1
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Hollmann F, Sanchis J, Reetz MT. Learning from Protein Engineering by Deconvolution of Multi-Mutational Variants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404880. [PMID: 38884594 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
This review analyzes a development in biochemistry, enzymology and biotechnology that originally came as a surprise. Following the establishment of directed evolution of stereoselective enzymes in organic chemistry, the concept of partial or complete deconvolution of selective multi-mutational variants was introduced. Early deconvolution experiments of stereoselective variants led to the finding that mutations can interact cooperatively or antagonistically with one another, not just additively. During the past decade, this phenomenon was shown to be general. In some studies, molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) computations were performed in order to shed light on the origin of non-additivity at all stages of an evolutionary upward climb. Data of complete deconvolution can be used to construct unique multi-dimensional rugged fitness pathway landscapes, which provide mechanistic insights different from traditional fitness landscapes. Along a related line, biochemists have long tested the result of introducing two point mutations in an enzyme for mechanistic reasons, followed by a comparison of the respective double mutant in so-called double mutant cycles, which originally showed only additive effects, but more recently also uncovered cooperative and antagonistic non-additive effects. We conclude with suggestions for future work, and call for a unified overall picture of non-additivity and epistasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Joaquin Sanchis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Manfred T Reetz
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45481, Mülheim, Germany
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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2
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Fatima S, Zahoor AF, Khan SG, Naqvi SAR, Hussain SM, Nazeer U, Mansha A, Ahmad H, Chaudhry AR, Irfan A. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation: a promising tool for the synthesis of natural products: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23423-23458. [PMID: 39055269 PMCID: PMC11270005 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03914a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation is a well-known reaction utilized for the synthesis of lactones and ester functionalities from ketones. Chiral lactones can be synthesized from chiral or racemic ketones by employing asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. These lactones act as key intermediates in the synthesis of most of the biologically active natural products, their analogues, and derivatives. Various monooxygenases and oxidizing agents facilitate BV oxidation, providing a broad range of synthetic applications in organic chemistry. The variety of enzymatic and chemoselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations and their substantial role in the synthesis of natural products i.e., alkaloids, polyketides, fatty acids, terpenoids, etc. (reported since 2018) have been summarized in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summaya Fatima
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000 Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000 Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000 Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Raza Naqvi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000 Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Syed Makhdoom Hussain
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad 38000 Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Usman Nazeer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Boulevard Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000 Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Hamad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Aijaz Rasool Chaudhry
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bisha PO Box 551 Bisha 61922 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University PO Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
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3
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Dickey RM, Gopal MR, Nain P, Kunjapur AM. Recent developments in enzymatic and microbial biosynthesis of flavor and fragrance molecules. J Biotechnol 2024; 389:43-60. [PMID: 38616038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Flavors and fragrances are an important class of specialty chemicals for which interest in biomanufacturing has risen during recent years. These naturally occurring compounds are often amenable to biosynthesis using purified enzyme catalysts or metabolically engineered microbial cells in fermentation processes. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the categories of molecules that have received the greatest interest, both academically and industrially, by examining scholarly publications as well as patent literature. Overall, we seek to highlight innovations in the key reaction steps and microbial hosts used in flavor and fragrance manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Madan R Gopal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Priyanka Nain
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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4
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Weber F, Weber A, Schmitt L, Lechtenberg I, Greb J, Henßen B, Wesselborg S, Pietruszka J. From the Total Synthesis of Semi-Viriditoxin, Semi-Viriditoxic Acid and Dimeric Naphthopyranones to their Biological Activities in Burkitt B Cell Lymphoma. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400559. [PMID: 38411573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Dimeric naphthopyranones are known to be biologically active, however, for the corresponding monomeric naphthopyranones this information is still elusive. Here the first enantioselective total synthesis of semi-viriditoxic acid as well as the synthesis of semi-viriditoxin and derivatives is reported. The key intermediate in the synthesis of naphthopyranones is an α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone, which we synthesized in two different ways (Ghosez-cyclization and Grubbs ring-closing metathesis), while the domino-Michael-Dieckmann reaction of the α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone with an orsellinic acid derivative is the key reaction. A structure-activity relationship study was performed measuring the cytotoxicity in Burkitt B lymphoma cells (Ramos). The dimeric structure was found to be crucial for biological activity: Only the dimeric naphthopyranones showed cytotoxic and apoptotic activity, whereas the monomers did not display any activity at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Weber
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anja Weber
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura Schmitt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilka Lechtenberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Greb
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Birgit Henßen
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wesselborg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
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5
