase the antioxidant potential in the liver and breast muscle of chickens. In total, 126 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were assigned to 7 experimental groups of 18 birds each (3 replications of 6 individuals each). The basal-diet treatment did not receive nano-Cu. Experimental groups received nano-Cu (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg body weight per day) via a tube into the crop over three 3-day periods (days 8–10, 22–24 and 36–38) or three 7-day periods (days 8–14, 22–28 and 36–42). Dietary supplementation of chickens with nano-Cu to exceed the Cu level recommended by the NRC increased the content of Cu (P=0.042) while reducing that of Zn in the liver (P=0.031) and breast muscle (P=0.036). Supplementing the diet of chickens with nano-Cu to a level exceeding the level of copper recommended by the NRC by 7% to 25% increased the antioxidant potential of the liver and the breast meat. The study has shown that the antioxidant status of the liver and breast meat of chickens can be improved by supplementing the standard dietary copper sulphate supplement with the addition of nano-Cu, but to a level not exceeding 25% of the copper content recommended by NRC (1994) for broiler chickens, but the most safe is the nano-Cu level not exceeding 7% of the copper content recommended by NRC (1994).

The supranutritional selenium status alters blood glucose and pancreatic redox homeostasis via a modulated selenotranscriptome in chickens (Gallus gallus)

Dietary Se status stabilizes pancreatic normal physiology functionviathe regulation of the selenoprotemic transcriptions. Supranutritional or excess Se status alters the pancreatic redox homeostasisviamodulated selenotranscriptome.

Effect of Selenium Deficiency on Nitric Oxide and Heat Shock Proteins in Chicken Erythrocytes

Selenium (Se) deficiency induces various types of diseases, including hemolytic anemia, which is one of the basic pathologies of erythrocyte damage. To investigate the effect of Se deficiency on chicken erythrocytes, we detected the effects of Se deficiency on the nitric oxide (NO) content and the levels of heat shock proteins (Hsps) in chicken erythrocytes, including Hsp27, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90. One-day-old chickens (180) were randomly divided into two groups, a low-Se group (L group, fed with a 0.008 mg/kg Se diet) and a control group (C group, fed with a 0.2 mg/kg Se diet). Next, erythrocytes were collected at 35 days old, and the NO content, activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and levels of Hsps (27, 40, 60, 70, and 90) were examined. Compared with the C group, the NO and iNOS levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05), and the Hsps in the mRNA and protein levels were generally higher (P < 0.05) in the L group. Meanwhile, the correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between Hsps and NO. Thus, as typical damage biomarkers, NO and Hsps may play special roles in chicken erythrocyte injury by Se deficiency.

Effect of partial supplementation of sun-dried Azolla as a protein source on the immunity and antioxidant status of commercial broilers

AIM

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial supplementation of sun-dried Azolla as a protein source on the immunity of commercial broilers in coastal Odisha.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A 180 day-old broiler chicks were distributed in six dietary treatments viz. C1: Basal diet, C2: Basal diet + enzyme, T1: Basal diet +5% protein from Azolla, T2: Basal diet + 5% protein from Azolla + enzyme, T3: Basal diet +10% protein from Azolla, and T4: Basal diet + 10% protein from Azolla + enzyme. Cutaneous basophilc hypersensitivity (CBH) and humoral immunity response were determined at the 38(th) day of age. At 42(nd) day, the weight of lymphoid organs, an antioxidant enzyme, and lipid peroxidation activity were determined.

RESULTS

The CBH response did not differ significantly among the treated groups, but the sheep red blood cells response was significantly higher in T4. The weight of lymphoid organs or immune organs of all the treated groups did not differ significantly (p>0.05). The erythrocyte catalase level of T4 group was found to be significantly higher than rest of the treated groups except T3.

CONCLUSION

It may be concluded that supplementation of Azolla at 10% of dietary protein requirement along with enzyme supplementation in an isonitrogenous diet showed a better immune response in broilers.

Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of meat from heifers finished on pasture supplemented with feed additives

AbstractFood additives were used to improve meat characteristics of Brangus heifers supplemented on pasture daily (0.32% LW). The treatments were: supplement (with no additives); calcareous seaweed flour (Lithothamnium calcareum) added to the supplement; vitamin E and organic selenium added to the supplement; protected fat added to the supplement; a subcutaneous application of vitamin D seven days before slaughter + supplement; and the association of vitamin E, organic selenium and protected fat added to the supplement + one subcutaneous dose of vitamin D seven days before slaughter. The animals were supplemented by 109.80±11,71 days and were slaughtered when they reached approximately 337.95±20,56kg of LW. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and 25 repetitions. TheLongissimus dorsi muscle’s chemical composition did not differ between treatments (P>0.05). The use of seaweed flour, vitamin D, protected fat and the association of additives has the potential to improve the concentration of some unsaturated fatty acids in the Brangus heifers’ meat (P˂0.05), but without improving the level of unsaturated fatty acids class. We conclude that the use of additives in heifers finished in the pasture/supplement system has no effect on the meat quality, but only, isolated outcomes, on the content of some fatty acids.

IL-1β hampers glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in Cohen diabetic rat islets through mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase inhibition by nitric oxide

A high-sucrose, low-copper-diet (HSD) induces inhibition of glucose-sensitive rats (CDs) but not Cohen diabetes-resistant rats (CDr). Copper-supplemented HSD increased activity of the copper-dependent mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and reversed hyperglycemia. This study examined the mechanism by which interleukin-1β modulates GSIS and the role of COX in this process. We measured COX activity, ATP content, GSIS, iNOS expression, and nitrite production with and without IL-1β, N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine, copper, or potassium cyanide in isolated islets of CDs and CDr fed different diets. We found reduced COX activity, ATP content, and GSIS in isolated islets of CDs rats fed a regular diet. These were severely reduced following HSD and were restored to regular diet levels on copper-supplemented HSD (P < 0.01 vs. CDr islets). Potassium cyanide chemically reduced COX activity, decreasing GSIS and thus reinforcing the link between islet COX activity and GSIS. Interleukin-1β (2.5 U/ml) reduced GSIS and COX activity in CDs islets. Exposure to 10 U/ml interleukin-1β decreased GSIS and COX activity in both CDs and CDr islets, inducing a similar nitrite production. Nevertheless, the effect on GSIS was more marked in CDs islets. A significant iNOS expression was detected in CDs on the HSD diet, which was reduced by copper supplementation. N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine and copper prevented the deleterious effect of interleukin-1β on COX activity and GSIS. We conclude that reduced islet COX activity renders vulnerability to GSIS inhibition on low-copper HSD through two interrelated pathways: 1) by further reducing the activity of COX that is essential for β-cell ATP-production and insulin secretion and 2) by inducing the expression of iNOS and nitric oxide-mediated COX inhibition. We suggest that islet COX activity must be maintained above a critical threshold to sustain adequate GSIS with exposure to low-copper HSD.

Influence of different histidine sources and zinc supplementation of broiler diets on dipeptide content and antioxidant status of blood and meat

1. The objective of this study was to investigate how a diet containing spray-dried blood cells (SDBC) (4%) with or without zinc (Zn) would affect the concentration of two histidine heterodipeptides and the antioxidant status of broiler blood and breast muscles. 2. The study was carried out on 920 male Flex chickens randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments: I - control, II - diet I with SDBC, III - diet I with SDBC and supplemented with Zn and IV - diet I supplemented with L-histidine. Birds were raised on floor littered with wood shavings, given free access to water and fed ad libitum. Performance indices were measured on d 1, 21 and 42. 3. The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase was analysed in plasma, erythrocytes and muscle tissue. The total antioxidant capacity of plasma and breast muscles was measured by 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, as well as by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Carnosine/anserine content of meat and plasma were determined using HPLC. Diets and breast muscles were analysed for amino acid profile and selected microelement content. 4. Histidine supplementation of the diet increased glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma and superoxide dismutase activity in erythrocytes. Moreover, the addition of SDBC or pure histidine in the diet increased histidine dipeptide content and activated enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems in chicken blood and muscles. However, it led to lower growth performance indices. 5. The enrichment of broiler diets with Zn increased the antioxidant potential and the activity of superoxide dismutase in plasma, which was independent of the histidine dipeptide concentration. Zn supplementation combined with SDBC in a broiler diet led to the increase of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, but it did not affect the radical-scavenging or ferric iron reduction abilities of muscles.

