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Multifunctional Enzymes in Microbial Secondary Metabolic Processes. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms possess a strong capacity for secondary metabolite synthesis, which is represented by tightly controlled networks. The absence of any enzymes leads to a change in the original metabolic pathway, with a decrease in or even elimination of a synthetic product, which is not permissible under conditions of normal life activities of microorganisms. In order to improve the efficiency of secondary metabolism, organisms have evolved multifunctional enzymes (MFEs) that can catalyze two or more kinds of reactions via multiple active sites. However, instead of interfering, the multifunctional catalytic properties of MFEs facilitate the biosynthetic process. Among the numerous MFEs considered of vital importance in the life activities of living organisms are the synthases involved in assembling the backbone of compounds using different substrates and modifying enzymes that confer the final activity of compounds. In this paper, we review MFEs in terms of both synthetic and post-modifying enzymes involved in secondary metabolic biosynthesis, focusing on polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenoids, and a wide range of cytochrome P450s(CYP450s), and provide an overview and describe the recent progress in the research on MFEs.
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Yi JS, Kim JM, Ban YH, Yoon YJ. Modular polyketide synthase-derived insecticidal agents: from biosynthesis and metabolic engineering to combinatorial biosynthesis for their production. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:972-987. [PMID: 36691749 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Polyketides derived from actinomycetes are a valuable source of eco-friendly biochemical insecticides. The development of new insecticides is urgently required, as the number of insects resistant to more than one drug is rapidly increasing. Moreover, significant enhancement of the production of such biochemical insecticides is required for economical production. There has been considerable improvement in polyketide insecticidal agent production and development of new insecticides. However, most commercially important biochemical insecticides are synthesized by modular type I polyketide synthases (PKSs), and their structural complexities make chemical modification challenging. A detailed understanding of the biosynthetic mechanisms of potent polyketide insecticides and the structure-activity relationships of their analogs will provide insight into the comprehensive design of new insecticides with improved efficacies. Further metabolic engineering and combinatorial biosynthesis efforts, reinvigorated by synthetic biology, can eventually produce designed analogs in large quantities. This highlight reviews the biosynthesis of representative insecticides produced by modular type I PKSs, such as avermectin, spinosyn, and spectinabilin, and their insecticidal properties. Metabolic engineering and combinatorial biosynthetic strategies for the development of high-yield strains and analogs with insecticidal activities are emphasized, proposing a way to develop a next-generation insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Sang Yi
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon Hee Ban
- College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Iizaka Y, Arai R, Takahashi A, Ito M, Sakai M, Fukumoto A, Sherman DH, Anzai Y. Engineering Sequence and Selectivity of Late-Stage C-H Oxidation in the MycG Iterative Cytochrome P450. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 49:6372909. [PMID: 34543433 PMCID: PMC9113108 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MycG is a multifunctional P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes sequential hydroxylation and epoxidation or a single epoxidation in mycinamicin biosynthesis. In the mycinamicin-producing strain Micromonospora griseorubida A11725, very low-level accumulation of mycinamicin V generated by the initial C-14 allylic hydroxylation of MycG is observed due to its subsequent epoxidation to generate mycinamicin II, the terminal metabolite in this pathway. Herein, we investigated whether MycG can be engineered for production of the mycinamicin II intermediate as the predominant metabolite. Thus, mycG was subject to random mutagenesis and screening was conducted in Escherichia coli whole-cell assays. This enabled efficient identification of amino acid residues involved in reaction profile alterations, which included MycG R111Q/V358L, W44R, and V135G/E355K with enhanced monohydroxylation to accumulate mycinamicin V. The MycG V135G/E355K mutant generated 40-fold higher levels of mycinamicin V compared to wild-type M. griseorubida A11725. In addition, the E355K mutation showed improved ability to catalyze sequential hydroxylation and epoxidation with minimal mono-epoxidation product mycinamicin I compared to the wild-type enzyme. These approaches demonstrate the ability to selectively coordinate the catalytic activity of multifunctional P450s and efficiently produce the desired compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Iizaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryusei Arai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akari Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mikino Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miho Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yojiro Anzai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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Iizaka