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Zhang Q, Chen Q, Shaik S, Wang B. Flavin-N5OOH Functions as both a Powerful Nucleophile and a Base in the Superfamily of Flavoenzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318629. [PMID: 38299700 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Flavoenzymes can mediate a large variety of oxidation reactions through the activation of oxygen. However, the O2 activation chemistry of flavin enzymes is not yet fully exploited. Normally, the O2 activation occurs at the C4a site of the flavin cofactor, yielding the flavin C4a-(hydro)hydroperoxyl species in monooxygenases or oxidases. Using extensive MD simulations, QM/MM calculations and QM calculations, our studies reveal the formation of the common nucleophilic species, Flavin-N5OOH, in two distinct flavoenzymes (RutA and EncM). Our studies show that Flavin-N5OOH acts as a powerful nucleophile that promotes C-N cleavage of uracil in RutA, and a powerful base in the deprotonation of substrates in EncM. We reason that Flavin-N5OOH can be a common reactive species in the superfamily of flavoenzymes, which accomplish generally selective general base catalysis and C-X (X=N, S, Cl, O) cleavage reactions that are otherwise challenging with solvated hydroxide ion base. These results expand our understanding of the chemistry and catalysis of flavoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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6
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Willetts A. Bicyclo[3.2.0]carbocyclic Molecules and Redox Biotransformations: The Evolution of Closed-Loop Artificial Linear Biocatalytic Cascades and Related Redox-Neutral Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:7249. [PMID: 37959669 PMCID: PMC10649493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of cofactor recycling in determining the efficiency of artificial biocatalytic cascades has become paramount in recent years. Closed-loop cofactor recycling, which initially emerged in the 1990s, has made a valuable contribution to the development of this aspect of biotechnology. However, the evolution of redox-neutral closed-loop cofactor recycling has a longer history that has been integrally linked to the enzymology of oxy-functionalised bicyclo[3.2.0]carbocyclic molecule metabolism throughout. This review traces that relevant history from the mid-1960s to current times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Willetts
- Curnow Consultancies Ltd., Trewithen House, Helston TR13 9PQ, Cornwall, UK
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7
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Liu G, Huang L, Lian J. Alcohol acyltransferases for the biosynthesis of esters. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:93. [PMID: 37264424 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Esters are widely used in food, energy, spices, chemical industry, etc., becoming an indispensable part of life. However, their production heavily relies on the fossil energy industry, which presents significant challenges associated with energy shortages and environmental pollution. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify alternative green methods for ester production. One promising solution is biosynthesis, which offers sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. In ester biosynthesis, alcohol acyltransferases (AATs) catalyze the condensation of acyl-CoAs and alcohols to form esters, enabling the biosynthesis of nearly 100 different kinds of esters, such as ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, ethyl crotonate, isoamyl acetate, and butyl butyrate. However, low catalytic efficiency and low selectivity of AATs represent the major bottlenecks for the biosynthesis of certain specific esters, which should be addressed with protein molecular engineering approaches before practical biotechnological applications. This review provides an overview of AAT enzymes, including their sequences, structures, active sites, catalytic mechanisms, and metabolic engineering applications. Furthermore, considering the critical role of AATs in determining the final ester products, the current research progresses of AAT modification using protein molecular engineering are also discussed. This review summarized the major challenges and prospects of AAT enzymes in ester biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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8
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Chánique AM, Polidori N, Sovic L, Kracher D, Assil-Companioni L, Galuska P, Parra LP, Gruber K, Kourist R. A Cold-Active Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase from Janthinobacterium svalbardensis Unlocks Applications of Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases at Low Temperature. ACS Catal 2023; 13:3549-3562. [PMID: 36970468 PMCID: PMC10028610 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Cold-active enzymes maintain a large part of their optimal activity at low temperatures. Therefore, they can be used to avoid side reactions and preserve heat-sensitive compounds. Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMO) utilize molecular oxygen as a co-substrate to catalyze reactions widely employed for steroid, agrochemical, antibiotic, and pheromone production. Oxygen has been described as the rate-limiting factor for some BVMO applications, thereby hindering their efficient utilization. Considering that oxygen solubility in water increases by 40% when the temperature is decreased from 30 to 10 °C, we set out to identify and characterize a cold-active BVMO. Using genome mining in the Antarctic organism Janthinobacterium svalbardensis, a cold-active type II flavin-dependent monooxygenase (FMO) was discovered. The enzyme shows promiscuity toward NADH and NADPH and high activity between 5 and 25 °C. The enzyme catalyzes the monooxygenation and sulfoxidation of a wide range of ketones and thioesters. The high enantioselectivity in the oxidation of norcamphor (eeS = 56%, eeP > 99%, E > 200) demonstrates that the generally higher flexibility observed in the active sites of cold-active enzymes, which compensates for the lower motion at cold temperatures, does not necessarily reduce the selectivity of these enzymes. To gain a better understanding of the unique mechanistic features of type II FMOs, we determined the structure of the dimeric enzyme at 2.5 Å resolution. While the unusual N-terminal domain has been related to the catalytic properties of type II FMOs, the structure shows a SnoaL-like N-terminal domain that is not interacting directly with the active site. The active site of the enzyme is accessible only through a tunnel, with Tyr-458, Asp-217, and His-216 as catalytic residues, a combination not observed before in FMOs and BVMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Chánique
- NAWI Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz 8010, Austria
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7810000, Chile
| | - Nakia Polidori
- NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Lucija Sovic
- NAWI Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Daniel Kracher
- NAWI Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Leen Assil-Companioni
- NAWI Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz 8010, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14/1, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Philipp Galuska
- NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Loreto P. Parra
- Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7810000, Chile
| | - Karl Gruber
- NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Robert Kourist
- NAWI Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz 8010, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14/1, Graz 8010, Austria
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9
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Editorial of Special Issue "Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1": 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054386. [PMID: 36901816 PMCID: PMC10002167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Special Issue "Protective and detrimental role of heme oxygenase-1"(2021), in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, includes original research papers and reviews aiming to understand the protective or detrimental role of HO-1 and the signaling pathway involved [...].
