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Mori K, Naganuma T, Kihara A. Role of 2-hydroxy acyl-CoA lyase HACL2 in odd-chain fatty acid production via α-oxidation in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar85. [PMID: 37285239 PMCID: PMC10398889 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-02-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most fatty acids (FAs) are even chain, certain tissues, including brain, contain relatively large quantities of odd-chain FAs in their sphingolipids. One of the pathways producing odd-chain FAs is the α-oxidation of 2-hydroxy (2-OH) FAs, where 2-OH acyl-CoA lyases (HACL1 and HACL2) catalyze the key cleavage reaction. However, the contribution of each HACL to odd-chain FA production in vivo remains unknown. Here, we found that HACL2 and HACL1 play major roles in the α-oxidation of 2-OH FAs (especially very-long-chain types) and 3-methyl FAs (other α-oxidation substrates), respectively, using ectopic expression systems of human HACL2 and HACL1 in yeast and analyzing Hacl1 and/or Hacl2 knockout (KO) CHO-K1 cells. We then generated Hacl2 KO mice and measured the quantities of odd-chain and 2-OH lipids (free FAs and sphingolipids [ceramides, sphingomyelins, and monohexosylceramides]) in 17 tissues. We observed fewer odd-chain lipids and more 2-OH lipids in many tissues of Hacl2 KO mice than in wild-type mice, and of these differences the reductions were most prominent for odd-chain monohexosylceramides in the brain and ceramides in the stomach. These results indicate that HACL2-involved α-oxidation of 2-OH FAs is mainly responsible for odd-chain FA production in the brain and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Mori
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Naganuma
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Fatty Acid 2-Hydroxylase and 2-Hydroxylated Sphingolipids: Metabolism and Function in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054908. [PMID: 36902339 PMCID: PMC10002949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids containing acyl residues that are hydroxylated at C-2 are found in most, if not all, eukaryotes and certain bacteria. 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids are present in many organs and cell types, though they are especially abundant in myelin and skin. The enzyme fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) is involved in the synthesis of many but not all 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids. Deficiency in FA2H causes a neurodegenerative disease known as hereditary spastic paraplegia 35 (HSP35/SPG35) or fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration (FAHN). FA2H likely also plays a role in other diseases. A low expression level of FA2H correlates with a poor prognosis in many cancers. This review presents an updated overview of the metabolism and function of 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids and the FA2H enzyme under physiological conditions and in diseases.
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Padmanabhan S, Monera-Girona AJ, Pajares-Martínez E, Bastida-Martínez E, Del Rey Navalón I, Pérez-Castaño R, Galbis-Martínez ML, Fontes M, Elías-Arnanz M. Plasmalogens and Photooxidative Stress Signaling in Myxobacteria, and How it Unmasked CarF/TMEM189 as the Δ1'-Desaturase PEDS1 for Human Plasmalogen Biosynthesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:884689. [PMID: 35646900 PMCID: PMC9131029 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.884689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids with a hallmark sn-1 vinyl ether bond that endows them with unique physical-chemical properties. They have proposed biological roles in membrane organization, fluidity, signaling, and antioxidative functions, and abnormal plasmalogen levels correlate with various human pathologies, including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. The presence of plasmalogens in animals and in anaerobic bacteria, but not in plants and fungi, is well-documented. However, their occurrence in the obligately aerobic myxobacteria, exceptional among aerobic bacteria, is often overlooked. Tellingly, discovery of the key desaturase indispensable for vinyl ether bond formation, and therefore fundamental in plasmalogen biogenesis, emerged from delving into how the soil myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus responds to light. A recent pioneering study unmasked myxobacterial CarF and its human ortholog TMEM189 as the long-sought plasmanylethanolamine desaturase (PEDS1), thus opening a crucial door to study plasmalogen biogenesis, functions, and roles in disease. The findings demonstrated the broad evolutionary sweep of the enzyme and also firmly established a specific signaling role for plasmalogens in a photooxidative stress response. Here, we will recount our take on this fascinating story and its implications, and review the current state of knowledge on plasmalogens, their biosynthesis and functions in the aerobic myxobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Padmanabhan
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J Monera-Girona
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Área de Genética (Unidad Asociada al IQFR-CSIC), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Pajares-Martínez
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Área de Genética (Unidad Asociada al IQFR-CSIC), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Bastida-Martínez
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Área de Genética (Unidad Asociada al IQFR-CSIC), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Irene Del Rey Navalón