Y, Sherman DH, Anzai Y. An overview of the cytochrome P450 enzymes that catalyze the same-site multistep oxidation reactions in biotechnologically relevant selected actinomycete strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2647-2661. [PMID: 33710358 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are one of the major factors responsible for the diversity of metabolites produced through many biosynthetic and biodegradative processes in actinomycetes. P450s typically catalyze a single oxidative modification; however, several P450s have been identified with the unique ability to iteratively oxidize the same-site of the substrate. These P450s are capable of forming diverse compounds that affect biological processes, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. Although further structural and functional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms that allow multistep oxidative modification, recent studies have revealed the enzymatic properties and reaction mechanisms of these P450s. This mini-review covers the current knowledge of P450s that catalyze the multistep oxidation reactions and contribute to the production of a wide variety of metabolites by selected actinomycete strains, along with insights into their application and utility. Understanding the characteristics of these remarkable enzymes will facilitate their utilization in biotechnological applications to create biologically active and other high-value compounds. KEY POINTS: • The multistep oxidation by P450s plays a key role in the diversity of metabolites. • The mechanisms that enable P450s to catalyze iterative oxidation remains unknown. • The effective use of P450s that iteratively oxidize the same-site is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Iizaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yojiro Anzai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
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Peng H, Ishida K, Hertweck C. Loss of Single-Domain Function in a Modular Assembly Line Alters the Size and Shape of a Complex Polyketide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18252-18256. [PMID: 31595618 PMCID: PMC6916388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The structural wealth of complex polyketide metabolites produced by bacteria results from intricate, highly evolved biosynthetic programs of modular assembly lines, in which the number of modules defines the size of the backbone, and the domain composition controls the degree of functionalization. We report a remarkable case where polyketide chain length and scaffold depend on the function of a single β-keto processing domain: A ketoreductase domain represents a switch between diverging biosynthetic pathways leading either to the antifungal aureothin or to the nematicidal luteoreticulin. By a combination of heterologous expression, mutagenesis, metabolite analyses, and in vitro biotransformation we elucidate the factors governing non-colinear polyketide assembly involving module skipping and demonstrate that a simple point mutation in type I polyketide synthase (PKS) can have a dramatic effect on the metabolic profile. This finding sheds new light on possible evolutionary scenarios and may inspire future synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Peng
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)Beutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesChair for Natural Product ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
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Peng H, Ishida K, Hertweck C. Loss of Single‐Domain Function in a Modular Assembly Line Alters the Size and Shape of a Complex Polyketide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Peng
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesChair for Natural Product ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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Emulating evolutionary processes to morph aureothin-type modular polyketide synthases and associated oxygenases. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3918. [PMID: 31477708 PMCID: PMC6718629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyketides produced by modular type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) play eminent roles in the development of medicines. Yet, the production of structural analogs by genetic engineering poses a major challenge. We report an evolution-guided morphing of modular PKSs inspired by recombination processes that lead to structural diversity in nature. By deletion and insertion of PKS modules we interconvert the assembly lines for related antibiotic and antifungal agents, aureothin (aur) and neoaureothin (nor) (aka spectinabilin), in both directions. Mutational and functional analyses of the polyketide-tailoring cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and PKS phylogenies give contradictory clues on potential evolutionary scenarios (generalist-to-specialist enzyme evolution vs. most parsimonious ancestor). The KS-AT linker proves to be well suited as fusion site for both excision and insertion of modules, which supports a model for alternative module boundaries in some PKS systems. This study teaches important lessons on the evolution of PKSs, which may guide future engineering approaches. The wealth of complex polyketides is an essential source for drug discovery. Here, the authors report an evolution-guided rational morphing of modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) for aurothin and neoaurothin biosynthesis, and reveal engineering site suitable for diversifying PKS systems.
