1
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Shakhi PK, Bijeesh MM, Hareesh J, Joseph T, Nandakumar P, K. Varier G. Size-dependent steady state saturation limit in biomolecular transport through nuclear membranes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297738. [PMID: 38626108 PMCID: PMC11020410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus preserves the genomic DNA of eukaryotic organisms and maintains the integrity of the cell by regulating the transport of molecules across the nuclear membrane. It is hitherto assumed that small molecules having a size below the passive permeability limit are allowed to diffuse freely to the nucleus while the transport of larger molecules is regulated via an active mechanism involving energy. Here we report on the kinetics of nuclear import and export of dextran molecules having a size below the passive permeability limit. The studies carried out using time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy show a clear deviation from the passive diffusion model. In particular, it is observed that the steady-state concentration of dextran molecules inside the nucleus is consistently less than the concentration outside, in contradiction to the predictions of the passive diffusion model. Detailed analysis and modeling of the transport show that the nuclear export rates significantly differ from the import rates, and the difference in rates is dependent on the size of the molecules. The nuclear export rates are further confirmed by an independent experimental study where we observe the diffusion of dextran molecules from the nucleus directly. Our experiments and transport model would suggest that the nucleus actively rejects exogenous macromolecules even below the passive permeability limit. This result can have a significant impact on biomedical research, especially in areas related to targeted drug delivery and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Shakhi
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - M. M. Bijeesh
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - J. Hareesh
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Toby Joseph
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - P. Nandakumar
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Geetha K. Varier
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
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2
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Rush C, Jiang Z, Tingey M, Feng F, Yang W. Unveiling the complexity: assessing models describing the structure and function of the nuclear pore complex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1245939. [PMID: 37876551 PMCID: PMC10591098 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1245939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) serves as a pivotal subcellular structure, acting as a gateway that orchestrates nucleocytoplasmic transport through a selectively permeable barrier. Nucleoporins (Nups), particularly those containing phenylalanine-glycine (FG) motifs, play indispensable roles within this barrier. Recent advancements in technology have significantly deepened our understanding of the NPC's architecture and operational intricacies, owing to comprehensive investigations. Nevertheless, the conspicuous presence of intrinsically disordered regions within FG-Nups continues to present a formidable challenge to conventional static characterization techniques. Historically, a multitude of strategies have been employed to unravel the intricate organization and behavior of FG-Nups within the NPC. These endeavors have given rise to multiple models that strive to elucidate the structural layout and functional significance of FG-Nups. Within this exhaustive review, we present a comprehensive overview of these prominent models, underscoring their proposed dynamic and structural attributes, supported by pertinent research. Through a comparative analysis, we endeavor to shed light on the distinct characteristics and contributions inherent in each model. Simultaneously, it remains crucial to acknowledge the scarcity of unequivocal validation for any of these models, as substantiated by empirical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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Onishi K, Ishihara S, Takahashi M, Sakai A, Enomoto A, Suzuki K, Haga H. Substrate stiffness induces nuclear localization of myosin regulatory light chain to suppress apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:643-656. [PMID: 36723402 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness of the extracellular matrix regulates various biological responses, but the response mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we found that the nuclear diphosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain (2P-MRLC) is a critical mechanomediator that suppresses apoptosis in response to substrate stiffness. Stiff substrates promoted the nuclear localization of 2P-MRLC. Zipper-interacting protein kinase [ZIPK; also known as death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3)], a kinase for MRLC, was localized in the nucleus in response to stiff substrates and promoted the nuclear localization of 2P-MRLC. Moreover, actin fiber formation induced by substrate stiffness promoted the nuclear localization of 2P-MRLC via ZIPK. 2P-MRLC in response to substrate stiffness suppressed the expression of MAF bZIP transcription factor B (MafB) and repressed apoptosis. These findings reveal a newly identified role of MRLC in mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Onishi
- Division of Soft Matter, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ishihara
