1
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Jiang H, Zhang T, Kaur H, Shi T, Krishnan A, Kwon Y, Sung P, Greenberg RA. BLM helicase unwinds lagging strand substrates to assemble the ALT telomere damage response. Mol Cell 2024; 84:1684-1698.e9. [PMID: 38593805 PMCID: PMC11069441 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The Bloom syndrome (BLM) helicase is critical for alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), a homology-directed repair (HDR)-mediated telomere maintenance mechanism that is prevalent in cancers of mesenchymal origin. The DNA substrates that BLM engages to direct telomere recombination during ALT remain unknown. Here, we determine that BLM helicase acts on lagging strand telomere intermediates that occur specifically in ALT-positive cells to assemble a replication-associated DNA damage response. Loss of ATRX was permissive for BLM localization to ALT telomeres in S and G2, commensurate with the appearance of telomere C-strand-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). DNA2 nuclease deficiency increased 5'-flap formation in a BLM-dependent manner, while telomere C-strand, but not G-strand, nicks promoted ALT. These findings define the seminal events in the ALT DNA damage response, linking aberrant telomeric lagging strand DNA replication with a BLM-directed HDR mechanism that sustains telomere length in a subset of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Tao Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Aravind Krishnan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Youngho Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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2
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Krishnamoorthy V, Foglizzo M, Dilley RL, Wu A, Datta A, Dutta P, Campbell LJ, Degtjarik O, Musgrove LJ, Calabrese AN, Zeqiraj E, Greenberg RA. The SPATA5-SPATA5L1 ATPase complex directs replisome proteostasis to ensure genome integrity. Cell 2024; 187:2250-2268.e31. [PMID: 38554706 PMCID: PMC11055677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-dependent unfolding of the CMG helicase by VCP/p97 is required to terminate DNA replication. Other replisome components are not processed in the same fashion, suggesting that additional mechanisms underlie replication protein turnover. Here, we identify replisome factor interactions with a protein complex composed of AAA+ ATPases SPATA5-SPATA5L1 together with heterodimeric partners C1orf109-CINP (55LCC). An integrative structural biology approach revealed a molecular architecture of SPATA5-SPATA5L1 N-terminal domains interacting with C1orf109-CINP to form a funnel-like structure above a cylindrically shaped ATPase motor. Deficiency in the 55LCC complex elicited ubiquitin-independent proteotoxicity, replication stress, and severe chromosome instability. 55LCC showed ATPase activity that was specifically enhanced by replication fork DNA and was coupled to cysteine protease-dependent cleavage of replisome substrates in response to replication fork damage. These findings define 55LCC-mediated proteostasis as critical for replication fork progression and genome stability and provide a rationale for pathogenic variants seen in associated human neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Martina Foglizzo
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Robert L Dilley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
| | - Angela Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Arindam Datta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Parul Dutta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Lisa J Campbell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Oksana Degtjarik
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Laura J Musgrove
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Antonio N Calabrese
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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3
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Zhang T, Rawal Y, Jiang H, Kwon Y, Sung P, Greenberg RA. Break-induced replication orchestrates resection-dependent template switching. Nature 2023; 619:201-208. [PMID: 37316655 PMCID: PMC10937050 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Break-induced telomere synthesis (BITS) is a RAD51-independent form of break-induced replication that contributes to alternative lengthening of telomeres1,2. This homology-directed repair mechanism utilizes a minimal replisome comprising proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and DNA polymerase-δ to execute conservative DNA repair synthesis over many kilobases. How this long-tract homologous recombination repair synthesis responds to complex secondary DNA structures that elicit replication stress remains unclear3-5. Moreover, whether the break-induced replisome orchestrates additional DNA repair events to ensure processivity is also unclear. Here we combine synchronous double-strand break induction with proteomics of isolated chromatin segments (PICh) to capture the telomeric DNA damage response proteome during BITS1,6. This approach revealed a replication stress-dominated response, highlighted by repair synthesis-driven DNA damage tolerance signalling through RAD18-dependent PCNA ubiquitination. Furthermore, the SNM1A nuclease was identified as the major effector of ubiquitinated PCNA-dependent DNA damage tolerance. SNM1A recognizes the ubiquitin-modified break-induced replisome at damaged telomeres, and this directs its nuclease activity to promote resection. These findings show that break-induced replication orchestrates resection-dependent lesion bypass, with SNM1A nuclease activity serving as a critical effector of ubiquitinated PCNA-directed recombination in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yashpal Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Haoyang Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Youngho Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Maxwell KN, Patel V, Nead KT, Merrill S, Clark D, Jiang Q, Wubbenhorst B, D’Andrea K, Cohen RB, Domchek SM, Morrissette JJ, Greenberg RA, Babushok DV, Nathanson KL. Fanconi anemia caused by biallelic inactivation of BRCA2 can present with an atypical cancer phenotype in adulthood. Clin Genet 2023; 103:119-124. [PMID: 36089892 PMCID: PMC9742260 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inherited biallelic pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA2 cause Fanconi Anemia complementation group D1 (FA-D1), a severe pediatric bone marrow failure and high-risk cancer syndrome. We identified biallelic