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Clark KA, Bushin LB, Seyedsayamdost MR. Aliphatic Ether Bond Formation Expands the Scope of Radical SAM Enzymes in Natural Product Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10610-10615. [PMID: 31246011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathways of microbial natural products provide a rich source of novel enzyme-catalyzed transformations. Using a new bioinformatic search strategy, we recently identified an abundance of gene clusters for ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) that contain at least one radical S-adenosylmethionine (RaS) metalloenzyme and are regulated by quorum sensing. In the present study, we characterize a RaS enzyme from one such RiPP gene cluster and find that it installs an aliphatic ether cross-link at an unactivated carbon center, linking the oxygen of a Thr side chain to the α-carbon of a Gln residue. This reaction marks the first ether cross-link installed by a RaS enzyme. Additionally, it leads to a new heterocyclization motif and underlines the utility of our bioinformatics approach in finding new families of RiPP modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzie A Clark
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Leah B Bushin
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States.,Department of Molecular Biology , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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Friedrich S, Hemmerling F, Lindner F, Warnke A, Wunderlich J, Berkhan G, Hahn F. Characterisation of the Broadly-Specific O-Methyl-transferase JerF from the Late Stages of Jerangolid Biosynthesis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111443. [PMID: 27801873 PMCID: PMC6273487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the characterisation of the O-methyltransferase JerF from the late stages of jerangolid biosynthesis. JerF is the first known example of an enzyme that catalyses the formation of a non-aromatic, cyclic methylenolether. The enzyme was overexpressed in E. coli and the cell-free extracts were used in bioconversion experiments. Chemical synthesis gave access to a series of substrate surrogates that covered a broad structural space. Enzymatic assays revealed a broad substrate tolerance and high regioselectivity of JerF, which makes it an attractive candidate for an application in chemoenzymatic synthesis with particular usefulness for late stage application on 4-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Friedrich
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Franziska Hemmerling
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Frederick Lindner
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Anna Warnke
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Johannes Wunderlich
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Gesche Berkhan
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Frank Hahn
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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10
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Sugimoto Y, Ishida K, Traitcheva N, Busch B, Dahse HM, Hertweck C. Freedom and Constraint in Engineered Noncolinear Polyketide Assembly Lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:229-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cochrane RVK, Vederas JC. Highly selective but multifunctional oxygenases in secondary metabolism. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3148-61. [PMID: 25250512 DOI: 10.1021/ar500242c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of bioactive natural products frequently features oxidation at multiple sites. Starting from a relatively reduced chemical scaffold that is assembled by controlled polymerization of small precursors, for example, acetate or amino acids, a diverse range of redox reactions can generate very complex and highly oxygenated structures. Their formation often involves C-H activation reactions catalyzed by oxygenase enzymes, either monooxygenases or dioxygenases. The former category includes the cytochrome P450s and flavin-dependent oxygenases, whereas examples of the latter are the non-heme iron α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases. Oxygenases can catalyze a plethora of reactions ranging from hydroxylations and epoxidations to dehydrogenations, cyclizations, and rearrangements. The specific transformations are usually possible only with the use of these enzymatic catalysts. Aside from the ability of oxygenases to specifically oxidize unactivated carbon skeletons, some have recently been demonstrated to possess a fascinating ability to catalyze multiple reactions in a highly ordered fashion at different sites starting with a single substrate molecule. In the past, oxygenases associated with secondary metabolite pathways were considered to be highly regio-, stereo-, and substrate specific, with one oxidizing enzyme encoded in the gene cluster corresponding to one oxidation location in the natural product itself. However, it is becoming progressively clear that this "one oxygenase, one oxidation site" relationship is not necessarily a valid assumption. Multifunctional oxidases are known to occur in higher plants, fungi, and bacteria. Natural product gene clusters that contain multifunctional oxidase enzymes are responsible for