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10
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Le Viet LH, Nemoto H, Tamura M, Matsuda T. Asymmetric synthesis of sulfoxides by novel baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Fusarium. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Joy A, Biswas R. Molecular Insight into the High Thermal Stability of Metalloprotein Azurin. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2496-2506. [PMID: 35324174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the events characterizing the steps of the unfolding pathway of blue copper metalloprotein azurin using replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD). Our studies show that the unfolding of azurin begins with the melting of α-helix and β-sheets II and V. This is followed by the melting of other β-sheets and the exposure of hydrophobic protein core to the solvent, resulting in disruptions of its tertiary structure. Free energy surfaces constructed at different temperatures portray different basins that signify the stability of different melted structures in the unfolding process. The contact maps at different temperatures reveal that the strong hydrophobic interaction within the core of the protein is the vital force that renders high stability to this protein. Analysis of the individual β-sheets by looking into their amino acid sequence shows that β-sheets with charged side chains on the surface melt fast compared to others. The β-barrel of azurin is able to dynamically rearrange, and it helps the protein to preserve its hydrophobic core, holding back the native topology from melting fast. B-factor analysis shows that residues of β-sheets III, IV, and VII deviate less from their initial structure at the transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Joy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajib Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Sciences & Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India
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12
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Properties and Mechanisms of Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenases and Their Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052622. [PMID: 35269764 PMCID: PMC8910399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are usually highly complicated organic molecules with special scaffolds, and they are an important resource in medicine. Natural products with complicated structures are produced by enzymes, and this is still a challenging research field, its mechanisms requiring detailed methods for elucidation. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) catalyze many oxidation reactions with chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivity, and they are involved in the synthesis of many natural products. In this review, we introduce the mechanisms for different FMOs, with the classical FAD (C4a)-hydroperoxide as the major oxidant. We also summarize the difference between FMOs and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases emphasizing the advantages of FMOs and their specificity for substrates. Finally, we present examples of FMO-catalyzed synthesis of natural products. Based on these explanations, this review will expand our knowledge of FMOs as powerful enzymes, as well as implementation of the FMOs as effective tools for biosynthesis.
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13
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Phelan RM, Abrahamson MJ, Brown JTC, Zhang RK, Zwick CR. Development of Scalable Processes with Underutilized Biocatalyst Classes. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Phelan
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael J. Abrahamson
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jesse T. C. Brown
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ruijie K. Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Christian R. Zwick
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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14
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Zhu J, Geng Q, Liu YY, Pan J, Yu HL, Xu JH. Co-Cross-Linked Aggregates of Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases and Formate Dehydrogenase for Repeated Use in Asymmetric Biooxidation. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuan-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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15
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
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16
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Seo E, Kim M, Park S, Park S, Oh D, Bornscheuer U, Park J. Enzyme Access Tunnel Engineering in Baeyer‐Villiger Monooxygenases to Improve Oxidative Stability and Biocatalyst Performance. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Ji Seo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong‐Ju Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - So‐Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoBio Applied Technology Sungshin Women's University Seoul 01133 Republic of Korea
| | - Deok‐Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Greifswald University Greifswald 17487 Germany
| | - Jin‐Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
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17
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Peng T, Cheng X, Chen Y, Yang J. Sulfoxide Reductases and Applications in Biocatalytic Preparation of Chiral Sulfoxides: A Mini-Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:714899. [PMID: 34490206 PMCID: PMC8417374 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.714899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral sulfoxides are valuable organosulfur compounds that have been widely used in medicinal and organic synthesis. Biocatalytic approaches for preparing chiral sulfoxides were developed in the past few years, mainly through asymmetric oxidation of prochiral sulfides. Recently, the application of sulfoxide reductase to prepare chiral sulfoxides through kinetic resolution has emerged as a new method, exhibiting extraordinary catalytic properties. This article reviews the chemical and biological functions of these sulfoxide reductases and highlights their applications in chiral sulfoxide preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoling Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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18
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Li YJ, Zheng YC, Geng Q, Liu F, Zhang ZJ, Xu JH, Yu HL. Secretory expression of cyclohexanone monooxygenase by methylotrophic yeast for efficient omeprazole sulfide bio-oxidation. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:81. [PMID: 38650277 PMCID: PMC10992682 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prochiral pyrmetazole can be asymmetrically oxidized into (S)-omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor that is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux, by an engineered cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMOAcineto-Mut) that has high stereoselectivity. CHMOAcineto-Mut is produced by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, where it is expressed intracellularly. Thus, isolating this useful biocatalyst requires tedious cell disruption and subsequent purification, which hinders its use for industrial purposes. Here, we report the extracellular production of CHMOAcineto-Mut by a methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, for the first time. The recombinant CHMOAcineto-Mut expressed by P. pastoris showed a higher flavin occupation rate than that produced by E. coli, and this was accompanied by a 3.2-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. At a cell density of 150 g/L cell dry weight, we achieved a recombinant CHMOAcineto-Mut production rate of 1,700 U/L, representing approximately 85% of the total protein secreted into the fermentation broth. By directly employing the pH adjusted supernatant as a biocatalyst, we were able to almost completely transform 10 g/L of pyrmetazole into the corresponding (S)-sulfoxide, with > 99% enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Liew JJM, El Saudi IM, Nguyen SV, Wicht DK, Dowling DP. Structures of the alkanesulfonate monooxygenase MsuD provide insight into C-S bond cleavage, substrate scope, and an unexpected role for the tetramer. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100823. [PMID: 34029591 PMCID: PMC8234197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial two-component flavin-dependent monooxygenases cleave the stable C-S bond of environmental and anthropogenic organosulfur compounds. The monooxygenase MsuD converts methanesulfonate (MS-) to sulfite, completing the sulfur assimilation process during sulfate starvation, but the mechanism of this conversion remains unclear. To explore the mechanism of C-S bond cleavage, we report a series of crystal structures of MsuD from Pseudomonas fluorescens in different liganded states. This report provides the first crystal structures of an alkanesulfonate monooxygenase with a bound flavin and alkanesulfonate, elucidating the roles of the active site lid, the protein C terminus, and an active site loop in flavin and/or alkanesulfonate binding. These structures position MS- closest to the flavin N5 position, consistent with an N5-(hydro)peroxyflavin mechanism rather than a classical C4a-(hydro)peroxyflavin mechanism. A fully enclosed active site is observed in the ternary complex, mediated by interchain interaction of the C terminus at the tetramer interface. These structures identify an unexpected function of the protein C terminus in this protein family in stabilizing tetramer formation and the alkanesulfonate-binding site. Spurred by interest from the crystal structures, we conducted biochemical assays and molecular docking that redefine MsuD as a small- to medium-chain alkanesulfonate monooxygenase. Functional mutations verify the sulfonate-binding site and reveal the critical importance of the protein C terminus for monooxygenase function. These findings reveal a deeper understanding of MsuD's functionality at the molecular level and consequently how it operates within its role as part of the sulfur assimilation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J M Liew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Israa M El Saudi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Son V Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Denyce K Wicht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel P Dowling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are flavin-dependent oxidative enzymes capable of catalyzing the insertion of an oxygen atom between a carbonylic Csp2 and the Csp3 at the alpha position, therefore transforming linear and cyclic ketones into esters and lactones. These enzymes are dependent on nicotinamides (NAD(P)H) for the flavin reduction and subsequent reaction with molecular oxygen. BVMOs can be included in cascade reactions, coupled to other redox enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) or ene-reductases (EREDs), so that the direct conversion of alcohols or α,β-unsaturated carbonylic compounds to the corresponding esters can be achieved. In the present review, the different synthetic methodologies that have been performed by employing multienzymatic strategies with BVMOs combining whole cells or isolated enzymes, through sequential or parallel methods, are described, with the aim of highlighting the advantages of performing multienzymatic systems, and show the recent advances for overcoming the drawbacks of using BVMOs in these techniques.
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21
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Nikulin M, Švedas V. Prospects of Using Biocatalysis for the Synthesis and Modification of Polymers. Molecules 2021; 26:2750. [PMID: 34067052 PMCID: PMC8124709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trends in the dynamically developing application of biocatalysis for the synthesis and modification of polymers over the past 5 years are considered, with an emphasis on the production of biodegradable, biocompatible and functional polymeric materials oriented to medical applications. The possibilities of using enzymes not only as catalysts for polymerization but also for the preparation of monomers for polymerization or oligomers for block copolymerization are considered. Special attention is paid to the prospects and existing limitations of biocatalytic production of new synthetic biopolymers based on natural compounds and monomers from biomass, which can lead to a huge variety of functional biomaterials. The existing experience and perspectives for the integration of bio- and chemocatalysis in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Nikulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, bldg. 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vytas Švedas
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, bldg. 73, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, bldg. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Engel J, Bornscheuer UT, Kara S. Kinetics Modeling of a Convergent Cascade Catalyzed by Monooxygenase–Alcohol Dehydrogenase Coupled Enzymes. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Engel
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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23
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Paul CE, Eggerichs D, Westphal AH, Tischler D, van Berkel WJH. Flavoprotein monooxygenases: Versatile biocatalysts. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107712. [PMID: 33588053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs) are single- or two-component enzymes that catalyze a diverse set of chemo-, regio- and enantioselective oxyfunctionalization reactions. In this review, we describe how FPMOs have evolved from model enzymes in mechanistic flavoprotein research to biotechnologically relevant catalysts that can be applied for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals. After a historical account of the development of the FPMO field, we explain the FPMO classification system, which is primarily based on protein structural properties and electron donor specificities. We then summarize the most appealing reactions catalyzed by each group with a focus on the different types of oxygenation chemistries. Wherever relevant, we report engineering strategies that have been used to improve the robustness and applicability of FPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Eggerichs
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Advances in enzymatic oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107703. [PMID: 33545329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective oxyfunctionalizations of aliphatic compounds are difficult chemical reactions, where enzymes can play an important role due to their stereo- and regio-selectivity and operation under mild reaction conditions. P450 monooxygenases are well-known biocatalysts that mediate oxyfunctionalization reactions in different living organisms (from bacteria to humans). Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), discovered in fungi, have arisen as "dream biocatalysts" of great biotechnological interest because they catalyze the oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, avoiding the necessity of expensive cofactors and regeneration systems, and only depending on H2O2 for their catalysis. Here, we summarize recent advances in aliphatic oxyfunctionalization reactions by UPOs, as well as the molecular determinants of the enzyme structures responsible for their activities, emphasizing the differences found between well-known P450s and the novel fungal peroxygenases.