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Área de Genética (Unidad Asociada al IQFR-CSIC), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Castaño
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Área de Genética (Unidad Asociada al IQFR-CSIC), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Luisa Galbis-Martínez
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Área de Genética (Unidad Asociada al IQFR-CSIC), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Fontes
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Área de Genética (Unidad Asociada al IQFR-CSIC), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Elías-Arnanz
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Área de Genética (Unidad Asociada al IQFR-CSIC), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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4
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Advances in lipidomics. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:123-141. [PMID: 32622966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present article examines recently published literature on lipids, mainly focusing on research involving glycero-, glycerophospho- and sphingo-lipids. The primary aim is identification of distinct profiles in biologic lipidomic systems by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS, tandem MS) with multivariate data analysis. This review specifically targets lipid biomarkers and disease pathway mechanisms in humans and artificial targets. Different specimen matrices such as primary blood derivatives (plasma, serum, erythrocytes, and blood platelets), faecal matter, urine, as well as biologic tissues (liver, lung and kidney) are highlighted.
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Mori K, Obara T, Seki N, Miyamoto M, Naganuma T, Kitamura T, Kihara A. Catalytic residues, substrate specificity, and role in carbon starvation of the 2-hydroxy FA dioxygenase Mpo1 in yeast. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1104-1114. [PMID: 32350077 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast protein Mpo1 belongs to a protein family that is widely conserved in bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and plants, and is the only protein of this family whose function has so far been elucidated. Mpo1 is an Fe2+-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the α-oxidation reaction of 2-hydroxy (2-OH) long-chain FAs (LCFAs) produced in the degradation pathway of the long-chain base phytosphingosine. However, several biochemical characteristics of Mpo1, such as its catalytic residues, membrane topology, and substrate specificity, remain unclear. Here, we report that yeast Mpo1 contains two transmembrane domains and that both its N- and C-terminal regions are exposed to the cytosol. Mutational analyses revealed that three histidine residues conserved in the Mpo1 family are especially important for Mpo1 activity, suggesting that they may be responsible for the formation of coordinate bonds with Fe2+ We found that, in addition to activity toward 2-OH LCFAs, Mpo1 also exhibits activity toward 2-OH very-long-chain FAs derived from the FA moiety of sphingolipids. These results indicate that Mpo1 is involved in the metabolism of long-chain to very-long-chain 2-OH FAs produced in different pathways. We noted that the growth of mpo1Δ cells is delayed upon carbon deprivation, suggesting that the Mpo1-mediated conversion of 2-OH FAs to nonhydroxy FAs is important for utilizing 2-OH FAs as a carbon source under carbon starvation. Our findings help to elucidate the as yet unknown functions and activities of other Mpo1 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Obara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Naoya Seki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Miyamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Naganuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan. mailto:
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2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase catalyzes acyloin condensation for one-carbon bioconversion. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:900-906. [PMID: 31383974 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the potential of biotechnological processes for one-carbon (C1) bioconversion, efficient biocatalysts required for their implementation are yet to be developed. To address intrinsic limitations of native C1 biocatalysts, here we report that 2-hydroxyacyl CoA lyase (HACL), an enzyme involved in mammalian α-oxidation, catalyzes the ligation of carbonyl-containing molecules of different chain lengths with formyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to produce C1-elongated 2-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. We discovered and characterized a prokaryotic variant of HACL and identified critical residues for this newfound activity, including those supporting the hypothesized thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent acyloin condensation mechanism. The use of formyl-CoA as a C1 donor provides kinetic advantages and enables C1 bioconversion to multi-carbon products, demonstrated here by engineering an Escherichia coli whole-cell biotransformation system for the synthesis of glycolate and 2-hydroxyisobutyrate from formaldehyde and formaldehyde plus acetone, respectively. Our work establishes a new approach for C1 bioconversion and the potential for HACL-based pathways to support synthetic methylotrophy.