production of lovastatin (a cholesterol-lowering agent and precursor to simvastatin), scopolamine (an anticholinergic drug), and cytochalasin E (an angiogenesis inhibitor), among many others. As opposed to simply being substrate promiscuous, these enzymes show very high substrate specificity and catalyze several oxidative reactions in a single pathway, with each oxidation being a prerequisite for the next. The basis for their specificity and highly ordered sequence is not yet well understood. In the lovastatin pathway, LovA is a cytochrome P450 that introduces a double bond and a hydroxyl group. H6H is an α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenase that hydroxylates (-)-atropine and then closes the newly introduced oxygen onto a neighboring methylene to generate the epoxide of scopolamine. CcsB is a flavin-dependent Baeyer-Villigerase that converts a ketone to a carbonate by double oxidation, a reaction not possible without enzymes. Recent crystallographic studies of other multifunctional oxygenases, such as AurH, a cytochrome P450 from Streptomyces thioluteus involved in aureothin biosynthesis, have indicated a steric switch mechanism. After the initial hydroxylation reaction catalyzed by AurH, the enzyme is thought to undergo a substrate-induced conformational change. In this Account, advances in our knowledge of these fascinating multifunctional enzymes and their potential will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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Sugimoto Y, Ding L, Ishida K, Hertweck C. Rational Design of Modular Polyketide Synthases: Morphing the Aureothin Pathway into a Luteoreticulin Assembly Line. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sugimoto Y, Ding L, Ishida K, Hertweck C. Rational design of modular polyketide synthases: morphing the aureothin pathway into a luteoreticulin assembly line. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1560-4. [PMID: 24402879 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The unusual nitro-substituted polyketides aureothin, neoaureothin (spectinabilin), and luteoreticulin, which are produced by diverse Streptomyces species, point to a joint evolution. Through rational genetic recombination and domain exchanges we have successfully reprogrammed the modular (type I) aur polyketide synthase (PKS) into a synthase that generates luteoreticulin. This is the first rational transformation of a modular PKS to produce a complex polyketide that was initially isolated from a different bacterium. A unique aspect of this synthetic biology approach is that we exclusively used genes from a single biosynthesis gene cluster to design the artificial pathway, an avenue that likely emulates natural evolutionary processes. Furthermore, an unexpected, context-dependent switch in the regiospecificity of a pyrone methyl transferase was observed. We also describe an unprecedented scenario where an AT domain iteratively loads an extender unit onto the cognate ACP and the downstream ACP. This aberrant function is a novel case of non-colinear behavior of PKS domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugimoto
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena (Germany)
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Busch B, Ueberschaar N, Behnken S, Sugimoto Y, Werneburg M, Traitcheva N, He J, Hertweck C. Multifactorial Control of Iteration Events in a Modular Polyketide Assembly Line. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5285-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Busch B, Ueberschaar N, Behnken S, Sugimoto Y, Werneburg M, Traitcheva N, He J, Hertweck C. Multifactorial Control of Iteration Events in a Modular Polyketide Assembly Line. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Richter M, Busch B, Ishida K, Moore BS, Hertweck C. Pyran formation by an atypical CYP-mediated four-electron oxygenation-cyclization cascade in an engineered aureothin pathway. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2196-9. [PMID: 22961965 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Small changes, big effect: A new aureothin derivative, aureopyran, which features an unusual pyran backbone, was generated by simply altering the enzymatic methylation topology. The α-pyrone ring hampers the correct placement of the polyketide backbone in the multifunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase AurH. Instead of a tetrahydrofuran ring, an oxo intermediate is formed that readily undergoes a rare electrocyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Richter