BRCA2 PVs in a young adult with multiple basal cell carcinomas, adult-onset colorectal cancer and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, without bone marrow failure. No PVs were identified in any other known cancer susceptibility gene, and there was no evidence of reversion mosaicism. The proband's deceased sister had a classic FA-D1 presentation and was shown to carry the same biallelic BRCA2 PVs. A lymphoblastoid cell line derived from the proband demonstrated hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents, and bone marrow showed aberrant RAD51 staining. Family expansion demonstrated the presence of BRCA2 related cancers in heterozygous family members. Our data highlight the striking phenotypic differences which can be observed within FA-D1 families and expands the clinical spectrum of FA-D1 to include adult presentation with a constellation of solid tumors not previously thought of as characteristic of Fanconi Anemia. Early recognition of this syndrome in a family could prevent further morbidity and mortality by implementation of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer screening and treatment strategies for heterozygous family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara N. Maxwell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vishal Patel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kevin T. Nead
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shana Merrill
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dana Clark
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kurt D’Andrea
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roger B. Cohen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan M. Domchek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer J.D. Morrissette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daria V. Babushok
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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5
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Ciccia A, Greenberg RA, Lees-Miller SP, Nussenzweig A. A genetic roadmap to the response to genotoxic agents in human cells. Fac Rev 2022; 11:35. [PMID: 36532708 PMCID: PMC9721265 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-0000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To maintain genome fidelity and prevent diseases such as cancer, our cells must constantly detect, and efficiently and precisely repair, DNA damage. Paradoxically, DNA-damaging agents in the form of radiation and chemotherapy are also used to treat cancer. Olivieri et al. used a CRISPR-based screen to identify genes that, when disrupted, lead to sensitivity or resistance to 27 different DNA-damaging agents used in the lab and/or in the clinic to treat cancer patients1. Their results reveal multiple new genes and connections that regulate these critical DNA damage repair pathways, with implications for basic and clinical research as well as cancer therapy.
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6
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Thada V, Greenberg RA. Unpaved roads: How the DNA damage response navigates endogenous genotoxins. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 118:103383. [PMID: 35939975 PMCID: PMC9703833 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate DNA repair is essential for cellular and organismal homeostasis, and DNA repair defects result in genetic diseases and cancer predisposition. Several environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light, damage DNA, but many other molecules with DNA damaging potential are byproducts of normal cellular processes. In this review, we highlight some of the prominent sources of endogenous DNA damage as well as their mechanisms of repair, with a special focus on repair by the homologous recombination and Fanconi anemia pathways. We also discuss how modulating DNA damage caused by endogenous factors may augment current approaches used to treat BRCA-deficient cancers. Finally, we describe how synthetic lethal interactions may be exploited to exacerbate DNA repair deficiencies and cause selective toxicity in additional types of cancers.
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7
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Jiang Q, Foglizzo M, Morozov YI, Yang X, Datta A, Tian L, Thada V, Li W, Zeqiraj E, Greenberg RA. Autologous K63 deubiquitylation within the BRCA1-A complex licenses DNA damage recognition. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213388. [PMID: 35938958 PMCID: PMC9386975 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRCA1-A complex contains matching lysine-63 ubiquitin (K63-Ub) binding and deubiquitylating activities. How these functionalities are coordinated to effectively respond to DNA damage remains unknown. We generated Brcc36 deubiquitylating enzyme (DUB) inactive mice to address this gap in knowledge in a physiologic system. DUB inactivation impaired BRCA1-A complex damage localization and repair activities while causing early lethality when combined with Brca2 mutation. Damage response dysfunction in DUB-inactive cells corresponded to increased K63-Ub on RAP80 and BRCC36. Chemical cross-linking coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and cryogenic-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analyses of isolated BRCA1-A complexes demonstrated the RAP80 ubiquitin interaction motifs are occupied by ubiquitin exclusively in the DUB-inactive complex, linking auto-inhibition by internal K63-Ub chains to loss of damage site ubiquitin recognition. These findings identify RAP80 and BRCC36 as autologous DUB substrates in the BRCA1-A complex, thus explaining the evolution of matching ubiquitin-binding and hydrolysis activities within a single macromolecular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Martina Foglizzo
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yaroslav I Morozov
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xuejiao Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Arindam Datta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vaughn Thada
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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8
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Chandler F, Walden M, Reddy PAN, Cassel J, Bell L, Campbell L, Foglizzo M, Sicheri F, Salvino JM, Greenberg RA, Zeqiraj E. First‐in‐class Deubiquitylase Inhibitors Reveal New Enzyme Conformations. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chandler
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeeds
| | - Miriam Walden