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sakai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Fredericia PM, Siragusa M, Köster U, Severin G, Groesser T, Jensen M. Cs-131 as an experimental tool for the investigation and quantification of the radiotoxicity of intracellular Auger decays in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:39-52. [PMID: 32600084 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1787541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this work, we set out to provide an experimental setup, using Cs-131, with associated dosimetry for studying relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of Auger emitters. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cs-131 decays by 100% electron capture producing K- (9%) and L- (80%) Auger electrons with mean energies of 26 keV and 3.5 keV, respectively, plus ≈ 9.4 very low energy electrons (<0.5 keV) per decay. Cs-131 accumulates in the cells through the Na+/K+-ATPase. By this uptake mechanism and the alkali chemistry of Cs+, we argue for its intracellular homogeneous distribution. Cs-131 was added to the cell culture medium of HeLa and V79 Cells. The bio-kinetics of Cs-131 (uptake, release, intracellular distribution) was examined by measuring its intracellular activity concentration over time. Taking advantage of the 100% confluent cellular monolayer, we developed a new and robust dosimetry that is entrusted to a quantity called SC-value. RESULTS The SC-values evaluated in the cell nucleus are almost independent of the nuclear size and geometry. We obtained dose-rate controlled RBE-values for intracellular Cs-131 decay. Using the γH2AX assay, the RBE was 1 for HeLa cells. Using the clonogenic cell survival, it was 3.9 for HeLa cells and 3.2 for V79 cells. CONCLUSION This experimental setup and dosimetry provides reliable RBE-values for Auger emitters in various cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulli Köster
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Mikael Jensen
- The Hevesy Laboratory, DTU-Nutech, Roskilde, Denmark
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5
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Raices M, D'Angelo MA. Analysis of Nuclear Pore Complex Permeability in Mammalian Cells and Isolated Nuclei Using Fluorescent Dextrans. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2502:69-80. [PMID: 35412231 PMCID: PMC9278988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2337-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells the nuclear envelope encloses the genome separating it from the rest of the cell. Nuclear pore complexes are large multi protein channels that perforate the nuclear envelope, connecting the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Besides controlling nucleocytoplasmic molecule exchange, nuclear pore complexes create a permeability barrier that defines the maximum size of molecules that can freely diffuse into the nucleus. Accumulating evidence indicate that the permeability barrier of the nucleus can vary in different cellular conditions, during aging and in disease. Here we provide a simple protocol to analyze changes in nuclear permeability in plasma membrane-permeabilized cells and isolated nuclei using fluorescent dextrans of different sizes and confocal microscopy. The methods described herein represent a valuable resource to researchers studying the function of nuclear pore complexes and the dynamics of nuclear permeability in different cell types and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Raices
- Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maximiliano A D'Angelo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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6
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Havrdová M, Urbančič I, Bartoň Tománková K, Malina L, Štrancar J, Bourlinos AB. Self-Targeting of Carbon Dots into the Cell Nucleus: Diverse Mechanisms of Toxicity in NIH/3T3 and L929 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115608. [PMID: 34070594 PMCID: PMC8198156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand the nanomaterials intracellular trafficking and distribution and investigate their targeting into the nuclear area in the living cells. In our previous study, we firstly observed penetration of nonmodified positively charged carbon dots decorated with quaternary ammonium groups (QCDs) into the nucleus of mouse NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Thus, in this work, we focused on deeper study of QCDs distribution inside two healthy mouse NIH/3T3 and L929 cell lines by fluorescence microspectroscopy and performed a comprehensive cytotoxic and DNA damage measurements. Real-time penetration of QCDs across the plasma cell membrane was recorded, concentration dependent uptake was determined and endocytic pathways were characterized. We found out that the QCDs concentration of 200 µg/mL is close to saturation and subsequently, NIH/3T3 had a different cell cycle profile, however, no significant changes in viability (not even in the case with QCDs in the nuclei) and DNA damage. In the case of L929, the presence of QCDs in the nucleus evoked a cellular death. Intranuclear environment of NIH/3T3 cells affected fluorescent properties of QCDs and evoked fluorescence blue shifts. Studying the intracellular interactions with CDs is essential for development of future applications such as DNA sensing, because CDs as DNA probes have not yet been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Havrdová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Křížkovského 511/8, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-58-563-4384
| | - Iztok Urbančič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics Department, “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.U.); (J.Š.)
| | - Kateřina Bartoň Tománková
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translation Medicine, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (K.B.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Lukáš Malina
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translation Medicine, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (K.B.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Janez Štrancar
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics Department, “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.U.); (J.Š.)