- Dept. Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Li S, Tietz DR, Rutaganira FU, Kells PM, Anzai Y, Kato F, Pochapsky TC, Sherman DH, Podust LM. Substrate recognition by the multifunctional cytochrome P450 MycG in mycinamicin hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37880-90. [PMID: 22952225 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of characterized cytochrome P450 enzymes in actinomycete secondary metabolic pathways are strictly substrate-, regio-, and stereo-specific. Examples of multifunctional biosynthetic cytochromes P450 with broader substrate and regio-specificity are growing in number and are of particular interest for biosynthetic and chemoenzymatic applications. MycG is among the first P450 monooxygenases characterized that catalyzes both hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions in the final biosynthetic steps, leading to oxidative tailoring of the 16-membered ring macrolide antibiotic mycinamicin II in the actinomycete Micromonospora griseorubida. The ordering of steps to complete the biosynthetic process involves a complex substrate recognition pattern by the enzyme and interplay between three tailoring modifications as follows: glycosylation, methylation, and oxidation. To understand the catalytic properties of MycG, we structurally characterized the ligand-free enzyme and its complexes with three native metabolites. These include substrates mycinamicin IV and V and their biosynthetic precursor mycinamicin III, which carries the monomethoxy sugar javose instead of the dimethoxylated sugar mycinose. The two methoxy groups of mycinose serve as sensors that mediate initial recognition to discriminate between closely related substrates in the post-polyketide oxidative tailoring of mycinamicin metabolites. Because x-ray structures alone did not explain the mechanisms of macrolide hydroxylation and epoxidation, paramagnetic NMR relaxation measurements were conducted. Molecular modeling based on these data indicates that in solution substrate may penetrate the active site sufficiently to place the abstracted hydrogen atom of mycinamicin IV within 6 Å of the heme iron and ~4 Å of the oxygen of iron-ligated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Li
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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18
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Zocher G, Richter MEA, Mueller U, Hertweck C. Structural fine-tuning of a multifunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2292-302. [PMID: 21280577 DOI: 10.1021/ja110146z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AurH is a unique cytochrome P450 monooxygenase catalyzing the stepwise formation of a homochiral oxygen heterocycle, a key structural and pharmacophoric component of the antibiotic aureothin. The exceptional enzymatic reaction involves a tandem oxygenation process including a regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation, followed by heterocyclization. For the structural and biochemical basis of this unparalleled sequence, four crystal structures of AurH variants in different conformational states and in complex with the P450 inhibitor ancymidol were solved, which represent the first structures of the CYP151A group. Structural data in conjunction with computational docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and chemical analyses unveiled a switch function when recognizing the two substrates, deoxyaureothin and the hydroxylated intermediate, thus allowing the second oxygenation-heterocyclization step. Furthermore, we were able to modify the chemo- and regioselectivity of AurH, yielding mutants that catalyze the regioselective six-electron transfer of a nonactivated methyl group to a carboxylic acid via hydroxyl and aldehyde intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Zocher
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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Werneburg M, Busch B, He J, Richter ME, Xiang L, Moore BS, Roth M, Dahse HM, Hertweck C. Exploiting enzymatic promiscuity to engineer a focused library of highly selective antifungal and antiproliferative aureothin analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10407-13. [PMID: 20662518 PMCID: PMC2925430 DOI: 10.1021/ja102751h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aureothin is a shikimate-polyketide hybrid metabolite from Streptomyces thioluteus with a rare nitroaryl moiety, a chiral tetrahydrofuran ring, and an O-methylated pyrone ring. The antimicrobial and antitumor activities of aureothin have caught our interest in modulating its structure as well as its bioactivity profile. In an integrated approach using mutasynthesis, biotransformation, and combinatorial biosynthesis, a defined library of aureothin analogues was generated. The promiscuity of the polyketide synthase assembly line toward different starter units and the plasticity of the pyrone and tetrahydrofuran ring formation were exploited. A selection of 15 new aureothin analogues with modifications at the aryl residue, the pyrone ring, and the oxygenated backbone was produced on a preparative scale and fully characterized. Remarkably, various new aureothin derivatives are less cytotoxic than aureothin but have improved antiproliferative activities. Furthermore, we found that the THF ring is crucial for the remarkably selective activity of aureothin analogues against certain pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Werneburg
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany, and the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,
92093-0204 U.S.A
| | - Benjamin Busch
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany, and the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,
92093-0204 U.S.A
| | - Jing He
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany, and the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,
92093-0204 U.S.A
| | - Martin E.A. Richter
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany, and the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,
92093-0204 U.S.A
| | - Longkuan Xiang