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeeds
| | | | - Joel Cassel
- The Wistar Cancer Center for Molecular ScreeningThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA
| | - Lillie Bell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeeds
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeeds
| | - Martina Foglizzo
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeeds
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai HospitalTorontoON
| | - Joseph M. Salvino
- The Wistar Cancer Center for Molecular ScreeningThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphiaPA
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Department of Cancer BiologyBasser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeeds
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9
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Zhang T, Greenberg RA. The inner workings of replisome-dependent control of DNA damage tolerance. Genes Dev 2022; 36:103-105. [PMID: 35193944 PMCID: PMC8887134 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349408.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA is continuously challenged by endogenous and exogenous sources of damage. The resulting lesions may act as physical blocks to DNA replication, necessitating repair mechanisms to be intrinsically coupled to the DNA replisome machinery. DNA damage tolerance (DDT) is comprised of translesion synthesis (TLS) and template switch (TS) repair processes that allow the replisome to bypass of bulky DNA lesions and complete DNA replication. How the replisome orchestrates which DDT repair mechanism becomes active at replication blocks has remained enigmatic. In this issue of Genes & Development, Dolce and colleagues (pp. 167-179) report that parental histone deposition by replisome components Ctf4 and Dpb3/4 promotes TS while suppressing error-prone TLS. Deletion of Dpb3/4 restored resistance to DNA-damaging agents in ctf4Δ cells at the expense of synergistic increases in mutagenesis due to elevated TLS. These findings illustrate the importance of replisome-directed chromatin maintenance to genome integrity and the response to DNA-damaging anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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10
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Cantor SB, Sellers WR, Pathania S, Greenberg RA. David Livingston (1941-2021). Mol Cell 2022. [PMID: 34995508 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - William R Sellers
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shailja Pathania
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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11
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Vessoni AT, Zhang T, Quinet A, Jeong HC, Munroe M, Wood M, Tedone E, Vindigni A, Shay JW, Greenberg RA, Batista LF. Telomere erosion in human pluripotent stem cells leads to ATR-mediated mitotic catastrophe. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211982. [PMID: 33851958 PMCID: PMC8050844 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that short telomeres activate an ATM-driven DNA damage response that leads to senescence in terminally differentiated cells. However, technical limitations have hampered our understanding of how telomere shortening is signaled in human stem cells. Here, we show that telomere attrition induces ssDNA accumulation (G-strand) at telomeres in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), but not in their differentiated progeny. This led to a unique role for ATR in the response of hPSCs to telomere shortening that culminated in an extended S/G2 cell cycle phase and a longer period of mitosis, which was associated with aneuploidy and mitotic catastrophe. Loss of p53 increased resistance to death, at the expense of increased mitotic abnormalities in hPSCs. Taken together, our data reveal an unexpected dominant role of ATR in hPSCs, combined with unique cell cycle abnormalities and, ultimately, consequences distinct from those observed in their isogenic differentiated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ho-Chang Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael Munroe
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Matthew Wood
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Enzo Tedone
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luis F.Z. Batista
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Correspondence to Luis F.Z. Batista:
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12
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Abstract
Higher-order chromatin packing serves as a structural barrier to the recognition and repair of genomic lesions. The initiation and outcome of the repair response is dictated by a highly coordinated yet complex interplay between chromatin modifying enzymes and their cognate readers, damage induced chemical modifications, nucleosome density, transcriptional state, and cell cycle-dependent availability of DNA repair machinery. The physical and chemical properties of the DNA lesions themselves further regulate the nature of ensuing chromatin responses. Here we review recent discoveries across these various contexts, where chromatin regulates the homology-guided double-strand break repair mechanism, homologous recombination, and also highlight the key knowledge gaps vital to generate a holistic understanding of this process and its contributions to genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Verma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a singularly important determinant of survival in most cancers. Historically, radiation therapy (RT) directed at a primary tumor mass was associated infrequently with remission of metastasis outside the field of irradiation. This away-from-target or "abscopal effect" received fringe attention because of its rarity. With the advent of immunotherapy, there are now increasing reports of abscopal effects upon RT in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition. This sparked investigation into underlying mechanisms and clinical trials aimed at enhancement of this effect. While these studies clearly attribute the abscopal effect to an antitumor immune response, the initial molecular triggers for its onset and specificity remain enigmatic. Here, we propose that DNA damage-induced inflammation coupled with neoantigen generation is essential during this intriguing phenomenon of systemic tumor regression and discuss the implications of this model for treatment aimed at triggering the abscopal effect in metastatic cancer.