The oxidative damage and disbalance of calcium homeostasis in brain of chicken induced by selenium deficiency

Dietary selenium (Se) deficiency can influence the function of the brain. Our objective was to investigate the effects of Se deficiency on oxidative damage and calcium (Ca) homeostasis in brain of chicken. In the present study, 1-day-old chickens were fed either a commercial diet (as control group) with 0.15 mg/kg Se or a Se-deficient diet (as L group) with 0.033 mg/kg Se for 75 days. Then, brain injury biomarkers were examined, including histological analysis, ultrastructure assay, and apoptosis assay. We also examined the effect of Se deficiency on the Se-containing antioxidative enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the level of glutathione (GSH), and the Ca homeostasis in brain of chicken. The results showed that the levels of Se and GSH and activity of GSH-Px are seriously reduced by 33.8-96 % (P < 0.001), 24.51-27.84 % (P < 0.001), and 20.70-64.24 % (P < 0.01), respectively. In the present study, we also perform histological analysis and ultrastructure assay and find that Se deficiency caused disorganized histological structure, damage to the mitochondria, fusion of nuclear membrane and nucleus shrinkage, higher apoptosis rate (P < 0.001), and increase of Ca homeostasis (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 or P < 0.001) in the brain of chicken. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that Se deficiency induced oxidative damage and disbalance of Ca homeostasis in the brain of chicken. Similar to mammals, chickens brain is also extremely susceptible to oxidative damage and selenium deficiency.

Effects of Se deficiency on serum histamine concentration and the expression of histamine H2 receptor in the jejunum of chickens

The present study was designed to investigate the influence of Se deficiency on serum histamine concentration and the expression of histamine receptor in the jejunum of chickens. Forty neonatal chickens were randomly divided into two groups. Experimental chickens were fed a low-Se diet (0.034 mg/kg), whereas chickens in the control group were fed a diet with a Se level of 0.229 mg/kg. Ten chickens were sacrificed on days 30, 45, 60 and 75. Blood and jejunum samples were collected. Histamine concentration in the jejunum was measured by ELISA, the jejunal mast cell (MC) ultrastructure was studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the expression level of histamine H2 receptor (H2R) mRNA in the jejunum was examined using real-time PCR.

RESULTS

The jejunal histamine concentration in chickens fed the low-Se diet was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). Se deficiency induced degranulation of MC in the jejunum of chickens in the low-Se diet group; their cytoplasm was filled with fused granules and vacuoles. The expression level of jejunal H2R mRNA in chickens fed the low-Se diet was also significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). The results obtained suggest that Se deficiency stimulates MC degranulation and release of histamine, binding H2R promotes both regulation of digestion and cell proliferation while protects the jejunum from injury induced by Se deficiency.

Effects of oxidative stress on immunosuppression induced by selenium deficiency in chickens