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany, and the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,
92093-0204 U.S.A
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany, and the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,
92093-0204 U.S.A
| | - Martin Roth
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany, and the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,
92093-0204 U.S.A
| | - Hans-Martin Dahse
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany, and the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,
92093-0204 U.S.A
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
HKI, Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany, and the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,
92093-0204 U.S.A
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Origin of the C3-unit in placidenes: further insights into taxa divergence of polypropionate biosynthesis in marine molluscs and fungi. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Cutignano A, Cimino G, Villani G, Fontana A. Shaping the polypropionate biosynthesis in the solar-powered mollusc Elysia viridis. Chembiochem 2009; 10:315-22. [PMID: 19115330 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polypropionates that incorporate pyrones are a family of polyketides featuring the chemistry of a few marine molluscs capable of phototrophic CO(2) fixation as a result of storing viable symbiotic chloroplasts in their bodies. The role and origin of these molecules is poorly investigated, although the unusual biological activities and chemistry of these natural products have recently received renewed interest. Here, we report the results of in vivo studies on production of gamma-pyrone-containing polypropionates in the Mediterranean mollusc Elysia viridis. Biosynthesis of the metabolites in the sacoglossan is shown to proceed through condensation of eight intact C(3) units by polyketide synthase assembly. LC-MS and NMR spectroscopic studies demonstrate that the process involves a pyrone tetraene (10) as key intermediate, whereas the levels of the final polypropionates (6, 7 and 9) are related to each other and show a significant dependence upon light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Cutignano
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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22
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Wilk W, Waldmann H, Kaiser M. γ-Pyrone natural products—A privileged compound class provided by nature. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2304-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Richter M, Traitcheva N, Knüpfer U, Hertweck C. Sequential Asymmetric Polyketide Heterocyclization Catalyzed by a Single Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase (AurH). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8872-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Richter M, Traitcheva N, Knüpfer U, Hertweck C. Sequential Asymmetric Polyketide Heterocyclization Catalyzed by a Single Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase (AurH). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Werneburg M, Hertweck C. Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of the Antiproliferative Polyketide (+)-(R)-Aureothin. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2064-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Traitcheva N, Jenke-Kodama H, He J, Dittmann E, Hertweck C. Non-Colinear Polyketide Biosynthesis in the Aureothin and Neoaureothin Pathways: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1841-9. [PMID: 17763486 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aureothin and neoaureothin (spectinabilin) represent rare nitroaryl-substituted polyketide metabolites from Streptomyces thioluteus and Streptomyces orinoci, respectively, which only differ in the lengths of the polyene backbones. Cloning and sequencing of the 39 kb neoaureothin (nor) biosynthesis gene cluster and its comparison with the aureothin (aur) pathway genes revealed that both polyketide synthase (PKS) assembly lines are remarkably similar. In both cases the module architecture breaks with the principle of colinearity, as individual PKS modules are used in an iterative fashion. Parsimony and neighbour-joining phylogenetic studies provided insights into the evolutionary process that led to the programming of these unusual type I PKS systems and to prediction of which modules act iteratively. The iterative function of the first module in the neoaureothin pathway, NorA, was confirmed by a successful cross-complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Traitcheva
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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28
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Müller M, Kusebauch B, Liang G, Beaudry CM, Trauner D, Hertweck C. Photochemische Herkunft der Immunsuppressiva SNF4435C/D und Bildung von Orinocin durch “Polyen-Splicing”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Müller M, Kusebauch B, Liang G, Beaudry CM, Trauner D, Hertweck C. Photochemical Origin of the Immunosuppressive SNF4435C/D and Formation of Orinocin through “Polyene Splicing”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7835-8. [PMID: 17066387 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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