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14
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Verma P, Zhou Y, Cao Z, Deraska PV, Deb M, Arai E, Li W, Shao Y, Puentes L, Li Y, Patankar S, Mach RH, Faryabi RB, Shi J, Greenberg RA. ALC1 links chromatin accessibility to PARP inhibitor response in homologous recombination-deficient cells. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:160-171. [PMID: 33462394 PMCID: PMC7880902 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The response to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) is dictated by homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and the abundance of lesions that trap PARP enzymes. It remains unclear, however, if the established role of PARP in promoting chromatin accessibility impacts viability in these settings. Using a CRISPR-based screen, we identified the PAR-binding chromatin remodeller ALC1/CHD1L as a key determinant of PARPi toxicity in HR-deficient cells. ALC1 loss reduced viability of breast cancer gene (BRCA)-mutant cells and enhanced sensitivity to PARPi by up to 250-fold, while overcoming several resistance mechanisms. ALC1 deficiency reduced chromatin accessibility concomitant with a decrease in the association of base damage repair factors. This resulted in an accumulation of replication-associated DNA damage, increased PARP trapping and a reliance on HR. These findings establish PAR-dependent chromatin remodelling as a mechanistically distinct aspect of PARPi responses and therapeutic target in HR-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Verma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yeqiao Zhou
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zhendong Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Peter V. Deraska
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Moniher Deb
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Eri Arai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Laura Puentes
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yiwen Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sonali Patankar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert B. Faryabi
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA,Address correspondence to: ;
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA,Address correspondence to: ;
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15
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Abstract
Cancers with DNA repair dysfunction are vulnerable to DNA-damaging agents that invoke a requirement for the disabled repair mechanism. Genome sequencing, coupled with a detailed understanding of mechanisms of DNA repair, has accelerated the discovery of pathway-selective agents that target DNA repair deficiencies in a tumor tissue agnostic manner.See related articles by Topka et al., p. 1997 and Börcsök et al., p. 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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16
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Zhang H, Zhao R, Tones J, Liu M, Dilley RL, Chenoweth DM, Greenberg RA, Lampson MA. Nuclear body phase separation drives telomere clustering in ALT cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2048-2056. [PMID: 32579423 PMCID: PMC7543070 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-10-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase-free cancer cells employ a recombination-based alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway that depends on ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (APBs), whose function is unclear. We find that APBs behave as liquid condensates in response to telomere DNA damage, suggesting two potential functions: condensation to enrich DNA repair factors and coalescence to cluster telomeres. To test these models, we developed a chemically induced dimerization approach to induce de novo APB condensation in live cells without DNA damage. We show that telomere-binding protein sumoylation nucleates APB condensation via interactions between small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and SUMO interaction motif (SIM), and that APB coalescence drives telomere clustering. The induced APBs lack DNA repair factors, indicating that APB functions in promoting telomere clustering can be uncoupled from enriching DNA repair factors. Indeed, telomere clustering relies only on liquid properties of the condensate, as an alternative condensation chemistry also induces clustering independent of sumoylation. Our findings introduce a chemical dimerization approach to manipulate phase separation and demonstrate how the material properties and chemical composition of APBs independently contribute to ALT, suggesting a general framework for how chromatin condensates promote cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiying Zhang
- Departments of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Departments of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rongwei Zhao
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jason Tones
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michel Liu
- Departments of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert L Dilley
- Penn Center for Genome Integrity, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Penn Center for Genome Integrity, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Penn Center for Genome Integrity, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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17
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Xia Y, Pfeifer CR, Zhu K, Irianto J, Liu D, Pannell K, Chen EJ, Dooling LJ, Tobin MP, Wang M, Ivanovska IL, Smith LR, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. Rescue of DNA damage after constricted migration reveals a mechano-regulated threshold for cell cycle. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2545-2563. [PMID: 31239284 PMCID: PMC6683732 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration through 3D constrictions can cause nuclear rupture and mislocalization of nuclear proteins, but damage to DNA remains uncertain, as does any effect on cell cycle. Here, myosin II inhibition rescues rupture and partially rescues the DNA damage marker γH2AX, but an apparent block in cell cycle appears unaffected. Co-overexpression of multiple DNA repair factors or antioxidant inhibition of break formation also exert partial effects, independently of rupture. Combined treatments completely rescue cell cycle suppression by DNA damage, revealing a sigmoidal dependence of cell cycle on excess DNA damage. Migration through custom-etched pores yields the same damage threshold, with ∼4-µm pores causing intermediate levels of both damage and cell cycle suppression. High curvature imposed rapidly by pores or probes or else by small micronuclei consistently associates nuclear rupture with dilution of stiff lamin-B filaments, loss of repair factors, and entry from cytoplasm of chromatin-binding cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase). The cell cycle block caused by constricted migration is nonetheless reversible, with a potential for DNA misrepair and genome variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xia