Selenium (Se) is an important nutritional trace element possessing immune-stimulatory properties. The aim of this 75-day study was to investigate effect of oxidative stress on immunosuppression induced by selenium deficiency by determining antioxidative function, morphological changes, DNA damage, and immune function in immune organ of chickens. One hundred sixty 1-day-old chickens (egg-type birds) were randomly assigned to two groups of 80 each and were fed on a low-Se diet (0.032 mg/kg Se) or a control diet (0.282 mg/kg Se, sodium selenite), respectively. Se contents in blood and immune organ (thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius) were determined on days 30, 45, 60, and 75, respectively. Antioxidative function was examined by total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and xanthine oxidase (XOD), and oxidative damage was examined by malondialdehyde (MDA) detection. DNA damage was measured by comet assay, and immune function was examined by determining serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) contents. The results showed that Se concentrations in the low-Se group were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the control group. Low-Se diet caused a decrease in the activities of T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px, and an increase in XOD activity and MDA content. Pathological lesions and DNA damage of immune tissues were observed in low-Se group, while the serum IL-1β and IL-2 contents decreased, and TNF content increased. The present study demonstrated that chickens fed deficient in Se diets exhibited lesions in immune organs, decreased serum IL-1β, IL-2 content, and serum TNF content, indicating that oxidative stress inhibited the development of immune organs and finally impaired the immune function of chickens.

Combined effects of muscular dystrophy, ecological stress, and selenium on blood antioxidant status in broiler chickens

The results obtained in this study demonstrated that experimentally induced alimentary muscular dystrophy (MD) in Cobb 500 broiler chickens resulted in increased plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), deviations in activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes Cu,Zn-SOD (decrease), and CAT (increase) as well as reduction in plasma concentrations of trace elements Cu, Zn, and Se in affected birds. These data evidenced the presence of oxidative stress in birds with MD, reared both under conditions of ecological comfort and ecological stress. The increased MDA and САТ levels and the reduced Cu,Zn-SOD, Cu, Zn, and Se concentrations in healthy chickens reared under unfavorable microclimatic conditions such as higher air temperature and humidity, higher ammonia concentrations, and lower light intensity were indicative about an induced ecological stress. After the 10-day oral treatment with a selenium-containing preparation, the levels of MDA, Cu,Zn-SOD, CAT, Cu, Zn, and Se attained their normal values in chickens with MD, reared under ecologically comfortable conditions. According to our results, ecological stress was shown to exert independently a significant adverse effect upon the levels of the studied parameters and possibly to be a cause for their slower and not complete normalization despite the selenium therapy in experimental broiler chickens.

Effect of dietary supplementation of trace elements on blood chemistry and selected immunological indices depending on the age of broiler chickens

This study was performed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se on some haematological, immunological and enzymatic indices in blood of broilers at the age of 21, 35 and 42 days. The basal diets (BDs) for Groups 1 and 2 were supplemented with the equivalent amounts of trace elements in an inorganic form (Cu sulphate 5 mg·kg-1 DM, Fe sulphate, Zn oxide, Mn oxide 50 mg·kg-1 DM), however sodium selenite or selenized yeast (Sel-Plex) were given at a dose of Se 0.3 mg·kg-1 DM, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 received the same BD´s but with the substantially reduced amount of supplemented nutrients in the organic “proteinated” form (Bioplex Cu 2.5 mg·kg-1 DM, Bioplex Fe, Bioplex Zn, Bioplex Mn 10 mg·kg-1 DM), except for selenium that was given at a dose of Se 0.3 mg·kg-1 DM as sodium selenite or Sel-Plex, respectively. The supplementation of restricted doses of trace elements in the organic forms into the diet did not affect studied haematological, immunological, enzymatic indices. At the age of 21 days, the activity of GSH-Px was significantly higher in the groups supplemented with sodium selenite later no differences due to the administered form of Se were found. This indicates that the GSH-Px activity reached a plateau in all groups of broilers at the 21, 35 and 42 day, except for GSH-Px activity in the groups of birds supplemented with selenized yeast on day 21. In Addition, significant age dependent changes were observed in blood chemistry, but the different treatments did not influence these changes. Base on our results, the doses of organic forms of trace elements supplemented into the diets for poultry can be restricted to 50% (Bioplex Cu) and 20% (Bioplex Fe, Bioplex Zn and Bioplex Mn) without influencing the blood chemistry of broilers.