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25
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Wei Q, Zeng HC, Zou Y. Divergent Biosynthesis of Fungal Dioxafenestrane Sesquiterpenes by the Cooperation of Distinctive Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases and α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Chun Zeng
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Toplak M, Matthews A, Teufel R. The devil is in the details: The chemical basis and mechanistic versatility of flavoprotein monooxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 698:108732. [PMID: 33358998 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous flavoenzymes commonly catalyze redox chemistry such as the monooxygenation of organic substrates and are both widely utilized in nature (e.g., in primary and secondary metabolism) and of significant industrial interest. In this work, we highlight the structural and mechanistic characteristics of the distinct types of flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs). We thereby illustrate the chemical basis of FPMO catalysis, which enables reactions such as (aromatic) hydroxylation, epoxidation, (de)halogenation, heteroatom oxygenation, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, α-hydroxylation of ketones, or non-oxidative carbon-hetero bond cleavage. This seemingly unmatched versatility in oxygenation chemistry results from extensive fine-tuning and regiospecific functionalization of the flavin cofactor that is tightly controlled by the surrounding protein matrix. Accordingly, FPMOs steer the formation of covalent flavin-oxygen adducts for oxygen transfer in the form of the classical flavin-C4a-(hydro)peroxide or the recently discovered N5-functionalized flavins (i.e. the flavin-N5-oxide and the flavin-N5-peroxide), while in rare cases covalent oxygen adduct formation may be foregone entirely. Finally, we speculate about hitherto undiscovered flavin-mediated oxygenation reactions and compare FPMOs to cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, before addressing open questions and challenges for the future investigation of FPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arne Matthews
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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27
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Zhang GX, You ZN, Yu JM, Liu YY, Pan J, Xu JH, Li CX. Discovery and Engineering of a Novel Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase with High Normal Regioselectivity. Chembiochem 2020; 22:1190-1195. [PMID: 33205522 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are remarkable biocatalysts for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones to generate esters or lactones. The regioselectivity of BVMOs is essential for determining the ratio of the two regioisomeric products ("normal" and "abnormal") when catalyzing asymmetric ketone substrates. Starting from a known normal-preferring BVMO sequence from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (PpBVMO), a novel BVMO from Gordonia sihwensis (GsBVMO) with higher normal regioselectivity (up to 97/3) was identified. Furthermore, protein engineering increased the specificity constant (kcat /KM ) 8.9-fold to 484 s-1 mM-1 for 10-ketostearic acid derived from oleic acid. Consequently, by using the variant GsBVMOC308L as an efficient biocatalyst, 10-ketostearic acid was efficiently transformed into 9-(nonanoyloxy)nonanoic acid, with a space-time yield of 60.5 g L-1 d-1 . This study showed that the mutant with higher regioselectivity and catalytic efficiency could be applied to prepare medium-chain ω-hydroxy fatty acids through biotransformation of long-chain aliphatic keto acids derived from renewable plant oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Neng You
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.,Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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28
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Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Kamei T, Koyanagi J, Akimoto M. Role of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 5 in the metabolism of nabumetone: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation in the activation of the intermediate metabolite, 3-hydroxy nabumetone, to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid in vitro. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:155-166. [PMID: 33146575 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1843089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nabumetone (NAB) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used clinically, and its biotransformation includes the major active metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA). One of the key intermediates between NAB and 6-MNA may be 3-hydroxy nabumetone (3-OH-NAB). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) isoform 5 in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB. To elucidate the biotransformation of 3-OH-NAB to 6-MNA, an authentic standard of 3-OH-NAB was synthesised and used as a substrate in an incubation with human liver samples or recombinant enzymes. The formation of 3-OH-NAB was observed after the incubation of NAB with various cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. However, 6-MNA itself was rarely detected from NAB and 3-OH-NAB. Further experiments revealed a 6-MNA peak derived from 3-OH-NAB in human hepatocytes. 6-MNA was also detected in the extract obtained from 3-OH-NAB by a combined incubation of recombinant human FMO5 and human liver S9. We herein demonstrated that the reaction involves carbon-carbon cleavage catalyzed by the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (BVO) of a carbonyl compound, the BVO substrate, such as a ketol, by FMO5. Further in vitro inhibition experiments showed that multiple non-CYP enzymes are involved in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Junichi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
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29
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Microbial Modifications of Androstane and Androstene Steroids by Penicillium vinaceum. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184226. [PMID: 32942593 PMCID: PMC7570940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biotransformation of steroid compounds is a promising, environmentally friendly route to new pharmaceuticals and hormones. One of the reaction types common in the metabolic fate of steroids is Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, which in the case of cyclic ketones, such as steroids, leads to lactones. Fungal enzymes catalyzing this reaction, Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs), have been shown to possess broad substrate scope, selectivity, and catalytic performance competitive to chemical oxidation, being far more environmentally green. This study covers the biotransformation of a series of androstane steroids (epiandrosterone and androsterone) and androstene steroids (progesterone, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, 19-OH-androstenedione, testosterone, and 19-nortestosterone) by the cultures of filamentous fungus Penicillium vinaceum AM110. The transformation was monitored by GC and the resulting products were identified on the basis of chromatographic and spectral data. The investigated fungus carries out effective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the substrates. Interestingly, introduction of the 19-OH group into androstenedione skeleton has significant inhibitory effect on the BVMO activity, as the 10-day transformation leaves half of the 19-OH-androstenedione unreacted. The metabolic fate of epiandrosterone and androsterone, the only 5α-saturated substrates among the investigated compounds, is more complicated. The transformation of these two substrates combined with time course monitoring revealed that each substrate is converted into three products, corresponding to oxidation at C-3 and C-17, with different time profiles and yields.
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30
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Chevalier Y, Lock Toy Ki Y, Herrero C, le Nouën D, Mahy JP, Goddard JP, Avenier F. Characterization in aqueous medium of an FMN semiquinone radical stabilized by the enzyme-like microenvironment of a modified polyethyleneimine. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4386-4389. [PMID: 32469356 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00864h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The elusive flavin semiquinone intermediate found in flavoproteins such as cryptochromes has been obtained in aqueous solution by single electron reduction of the natural FMN cofactor using sodium ascorbate. This species was formed in the local hydrophobic microenvironment of a modified polyethyleneimine and characterized by UV-Visible, fluorescence and EPR spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Chevalier
- ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris Saclay, rue du doyen Georges Poitou, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Yvette Lock Toy Ki
- LIMA, UMR CNRS 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 68100 Mulhouse, France.
| | - Christian Herrero
- ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris Saclay, rue du doyen Georges Poitou, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Didier le Nouën
- LIMA, UMR CNRS 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 68100 Mulhouse, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Mahy
- ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris Saclay, rue du doyen Georges Poitou, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- LIMA, UMR CNRS 7042, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 68100 Mulhouse, France.
| | - Frédéric Avenier
- ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris Saclay, rue du doyen Georges Poitou, 91405 Orsay, France.