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Ali U, Li H, Wang X, Guo L. Emerging Roles of Sphingolipid Signaling in Plant Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1328-1343. [PMID: 30336328 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant sphingolipids are not only structural components of the plasma membrane and other endomembrane systems but also act as signaling molecules during biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the roles of sphingolipids in plant signal transduction in response to environmental cues are yet to be investigated in detail. In this review, we discuss the signaling roles of sphingolipid metabolites with a focus on plant sphingolipids. We also mention some microbial sphingolipids that initiate signals during their interaction with plants, because of the limited literatures on their plant analogs. The equilibrium of nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated sphingolipid species determine the destiny of plant cells, whereas molecular connections among the enzymes responsible for this equilibrium in a coordinated signaling network are poorly understood. A mechanistic link between the phytohormone-sphingolipid interplay has also not yet been fully understood and many key participants involved in this complex interaction operating under stress conditions await to be identified. Future research is needed to fill these gaps and to better understand the signal pathways of plant sphingolipids and their interplay with other signals in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hehuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Kim S, Cheong S, Chou A, Gonzalez R. Engineered fatty acid catabolism for fuel and chemical production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 42:206-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Neutral and Phospholipids of the Myxococcus xanthus Lipodome during Fruiting Body Formation and Germination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6538-47. [PMID: 26162876 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01537-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxobacteria are well-known for their complex life cycle, including the formation of spore-filled fruiting bodies. The model organism Myxococcus xanthus exhibits a highly complex composition of neutral and phospholipids, including triacylglycerols (TAGs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylglycerols (PGs), cardiolipins (CLs), and sphingolipids, including ceramides (Cers) and ceramide phosphoinositols (Cer-PIs). In addition, ether lipids have been shown to be involved in development and signaling. In this work, we describe the lipid profile of M. xanthus during its entire life cycle, including spore germination. PEs, representing one of the major components of the bacterial membrane, decreased by about 85% during development from vegetative rods to round myxospores, while TAGs first accumulated up to 2-fold before they declined 48 h after the induction of sporulation. Presumably, membrane lipids are incorporated into TAG-containing lipid bodies, serving as an intermediary energy source for myxospore formation. The ceramides Cer(d-19:0/iso-17:0) and Cer(d-19:0/16:0) accumulated 6-fold and 3-fold, respectively, after 24 h of development, identifying them to be novel putative biomarkers for M. xanthus sporulation. The most abundant ether lipid, 1-iso-15:0-alkyl-2,3-di-iso-15:0-acyl glycerol (TG1), exhibited a lipid profile different from that of all TAGs during sporulation, reinforcing its signaling character. The absence of all these lipid profile changes in mutants during development supports the importance of lipids in myxobacterial development. During germination of myxospores, only the de novo biosynthesis of new cell membrane fatty acids was observed. The unexpected accumulation of TAGs also during germination might indicate a function of TAGs as intermediary storage lipids during this part of the life cycle as well.