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charlotte R. Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kuangzheng Zhu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dazhen Liu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kalia Pannell
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily J. Chen
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lawrence J. Dooling
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael P. Tobin
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mai Wang
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Irena L. Ivanovska
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lucas R. Smith
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Correspondence to D.E. Discher:
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18
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Bast RC, Matulonis UA, Sood AK, Ahmed AA, Amobi AE, Balkwill FR, Wielgos-Bonvallet M, Bowtell DDL, Brenton JD, Brugge JS, Coleman RL, Draetta GF, Doberstein K, Drapkin RI, Eckert MA, Edwards RP, Elias KM, Ennis D, Futreal A, Gershenson DM, Greenberg RA, Huntsman DG, Ji JXY, Kohn EC, Iavarone C, Lengyel ER, Levine DA, Lord CJ, Lu Z, Mills GB, Modugno F, Nelson BH, Odunsi K, Pilsworth JA, Rottapel RK, Powell DJ, Shen L, Shih LM, Spriggs DR, Walton J, Zhang K, Zhang R, Zou L. Critical questions in ovarian cancer research and treatment: Report of an American Association for Cancer Research Special Conference. Cancer 2019; 125:1963-1972. [PMID: 30835824 PMCID: PMC6557260 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in understanding ovarian cancer at the molecular and cellular level. Significant improvement in 5-year survival has been achieved through cytoreductive surgery, combination platinum-based chemotherapy, and more effective treatment of recurrent cancer, and there are now more than 280,000 ovarian cancer survivors in the United States. Despite these advances, long-term survival in late-stage disease has improved little over the last 4 decades. Poor outcomes relate, in part, to late stage at initial diagnosis, intrinsic drug resistance, and the persistence of dormant drug-resistant cancer cells after primary surgery and chemotherapy. Our ability to accelerate progress in the clinic will depend on the ability to answer several critical questions regarding this disease. To assess current answers, an American Association for Cancer Research Special Conference on "Critical Questions in Ovarian Cancer Research and Treatment" was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 1-3, 2017. Although clinical, translational, and basic investigators conducted much of the discussion, advocates participated in the meeting, and many presentations were directly relevant to patient care, including treatment with poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, attempts to improve immunotherapy by overcoming the immune suppressive effects of the microenvironment, and a better understanding of the heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Bast
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Anil K. Sood
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Futreal
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhen Lu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Brad H. Nelson
- University of British Columbia, Canada
- BC Cancer Agency, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Li Shen
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - le-Ming Shih
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MD
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19
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Walden M, Tian L, Ross RL, Sykora UM, Byrne DP, Hesketh EL, Masandi SK, Cassel J, George R, Ault JR, El Oualid F, Pawłowski K, Salvino JM, Eyers PA, Ranson NA, Del Galdo F, Greenberg RA, Zeqiraj E. Metabolic control of BRISC-SHMT2 assembly regulates immune signalling. Nature 2019; 570:194-199. [PMID: 31142841 PMCID: PMC6914362 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
SHMT2 regulates one-carbon transfer reactions essential for amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, using PLP as a cofactor. Apo SHMT2 exists as a dimer with unknown functions, whereas PLP binding stabilizes the active, tetrameric state. SHMT2 also promotes inflammatory cytokine signaling by interacting with the BRISC deubiquitylase (DUB) complex, although it is unclear if this function relates to metabolism. We reveal the cryo-EM structure of human BRISC-SHMT2 complex at 3.8 Å resolution. The BRISC complex is a U-shaped dimer of four subunits and SHMT2 sterically blocks the BRCC36 active site and inhibits DUB activity. Only the inactive SHMT2 dimer, but not the active, PLP-bound tetramer binds and inhibits BRISC. BRISC mutations that disrupt SHMT2 binding impaired type I interferon signaling in response to inflammatory stimuli. Intracellular PLP levels regulated BRISC-SHMT2 interaction and inflammatory cytokine responses. These data reveal a new mechanism of metabolite regulation of DUB activity and inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Walden
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Ross
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Upasana M Sykora
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dominic P Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emma L Hesketh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Safi K Masandi
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joel Cassel
- The Wistar Cancer Center for Molecular Screening, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel George
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James R Ault
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joseph M Salvino
- The Wistar Cancer Center for Molecular Screening, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neil A Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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20