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31
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Ceccoli RD, Bianchi DA, Carabajal MA, Rial DV. Genome mining reveals new bacterial type I Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases with (bio)synthetic potential. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Xu N, Zhu J, Wu YQ, Zhang Y, Xia JY, Zhao Q, Lin GQ, Yu HL, Xu JH. Enzymatic Preparation of the Chiral (S)-Sulfoxide Drug Esomeprazole at Pilot-Scale Levels. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yin-Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-Ye Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Drug Development, Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 766 Kening Road, Nanjing 211112, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Drug Development, Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 766 Kening Road, Nanjing 211112, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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33
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Mansouri HR, Mihovilovic MD, Rudroff F. Investigation of a New Type I Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase from Amycolatopsis thermoflava Revealed High Thermodynamic but Limited Kinetic Stability. Chembiochem 2020; 21:971-977. [PMID: 31608538 PMCID: PMC7187199 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are remarkable biocatalysts, but, due to their low stability, their application in industry is hampered. Thus, there is a high demand to expand on the diversity and increase the stability of this class of enzyme. Starting from a known thermostable BVMO sequence from Thermocrispum municipale (TmCHMO), a novel BVMO from Amycolaptosis thermoflava (BVMOFlava ), which was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), was identified. The activity and stability of the purified enzyme was investigated and the substrate profile for structurally different cyclohexanones and cyclobutanones was assigned. The enzyme showed a lower activity than that of cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMOAcineto ) from Acinetobacter sp., as the prototype BVMO, but indicated higher kinetic stability by showing a twofold longer half-life at 30 °C. The thermodynamic stability, as represented by the melting temperature, resulted in a Tm value of 53.1 °C for BVMOFlava , which was comparable to the Tm of TmCHMO (ΔTm =1 °C) and significantly higher than the Tm value for CHMOAcineto ((ΔTm =14.6 °C)). A strong deviation between the thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of BVMOFlava was observed; this might have a major impact on future enzyme discovery for BVMOs and their synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Mansouri
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | | | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
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34
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Abstract
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) are ancient enzymes present in all kingdoms of life. FMOs typically catalyze the incorporation of an oxygen atom from molecular oxygen into small molecules. To date, the majority of functional characterization studies have been performed on mammalian, fungal and bacterial FMOs, showing that they play fundamental roles in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. By contrast, our understanding of FMOs across the plant kingdom is very limited, despite plants possessing far greater FMO diversity compared to both bacteria and other multicellular organisms. Here, we review the progress of plant FMO research, with a focus on FMO diversity and functionality. Significantly, of the FMOs characterized to date, they all perform oxygenation reactions that are crucial steps within hormone metabolism, pathogen resistance, signaling and chemical defense. This demonstrates the fundamental role FMOs have within plant metabolism, and presents significant opportunities for future research pursuits and downstream applications.
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35
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Naim A, Chevalier Y, Bouzidi Y, Gairola P, Mialane P, Dolbecq A, Avenier F, Mahy JP. Aerobic oxidation catalyzed by polyoxometalates associated to an artificial reductase at room temperature and in water. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00442a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Four polyoxometalates (POMs) were combined with an artificial reductase based on polyethyleneimine (PEI) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) which is capable of delivering single electrons upon addition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Naim
- LCBB
- ICMMO
- Univ Paris-Sud
- Université Paris Saclay
- 91405 Orsay
| | - Yoan Chevalier
- LCBB
- ICMMO
- Univ Paris-Sud
- Université Paris Saclay
- 91405 Orsay
| | - Younes Bouzidi
- LCBB
- ICMMO
- Univ Paris-Sud
- Université Paris Saclay
- 91405 Orsay
| | | | - Pierre Mialane
- Université Paris Saclay
- UVSQ
- CNRS
- UMR 8180
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
| | - Anne Dolbecq
- Université Paris Saclay
- UVSQ
- CNRS
- UMR 8180
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
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36
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Song JW, Seo JH, Oh DK, Bornscheuer UT, Park JB. Design and engineering of whole-cell biocatalytic cascades for the valorization of fatty acids. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01802f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the key factors to construct a productive whole-cell biocatalytic cascade exemplified for the biotransformation of renewable fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Song
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Seo
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology
- Kookmin University
- Seoul 02707
- Republic of Korea
| | - Doek-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis
- Greifswald University
- 17487 Greifswald
- Germany
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biosystems Engineering
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37
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Kruis AJ, Bohnenkamp AC, Patinios C, van Nuland YM, Levisson M, Mars AE, van den Berg C, Kengen SW, Weusthuis RA. Microbial production of short and medium chain esters: Enzymes, pathways, and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fürst MJLJ, Gran-Scheuch A, Aalbers FS, Fraaije MW. Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases: Tunable Oxidative Biocatalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. L. J. Fürst
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Friso S. Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