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10
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Sohlenkamp C, Geiger O. Bacterial membrane lipids: diversity in structures and pathways. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:133-59. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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11
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Khatri Y, Hannemann F, Girhard M, Kappl R, Hutter M, Urlacher VB, Bernhardt R. A natural heme-signature variant of CYP267A1 fromSorangium cellulosumSo ce56 executes diverse ω-hydroxylation. FEBS J 2014; 282:74-88. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Department of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Marco Girhard
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Germany
| | - Reinhard Kappl
- Department of Biophysics; Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Michael Hutter
- Center for Bioinformatics; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
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12
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Identification of the phytosphingosine metabolic pathway leading to odd-numbered fatty acids. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5338. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Lorenzen W, Bozhüyük KAJ, Cortina NS, Bode HB. A comprehensive insight into the lipid composition of Myxococcus xanthus by UPLC-ESI-MS. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2620-33. [PMID: 25332432 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m054593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of whole cell lipid extracts of bacteria by means of ultra-performance (UP)LC-MS allows a comprehensive determination of the lipid molecular species present in the respective organism. The data allow conclusions on its metabolic potential as well as the creation of lipid profiles, which visualize the organism's response to changes in internal and external conditions. Herein, we describe: i) a fast reversed phase UPLC-ESI-MS method suitable for detection and determination of individual lipids from whole cell lipid extracts of all polarities ranging from monoacylglycerophosphoethanolamines to TGs; ii) the first overview of a wide range of lipid molecular species in vegetative Myxococcus xanthus DK1622 cells; iii) changes in their relative composition in selected mutants impaired in the biosynthesis of α-hydroxylated FAs, sphingolipids, and ether lipids; and iv) the first report of ceramide phosphoinositols in M. xanthus, a lipid species previously found only in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Lorenzen
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kenan A J Bozhüyük
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Niña S Cortina
- Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helge B Bode
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Fatty acid-related phylogeny of myxobacteria as an approach to discover polyunsaturated omega-3/6 Fatty acids. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1930-42. [PMID: 21317327 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01091-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In an analysis of 47 aerobic myxobacterial strains, representing 19 genera in suborders Cystobacterineae, Nannocystineae, Sorangiineae, and a novel isolate, "Aetherobacter" SBSr008, an enormously diverse array of fatty acids (FAs) was found. The distribution of straight-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) supports the reported clustering of strains in the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA genes. This finding additionally allows the prediction and assignment of the novel isolate SBSr008 into its corresponding taxon. Sorangiineae predominantly contains larger amounts of SCFA (57 to 84%) than BCFA. On the other hand, Cystobacterineae exhibit significant BCFA content (53 to 90%), with the exception of the genus Stigmatella. In Nannocystineae, the ratio of BCFA and SCFA seems dependent on the taxonomic clade. Myxobacteria could also be identified and classified by using their specific and predominant FAs as biomarkers. Nannocystineae is remarkably unique among the suborders for its absence of hydroxy FAs. After the identification of arachidonic (AA) FA in Phaselicystidaceae, eight additional polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) belonging to the omega-6 and omega-3 families were discovered. Here we present a comprehensive report of FAs found in aerobic myxobacteria. Gliding bacteria belonging to Flexibacter and Herpetosiphon were chosen for comparative analysis to determine their FA profiles in relation to the myxobacteria.
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15
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Fuchs SW, Proschak A, Jaskolla TW, Karas M, Bode HB. Structure elucidation and biosynthesis of lysine-rich cyclic peptides in Xenorhabdus nematophila. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3130-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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The CYPome of Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 and Identification of CYP109D1 as a New Fatty Acid Hydroxylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:1295-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Ring MW, Bode E, Schwär G, Bode HB. Functional analysis of desaturases from the myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 296:124-30. [PMID: 19459946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) profiles of myxobacteria contain FA species with double bonds at the Delta(5) and Delta(11) positions, the latter being rather unusual among bacteria. Despite this knowledge, the mechanism for introduction of these double bonds has never been described before in myxobacteria. Searches for candidate genes in the genome of the model organism Myxococcus xanthus revealed 16 genes, which have been annotated as FA desaturases. However, due to redundant substrate specificity, functional analyses of these enzymes by construction of inactivation mutants did not lead to the identification of their function or substrate specificity. Therefore, we elucidated the regioselectivity of the desaturation reactions by heterologous expression of eight desaturases from M. xanthus in Pseudomonas putida and thus could prove five of them to be indeed active as desaturases, with three (MXAN_1742, MXAN_3495 and MXAN_5461) and two (MXAN_0317 and MXAN_6306) acting as Delta(5) and Delta(11) desaturases, respectively. This is the first report about the heterologous expression and regioselectivity of FA desaturases in myxobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Ring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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