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Makvandi M, Lee H, Puentes LN, Reilly SW, Rathi KS, Weng CC, Chan HS, Hou C, Raman P, Martinez D, Xu K, Carlin SD, Greenberg RA, Pawel BR, Mach RH, Maris JM, Pryma DA. Targeting PARP-1 with Alpha-Particles Is Potently Cytotoxic to Human Neuroblastoma in Preclinical Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1195-1204. [PMID: 31072830 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-emitters can be pharmacologically delivered for irradiation of single cancer cells, but cellular lethality could be further enhanced by targeting alpha-emitters directly to the nucleus. PARP-1 is a druggable protein in the nucleus that is overexpressed in neuroblastoma compared with normal tissues and is associated with decreased survival in high-risk patients. To exploit this, we have functionalized a PARP inhibitor (PARPi) with an alpha-emitter astatine-211. This approach offers enhanced cytotoxicity from conventional PARPis by not requiring enzymatic inhibition of PARP-1 to elicit DNA damage; instead, the alpha-particle directly induces multiple double-strand DNA breaks across the particle track. Here, we explored the efficacy of [211At]MM4 in multiple cancers and found neuroblastoma to be highly sensitive in vitro and in vivo Furthermore, alpha-particles delivered to neuroblastoma show antitumor effects and durable responses in a neuroblastoma xenograft model, especially when administered in a fractionated regimen. This work provides the preclinical proof of concept for an alpha-emitting drug conjugate that directly targets cancer chromatin as a therapeutic approach for neuroblastoma and perhaps other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Makvandi
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Hwan Lee
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura N Puentes
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sean W Reilly
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Komal S Rathi
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics and Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chi-Chang Weng
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ho Sze Chan
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine Hou
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pichai Raman
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics and Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sean D Carlin
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce R Pawel
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel A Pryma
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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21
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Ivanovska IL, Xia Y, Zhu K, Smith L, Alvey C, Irianto J, Pfeifer C, Ji J, Liu D, Cho S, Bennett R, Liu A, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. Nuclear Rupture at Sites of High Curvature Compromises Retention of DNA Repair Factors. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Verma P, Dilley RL, Zhang T, Gyparaki MT, Li Y, Greenberg RA. RAD52 and SLX4 act nonepistatically to ensure telomere stability during alternative telomere lengthening. Genes Dev 2019; 33:221-235. [PMID: 30692206 PMCID: PMC6362809 DOI: 10.1101/gad.319723.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of cancers use homologous recombination for alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). How the initiating genomic lesions invoke homology-directed telomere synthesis remains enigmatic. Here, we show that distinct dependencies exist for telomere synthesis in response to replication stress or DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). RAD52 deficiency reduced spontaneous telomeric DNA synthesis and replication stress-associated recombination in G2, concomitant with telomere shortening and damage. However, viability and proliferation remained unaffected, suggesting that alternative telomere recombination mechanisms compensate in the absence of RAD52. In agreement, RAD52 was dispensable for DSB-induced telomere synthesis. Moreover, a targeted CRISPR screen revealed that loss of the structure-specific endonuclease scaffold SLX4 reduced the proliferation of RAD52-null ALT cells. While SLX4 was dispensable for RAD52-mediated ALT telomere synthesis in G2, combined SLX4 and RAD52 loss resulted in elevated telomere loss, unresolved telomere recombination intermediates, and mitotic infidelity. These findings establish that RAD52 and SLX4 mediate distinct postreplicative DNA repair processes that maintain ALT telomere stability and cancer cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Verma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert L Dilley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Melina T Gyparaki
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yiwen Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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23
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Xia Y, Ivanovska IL, Zhu K, Smith L, Irianto J, Pfeifer CR, Alvey CM, Ji J, Liu D, Cho S, Bennett RR, Liu AJ, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. Nuclear rupture at sites of high curvature compromises retention of DNA repair factors. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3796-3808. [PMID: 30171044 PMCID: PMC6219729 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus is physically linked to the cytoskeleton, adhesions, and extracellular matrix-all of which sustain forces, but their relationships to DNA damage are obscure. We show that nuclear rupture with cytoplasmic mislocalization of multiple DNA repair factors correlates with high nuclear curvature imposed by an external probe or by cell attachment to either aligned collagen fibers or stiff matrix. Mislocalization is greatly enhanced by lamin A depletion, requires hours for nuclear reentry, and correlates with an increase in pan-nucleoplasmic foci of the DNA damage marker γH2AX. Excess DNA damage is rescued in ruptured nuclei by cooverexpression of multiple DNA repair factors as well as by soft matrix or inhibition of actomyosin tension. Increased contractility has the opposite effect, and stiff tumors with low lamin A indeed exhibit increased nuclear curvature, more frequent nuclear rupture, and excess DNA damage. Additional stresses likely play a role, but the data suggest high curvature promotes nuclear rupture, which compromises retention of DNA repair factors and favors sustained damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xia
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Irena L. Ivanovska
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kuangzheng Zhu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lucas Smith
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charlotte R. Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cory M. Alvey
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jiazheng Ji
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dazhen Liu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sangkyun Cho
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rachel R. Bennett
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrea J. Liu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Correspondence to Dennis E. Discher:
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24
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Balcerek J, Jiang J, Li Y, Jiang Q, Holdreith N, Singh B, Chandra V, Lv K, Ren JG, Rozenova K, Li W, Greenberg RA, Tong W. Lnk/Sh2b3 deficiency restores hematopoietic stem cell function and genome integrity in Fancd2 deficient Fanconi anemia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3915. [PMID: 30254368 PMCID: PMC6156422 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a bone marrow failure (BMF) syndrome that arises from mutations in a network of FA genes essential for DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair and replication stress tolerance. While allogeneic stem cell transplantation can replace defective HSCs, interventions to mitigate HSC defects in FA do not exist. Remarkably, we reveal here that Lnk (Sh2b3) deficiency restores HSC function in Fancd2−/− mice. Lnk deficiency does not impact ICL repair, but instead stabilizes stalled replication forks in a manner, in part, dependent upon alleviating blocks to cytokine−mediated JAK2 signaling. Lnk deficiency restores proliferation and survival of Fancd2−/− HSCs, while reducing replication stress and genomic instability. Furthermore, deletion of LNK in human FA-like HSCs promotes clonogenic growth. These findings highlight a new role for cytokine/JAK signaling in promoting replication fork stability, illuminate replication stress as a major underlying origin of BMF in FA, and have strong therapeutic implications. Loss of Fancd2 leads to replication stress intolerance and Fanconi Anemia, where haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function is compromised. Here, the authors show that Lnk/Sh2b3 loss restores HSC proliferation and survival in Fancd2 knockout mice and ameliorates replication stress in a cytokine/JAK2 signaling dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Balcerek
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Li
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Research Institute and Basser Center for BRCA, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Holdreith
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Brijendra Singh
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vemika Chandra
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kaosheng Lv
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jian-Gang Ren
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Krasimira Rozenova
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Research Institute and Basser Center for BRCA, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Research Institute and Basser Center for BRCA, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wei Tong
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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25
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Pfeifer CR, Xia Y, Zhu K, Liu D, Irianto J, García VMM, Millán LMS, Niese B, Harding S, Deviri D, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. Constricted migration increases DNA damage and independently represses cell cycle. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1948-1962. [PMID: 29742017 PMCID: PMC6232975 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration through dense tissues or small capillaries can elongate the nucleus and even damage it, and any impact on cell cycle has the potential to affect various processes including carcinogenesis. Here, nuclear rupture and DNA damage increase with constricted migration in different phases of cell cycle-which we show is partially repressed. We study several cancer lines that are contact inhibited or not and that exhibit diverse frequencies of nuclear lamina rupture after migration through small pores. DNA repair factors invariably mislocalize after migration, and an excess of DNA damage is evident as pan--nucleoplasmic foci of phosphoactivated ATM and γH2AX. Foci counts are suppressed in late cell cycle as expected of mitotic checkpoints, and migration of contact-inhibited cells through large pores into sparse microenvironments leads also as expected to cell-cycle reentry and no effect on a basal level of damage foci. Constricting pores delay such reentry while excess foci occur independent of cell-cycle phase. Knockdown of repair factors increases DNA damage independent of cell cycle, consistent with effects of constricted migration. Because such migration causes DNA damage and impedes proliferation, it illustrates a cancer cell fate choice of "go or grow."
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R. Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Graduate Group/Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yuntao Xia
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kuangzheng Zhu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dazhen Liu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Brandon Niese
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Shane Harding
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dan Deviri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Graduate Group/Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,*Address correspondence to: Dennis E. Discher ()
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26
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Greenberg RA. Abstract IA04: Mitotic progression connects DNA damage to activation of antitumor immune responses. Clin Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.ovca17-ia04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Inflammatory gene expression following genotoxic cancer therapy is well documented, yet the events underlying its induction remain poorly understood. Inflammatory cytokines modify the tumor microenvironment by recruiting immune cells and are critical for both local and systemic (abscopal) tumor responses to radiotherapy. An enigmatic feature of this phenomenon is its delayed onset (days), in contrast to the acute DNA damage responses that occur in minutes to hours. Such dichotomous kinetics implicate additional rate limiting steps that are essential for DNA-damage induced inflammation. Here, we show that cell cycle progression through mitosis following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) leads to the formation of micronuclei, which precede activation of inflammatory signaling and are a repository for the pattern recognition receptor cGAS. Inhibiting progression through mitosis or loss of pattern recognition by cGAS-STING impaired interferon signaling and prevented the regression of abscopal tumors in the context of ionizing radiation and immune checkpoint blockade in vivo. These findings implicate temporal modulation of the cell cycle as an important consideration in the context of therapeutic strategies that combine genotoxic agents with immune checkpoint blockade.