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Pongpamorn P, Watthaisong P, Pimviriyakul P, Jaruwat A, Lawan N, Chitnumsub P, Chaiyen P. Identification of a Hotspot Residue for Improving the Thermostability of a Flavin‐Dependent Monooxygenase. Chembiochem 2019; 20:3020-3031. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pornkanok Pongpamorn
- School of Biomolecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Pratchaya Watthaisong
- School of Biomolecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Panu Pimviriyakul
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Engineering and Industrial TechnologySilpakorn University 6 Rajamankha Nai Road Nakornpathom 73000 Thailand
| | - Aritsara Jaruwat
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 113 Thailand Science Park Paholyothin Road Klong 1 Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Narin Lawan
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Penchit Chitnumsub
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 113 Thailand Science Park Paholyothin Road Klong 1 Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
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40
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Multi-level engineering of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase-based Escherichia coli biocatalysts for the production of C9 chemicals from oleic acid. Metab Eng 2019; 54:137-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Issa IS, Toogood HS, Johannissen LO, Raftery J, Scrutton NS, Gardiner JM. C3 and C6 Modification-Specific OYE Biotransformations of Synthetic Carvones and Sequential BVMO Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Chiral Caprolactones. Chemistry 2019; 25:2983-2988. [PMID: 30468546 PMCID: PMC6468273 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The scope for biocatalytic modification of non-native carvone derivatives for speciality intermediates has hitherto been limited. Additionally, caprolactones are important feedstocks with diverse applications in the polymer industry and new non-native terpenone-derived biocatalytic caprolactone syntheses are thus of potential value for industrial biocatalytic materials applications. Biocatalytic reduction of synthetic analogues of R-(-)-carvone with additional substituents at C3 or C6, or both C3 and C6, using three types of OYEs (OYE2, PETNR and OYE3) shows significant impact of both regio-substitution and the substrate diastereomer. Bioreduction of (-)-carvone derivatives substituted with a Me and/or OH group at C6 is highly dependent on the diastereomer of the substrate. Derivatives bearing C6 substituents larger than methyl moieties are not substrates. Computer docking studies of PETNR with both (6S)-Me and (6R)-Me substituted (-)-carvone provides a model consistent with the outcomes of bioconversion. The products of bioreduction were efficiently biotransformed by the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVase) CHMO_Phi1 to afford novel trisubstituted lactones with complete regioselectivity to provide a new biocatalytic entry to these chiral caprolactones. This provides both new non-native polymerization feedstock chemicals, but also with enhanced efficiency and selectivity over native (+)-dihydrocarvone Baeyer-Villigerase expansion. Optimum enzymatic reactions were scaled up to 60-100 mg, demonstrating the utility for preparative biocatalytic synthesis of both new synthetic scaffold-modified dihydrocarvones and efficient biocatalytic entry to new chiral caprolactones, which are potential single-isomer chiral polymer feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa S. Issa
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and the School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Helen S. Toogood
- BBSRC/EPSRC Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre, for Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and the School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Linus O. Johannissen
- BBSRC/EPSRC Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre, for Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and the School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - James Raftery
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and the School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- BBSRC/EPSRC Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre, for Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and the School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - John M. Gardiner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and the School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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42
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Willetts A. Characterised Flavin-Dependent Two-Component Monooxygenases from the CAM Plasmid of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453 (NCIMB 10007): ketolactonases by Another Name. Microorganisms 2018; 7:E1. [PMID: 30577535 PMCID: PMC6352141 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The CAM plasmid-coded isoenzymic diketocamphane monooxygenases induced in Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453 (NCIMB 10007) by growth of the bacterium on the bicyclic monoterpene (rac)-camphor are notable both for their interesting history, and their strategic importance in chemoenzymatic syntheses. Originally named 'ketolactonase-an enzyme system for cyclic lactonization' because of its characterised mode of action, (+)-camphor-induced 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase was the first example of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase activity to be confirmed in vitro. Both this enzyme and the enantiocomplementary (-)-camphor-induced 3,6-diketocamphane 1,6-monooxygenase were mistakenly classified and studied as coenzyme-containing flavoproteins for nearly 40 years before being correctly recognised and reinvestigated as FMN-dependent two-component monooxygenases. As has subsequently become evident, both the nature and number of flavin reductases able to supply the requisite reduced flavin co-substrate for the monooxygenases changes progressively throughout the different phases of camphor-dependent growth. Highly purified preparations of the enantiocomplementary monooxygenases have been exploited successfully for undertaking both nucleophilic and electrophilic biooxidations generating various enantiopure lactones and sulfoxides of value as chiral synthons and auxiliaries, respectively. In this review the chequered history, current functional understanding, and scope and value as biocatalysts of the diketocamphane monooxygenases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Willetts
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.
- Curnow Consultancies, Helston TR13 9PQ, UK.