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7
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Regions of bovine adenovirus-3 IVa2 involved in nuclear/nucleolar localization and interaction with pV. Virology 2020; 546:25-37. [PMID: 32452415 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine adenovirus-3 (BAdV-3) is a non enveloped, icosahedral DNA virus containing a genome of 34446 bps. The intermediate region of BAdV-3 encodes pIX and IVa2 proteins. Here, we report the characterization of BAdV-3 IVa2. Anti-IVa2 serum detected a 50 kDa protein at 24-48 h post infection in BAdV-3 infected cells. The IVa2 localizes to nucleus and nucleolus of BAdV-3 infected cells. Analysis of mutant IVa2 demonstrated that amino acids 1-25 and 373-448 are required for nuclear and nucleolar localization of IVa2, respectively. The nuclear import of IVa2 utilize importin α -1 of importin nuclear import pathway. Although deletion/substitution of amino acids 4-18 is sufficient to abrogate the nuclear localization of IVa2, amino acids 1-25 are required for nuclear localization of a cytoplasmic protein. Furthermore, we demonstrate that amino acids 1-25 and 120-140 of IVa2 interact with importin α-1 and pV proteins, respectively in BAdV-3 infected cells.
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8
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Tatulian SA, Kandel N. Membrane Pore Formation by Peptides Studied by Fluorescence Techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2003:449-464. [PMID: 31218629 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9512-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pore formation in cellular membranes by pathogen-derived proteins is a mechanism utilized by a set of microbes to exert their cytotoxic effect. On the other hand, the host cells have developed a defense mechanism to produce antimicrobial peptides to kill the pathogens by a similar, membrane perforation mechanism. Furthermore, certain endogenous proteins or peptides kill the parent cells through membrane permeabilization. Analysis of the molecular details of membrane pore formation is often conducted using artificial systems, such as bilayer lipid membranes and synthetic peptides. This chapter describes two fluorescence-based methods to study peptide-induced membrane leakage. One method involves preparation of lipid vesicles loaded with a fluorophore (e.g., calcein or carboxyfluorescein) at a self-quenching concentration. If the externally added peptide forms relatively large pores (≥1 nm in diameter), the fluorophore leaks out and undergoes dequenching, resulting in time-dependent increase in fluorescence. The other method is designed to monitor smaller pores (<1 nm in diameter). It involves preparation of vesicles in a Ca2+-less buffer, containing a Ca2+-dependent fluorophore, such as Quin-2. Removal of external Quin-2 by a desalting column and addition of an appropriate concentration of CaCl2 externally sequesters Quin-2 and Ca2+ ions by the vesicle membrane. Addition of the pore-forming peptide to these vesicles results in membrane permeabilization, Ca2+ influx and binding to Quin-2. In both cases, the kinetics of the increase of fluorescence and its equilibrium levels allow quantitative analysis of the pore formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suren A Tatulian
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Nabin Kandel
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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9
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Xia Y, Ivanovska IL, Zhu K, Smith L, Irianto J, Pfeifer CR, Alvey CM, Ji J, Liu D, Cho S, Bennett RR, Liu AJ, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. Nuclear rupture at sites of high curvature compromises retention of DNA repair factors. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3796-3808. [PMID: 30171044 PMCID: PMC6219729 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus is physically linked to the cytoskeleton, adhesions, and extracellular matrix-all of which sustain forces, but their relationships to DNA damage are obscure. We show that nuclear rupture with cytoplasmic mislocalization of multiple DNA repair factors correlates with high nuclear curvature imposed by an external probe or by cell attachment to either aligned collagen fibers or stiff matrix. Mislocalization is greatly enhanced by lamin A depletion, requires hours for nuclear reentry, and correlates with an increase in pan-nucleoplasmic foci of the DNA damage marker γH2AX. Excess DNA damage is rescued in ruptured nuclei by cooverexpression of multiple DNA repair factors as well as by soft matrix or inhibition of actomyosin tension. Increased contractility has the opposite effect, and stiff tumors with low lamin A indeed exhibit increased nuclear curvature, more frequent nuclear rupture, and excess DNA damage. Additional stresses likely play a role, but the data suggest high curvature promotes nuclear rupture, which compromises retention of DNA repair factors and favors sustained damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xia
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Irena L. Ivanovska
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kuangzheng Zhu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lucas Smith
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charlotte R. Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cory M. Alvey
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jiazheng Ji
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dazhen Liu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sangkyun Cho
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rachel R. Bennett
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrea J. Liu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Correspondence to Dennis E. Discher:
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10