Dietary strategies to improve nutritional value, oxidative stability, and sensory properties of poultry products

Consumers demand both safer and more nutritious food products exempt of non-natural origin preservatives or other food additives. In this frame, products with lower fat content and/or a higher ratio in unsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3 fatty acids, are desired because these lipids can help prevent the development of cardiovascular and inflammatory pathologies. The intake of meat products is of interest because they are an excellent source of vitamins and minerals. In addition, the shelf-life of meat products can be extended by the presence of natural antioxidants coming from different sources such as plant extracts. Therefore, different strategies have been studied to improve the nutritional value, oxidative stability, and sensory characteristics of meat products and eggs through different mineral and natural dietary supplements. In comparison to other strategies, dietary supplements present the advantage that first the living animals may efficiently distribute the compounds throughout the tissues and second, the dietary supplementation is safer because the resulting enriched meat products and eggs ensure tolerable amounts in humans. Poultry meats and eggs are widely consumed and their fatty acid profile and tocopherol content can be easily modified through different dietary strategies thus being excellent models to improve their nutritional value and oxidative stability.

Effects of fasting and refeeding on the antioxidant system in cockerels and pullets

The effect of fasting and refeeding on total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and concentration of some non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds was studied in cockerels and pullets. Blood was collected before and after 48-h fasting and 24 h after refeeding. In cockerels, fasting resulted in a significant decrease of TAS and uric acid concentration. After refeeding, the concentration of TAS remained significantly lower as compared to the control level. At the same time, blood plasma level of total lipids increased in comparison to the control and post-fasting values. In pullets, fasting resulted in a significant decrease of whole blood haemolysate GSH-Px activity and blood plasma concentrations of albumin and uric acid. Simultaneously, a significant increase in total lipids and cholesterol was obtained. In pullets, refeeding resulted in a further decrease of TAS to undetectable values, a significant decrease of blood plasma cholesterol, and a significant increase of GSH-Px in the whole blood haemolysate and in blood plasma uric acid content. The results indicate that fasting has a negative impact on the antioxidant defence system of the blood, which leads to a reduced resistance to oxidative stress in both cockerels and pullets. However, pullets seem to be more susceptible to fasting-provoked oxidative stress than cockerels.

Inactivation of primary antioxidant enzymes in mouse keratinocytes by photodynamically generated singlet oxygen

Cellular antioxidant enzymes protect against damage caused by exposure to endogenous or exogenous prooxidants. Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) is a reactive form of oxygen that can be produced in vivo either in normal and pathophysiologic conditions or by photosensitizing chemicals, as during photodynamic treatment. We hypothesized that photodynamically generated (1)O(2) would decrease the enzymatic activities of cellular antioxidants. To test this hypothesis, we treated cultured mouse epidermal keratinocytes with the photosensitizer Photofrin plus visible light to produce (1)O(2), and then measured CuZnSOD, MnSOD, and catalase activities with both ingel and spectrophotometric enzyme activity assays. Our results demonstrated that the enzymatic activities of cellular CuZnSOD, MnSOD, and catalase were significantly decreased after keratinocytes were treated with Photofrin plus visible light. By contrast, the enzymatic activities of cellular CuZnSOD, MnSOD, and catalase were unaffected in control cells treated with Photofrin only or visible light only. Despite the decreased levels of enzymatic activities, the protein levels of all three primary antioxidant enzymes remained constant after photodynamic treatment, as determined by Western blotting. L-Histidine, a (1)O(2) quencher, protected against the inactivation of cellular CuZnSOD, MnSOD, and catalase enzymes induced by photodynamically generated (1)O(2). The conclusion from these experiments is that the primary cellular antioxidant enzymes CuZnSOD, MnSOD, and catalase can be inactivated by photodynamically generated (1)O(2) in nucleated mammalian cells. These findings may be useful in the future development of antineoplastic adjuvant therapies that use photodynamic generation of (1)O(2) to inactivate antioxidant defenses with a goal of sensitizing tumor cells to prooxidant-generating drugs.