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43
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Chevalier Y, Lock Toy Ki Y, le Nouen D, Mahy JP, Goddard JP, Avenier F. Aerobic Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Catalyzed by a Flavin-Containing Enzyme Mimic in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Chevalier
- Univ Paris Sud; Université Paris Saclay; LCBB, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182; 91405 Orsay France
| | - Yvette Lock Toy Ki
- Université de Haute-Alsace; Université de Strasbourg; CNRS, LIMA UMR 7042; 68100 Mulhouse France
| | - Didier le Nouen
- Université de Haute-Alsace; Université de Strasbourg; CNRS, LIMA UMR 7042; 68100 Mulhouse France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mahy
- Univ Paris Sud; Université Paris Saclay; LCBB, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182; 91405 Orsay France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- Université de Haute-Alsace; Université de Strasbourg; CNRS, LIMA UMR 7042; 68100 Mulhouse France
| | - Frédéric Avenier
- Univ Paris Sud; Université Paris Saclay; LCBB, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182; 91405 Orsay France
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44
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Chevalier Y, Lock Toy Ki Y, le Nouen D, Mahy JP, Goddard JP, Avenier F. Aerobic Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Catalyzed by a Flavin-Containing Enzyme Mimic in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16412-16415. [PMID: 30358055 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct incorporation of molecular oxygen into small organic molecules has attracted much attention for the development of new environmentally friendly oxidation processes. In line with this approach, bioinspired systems mimicking enzyme activities are of particular interest since they may perform catalysis in aqueous media. Demonstrated herein is the incorporation of a natural flavin cofactor (FMN) into the specific microenvironment of a water-soluble polymer which allows the efficient reduction of the FMN by NADH in aqueous solution. Once reduced, this artificial flavoenzyme can then activate molecular dioxygen under aerobic conditions and result in the Baeyer-Villiger reaction at room temperature in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Chevalier
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, LCBB, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Yvette Lock Toy Ki
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIMA UMR 7042, 68100, Mulhouse, France
| | - Didier le Nouen
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIMA UMR 7042, 68100, Mulhouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mahy
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, LCBB, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIMA UMR 7042, 68100, Mulhouse, France
| | - Frédéric Avenier
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, LCBB, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, 91405, Orsay, France
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45
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Fordwour OB, Luka G, Hoorfar M, Wolthers KR. Kinetic characterization of acetone monooxygenase from Gordonia sp. strain TY-5. AMB Express 2018; 8:181. [PMID: 30392152 PMCID: PMC6215540 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetone monooxygenase (ACMO) is a unique member of the Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) family based on its ability to act on small ketones, such as acetone. Herein, we performed a kinetic analysis of ACMO from the propane-utilizing bacterium Gordonia sp. strain TY-5 to assess its preference for smaller ketone substrates. Steady state kinetic analysis of ACMO with a range of linear (C3–C7) and cyclic ketones (C4–C6) reveals that the enzyme elicits the highest catalytic efficiency towards butanone and cyclobutanone. Stopped-flow and inhibition studies further revealed that ACMO has a relatively weak binding affinity for the coenzyme with a dissociation constant of 120 μM. We show through mutagenesis that sequence variation in the residue that coordinates to the 2′-phosphate of NADP(H) partially accounts for the weaker binding affinity observed. As for shown for related BVMOs, NADP+ stabilizes the C4a-peroxyflavin intermediate in ACMO; however, the rate of its formation is considerably slower in ACMO. The observed rate constant for NADPH-dependent flavin reduction was 60 s−1 at 25 °C, and experiments performed with 4(R)-[4-2H]NADPH confirm that the C4-pro-R-hydride from the nicotinamide ring is transferred to the FAD. The latter experimental result suggests that the nicotinamide ring rotates within the active site to carry out its two functional roles: reduction of the FAD cofactor and stabilization of the C4a-peroxyflavin adduct.
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46
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Winkler M, Geier M, Hanlon SP, Nidetzky B, Glieder A. Human Enzymes for Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13406-13423. [PMID: 29600541 PMCID: PMC6334177 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human enzymes have been widely studied in various disciplines. The number of reactions taking place in the human body is vast, and so is the number of potential catalysts for synthesis. Herein, we focus on the application of human enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions in course of the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Some of these reactions have been explored on the preparative scale. The major field of application of human enzymes is currently drug development, where they are applied for the synthesis of drug metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Winkler
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- acib GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | | | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- acib GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 128010GrazAustria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
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47
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Fordwour OB, Wolthers KR. Active site arginine controls the stereochemistry of hydride transfer in cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 659:47-56. [PMID: 30287236 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) uses NADPH and O2 to insert oxygen into an array of (a)cyclic ketones to form esters or lactones. Herein, the role of two conserved active site residues (R327 and D57) in controlling the binding mode of NADP(H) was investigated. Wild type CHMO elicits a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 4.7 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.1 with 4(R)-[4-2H]NADPH and 4(S)-[4-2H]NADPH, respectively, consistent with transfer of the proR hydrogen to FAD. Strikingly, the R327K variant appears to lack stereospecificity for hydride transfer as a KIE of 1.5 ± 0.1 and 2.5 ± 0.1 was observed for the proR and proS deuterated forms of NADPH. 1H NMR of the NADP+ products confirmed that the R327K variant abstracts either the proR or proS hydrogen from NADPH. While the D57A variant retained stereospecificity for the proR hydrogen, this substitution resulted in slow decomposition of the C4a-peroxyflavin intermediate in the presence of cyclohexanone. Based on published structures of a related flavin monooxygenase, we suggest that elimination of the hydrogen bond between D57 and R327 in the D57A variant causes R327 to adopt a substrate-induced conformation that slows substrate access to the active site, thereby prolonging the lifetime of the C4a-peroxyflavin intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osei Boakye Fordwour
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Kirsten R Wolthers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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48
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Winkler M, Geier M, Hanlon SP, Nidetzky B, Glieder A. Humane Enzyme für die organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margit Winkler
- Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
- acib GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
| | | | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- acib GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Bioprozesstechnik; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
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49
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Active site variants provide insight into the nature of conformational changes that accompany the cyclohexanone monooxygenase catalytic cycle. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 654:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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50
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Yu JM, Liu YY, Zheng YC, Li H, Zhang XY, Zheng GW, Li CX, Bai YP, Xu JH. Direct Access to Medium-Chain α,ω-Dicarboxylic Acids by Using a Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase of Abnormal Regioselectivity. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2049-2054. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Yu-Cong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Gao-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Yun-Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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