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Liu Y, Pujals S, Stals PJM, Paulöhrl T, Presolski SI, Meijer EW, Albertazzi L, Palmans ARA. Catalytically Active Single-Chain Polymeric Nanoparticles: Exploring Their Functions in Complex Biological Media. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3423-3433. [PMID: 29457449 PMCID: PMC5997400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic single-chain polymeric nanoparticles (SCPNs) are intriguing, bioinspired architectures that result from the collapse or folding of an individual polymer chain into a nanometer-sized particle. Here we present a detailed biophysical study on the behavior of dynamic SCPNs in living cells and an evaluation of their catalytic functionality in such a complex medium. We first developed a number of delivery strategies that allowed the selective localization of SCPNs in different cellular compartments. Live/dead tests showed that the SCPNs were not toxic to cells while spectral imaging revealed that SCPNs provide a structural shielding and reduced the influence from the outer biological media. The ability of SCPNs to act as catalysts in biological media was first assessed by investigating their potential for reactive oxygen species generation. With porphyrins covalently attached to the SCPNs, singlet oxygen was generated upon irradiation with light, inducing spatially controlled cell death. In addition, Cu(I)- and Pd(II)-based SCPNs were prepared and these catalysts were screened in vitro and studied in cellular environments for the carbamate cleavage reaction of rhodamine-based substrates. This is a model reaction for the uncaging of bioactive compounds such as cytotoxic drugs for catalysis-based cancer therapy. We observed that the rate of the deprotection depends on both the organometallic catalysts and the nature of the protective group. The rate reduces from in vitro to the biological environment, indicating a strong influence of biomolecules on catalyst performance. The Cu(I)-based SCPNs in combination with the dimethylpropargyloxycarbonyl protective group showed the best performances both in vitro and in biological environment, making this group promising in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliu Liu
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sílvia Pujals
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick J. M. Stals
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Paulöhrl
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stanislav I. Presolski
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory
for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Ma J, Shen M, Xu CS, Sun Y, Duan YR, Du LF. Biodegradable double-targeted PTX-mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles for ultrasound contrast enhanced imaging and antitumor therapy in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80008-80018. [PMID: 27835907 PMCID: PMC5346767 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A porous-structure nano-scale ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) was made of monomethoxypoly (ethylene glycol)-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA), and modified by double-targeted antibody: anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and anti-carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), as a double-targeted nanoparticles (NPs). Anti-tumor drug paclitaxel (PTX) was encapsulated in the double-targeted nanoparticles (NPs). The morphor and release curve were characterized. We verified a certain anticancer effect of PTX-NPs through cytotoxicity experiments. The cell uptake result showed much more NPs may be facilitated to ingress the cells or tissues with ultrasound (US) or ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) transient sonoporation in vitro. Ultrasound contrast-enhanced images in vitro and in vivo were investigated. Compared with SonoVue, the NPs prolonged imaging time in rabbit kidneys and tumor of nude mice, which make it possible to further enhance anti-tumor effects by extending retention time in the tumor region. The novel double-targeted NPs with the function of ultrasound contrast enhanced imaging and anti-tumor therapy can be a promising way in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to The First People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai 201600, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tong ji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chang Song Xu
- Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 223001, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - You Rong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Lian Fang Du
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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12
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Wang CH, Mehta P, Elbaum M. Thermodynamic Paradigm for Solution Demixing Inspired by Nuclear Transport in Living Cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:158101. [PMID: 28452496 PMCID: PMC5519409 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.158101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Living cells display a remarkable capacity to compartmentalize their functional biochemistry. A particularly fascinating example is the cell nucleus. Exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the surrounding cytoplasm does not involve traversing a lipid bilayer membrane. Instead, large protein channels known as nuclear pores cross the nuclear envelope and regulate the passage of other proteins and RNA molecules. Beyond simply gating diffusion, the system of nuclear pores and associated transport receptors is able to generate substantial concentration gradients, at the energetic expense of guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis. In contrast to conventional approaches to demixing such as reverse osmosis and dialysis, the biological system operates continuously, without application of cyclic changes in pressure or solvent exchange. Abstracting the biological paradigm, we examine this transport system as a thermodynamic machine of solution demixing. Building on the construct of free energy transduction and biochemical kinetics, we find conditions for the stable operation and optimization of the concentration gradients as a function of dissipation in the form of entropy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hao Wang
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7600001 Israel
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