Citation Format: Roger A. Greenberg. Mitotic progression connects DNA damage to activation of antitumor immune responses. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference: Addressing Critical Questions in Ovarian Cancer Research and Treatment; Oct 1-4, 2017; Pittsburgh, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(15_Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
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27
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Xu Y, Greenberg RA, Schonbrunn E, Wang PJ. Meiosis-specific proteins MEIOB and SPATA22 cooperatively associate with the single-stranded DNA-binding replication protein A complex and DNA double-strand breaks. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:1096-1104. [PMID: 28453612 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination ensures faithful segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis and generates genetic diversity in gametes. MEIOB (meiosis specific with OB domains), a meiosis-specific single-stranded DNA-binding homolog of replication protein A1 (RPA1), is essential for meiotic recombination. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of MEIOB by characterizing its binding partners spermatogenesis associated 22 (SPATA22) and RPA. We find that MEIOB and SPATA22 form an obligate complex and contain defined interaction domains. The interaction between these two proteins is unusual in that nearly any deletion in the binding domains abolishes the interaction. Strikingly, a single residue D383 in MEIOB is indispensable for the interaction. The MEIOB/SPATA22 complex interacts with the RPA heterotrimeric complex in a collaborative manner. Furthermore, MEIOB and SPATA22 are recruited to induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) together but not alone. These results demonstrate the cooperative property of the MEIOB-SPATA22 complex in its interaction with RPA and recruitment to DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ernst Schonbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - P Jeremy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Makvandi M, Pantel A, Schwartz L, Schubert E, Xu K, Hsieh CJ, Hou C, Kim H, Weng CC, Winters H, Doot R, Farwell MD, Pryma DA, Greenberg RA, Mankoff DA, Simpkins F, Mach RH, Lin LL. A PET imaging agent for evaluating PARP-1 expression in ovarian cancer. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2116-2126. [PMID: 29509546 PMCID: PMC5919879 DOI: 10.1172/jci97992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are effective in a broad population of patients with ovarian cancer; however, resistance caused by low enzyme expression of the drug target PARP-1 remains to be clinically evaluated in this context. We hypothesize that PARP-1 expression is variable in ovarian cancer and can be quantified in primary and metastatic disease using a novel PET imaging agent. METHODS We used a translational approach to describe the significance of PET imaging of PARP-1 in ovarian cancer. First, we produced PARP1-KO ovarian cancer cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to test the loss of PARP-1 as a resistance mechanism to all clinically used PARP inhibitors. Next, we performed preclinical microPET imaging studies using ovarian cancer patient-derived xenografts in mouse models. Finally, in a phase I PET imaging clinical trial we explored PET imaging as a regional marker of PARP-1 expression in primary and metastatic disease through correlative tissue histology. RESULTS We found that deletion of PARP1 causes resistance to all PARP inhibitors in vitro, and microPET imaging provides proof of concept as an approach to quantify PARP-1 in vivo. Clinically, we observed a spectrum of standard uptake values (SUVs) ranging from 2-12 for PARP-1 in tumors. In addition, we found a positive correlation between PET SUVs and fluorescent immunohistochemistry for PARP-1 (r2 = 0.60). CONCLUSION This work confirms the translational potential of a PARP-1 PET imaging agent and supports future clinical trials to test PARP-1 expression as a method to stratify patients for PARP inhibitor therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02637934. FUNDING Research reported in this publication was supported by the Department of Defense OC160269, a Basser Center team science grant, NIH National Cancer Institute R01CA174904, a Department of Energy training grant DE-SC0012476, Abramson Cancer Center Radiation Oncology pilot grants, the Marsha Rivkin Foundation, Kaleidoscope of Hope Foundation, and Paul Calabresi K12 Career Development Award 5K12CA076931.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Makvandi
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Austin Pantel
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin Schubert
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chia-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Catherine Hou
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyoung Kim
- Department of OBGYN, Division of Gynecology and Oncology
| | - Chi-Chang Weng
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Robert Doot
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael D. Farwell
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel A. Pryma
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - David A. Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fiona Simpkins
- Department of OBGYN, Division of Gynecology and Oncology
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lilie L. Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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Abstract
Homology-directed DNA repair (HDR) is an evolutionary conserved mechanism that is required for genome integrity and organismal fitness across species. While a myriad of different factors and mechanisms are able to execute HDR, all forms necessitate common steps of DNA damage recognition, homology search and capture, and assembly of a DNA polymerase complex to conduct templated DNA synthesis. The central question of what determines HDR mechanism utilization in mammalian cells has been limited by an inability to directly monitor the DNA damage response and products of repair as they arise from a defined genomic lesion. In this chapter, we describe several methodologies to delineate major steps of HDR during alternative lengthening of telomeres in human cells. This includes procedures to visualize interchromosomal telomere homology searches in real time and quantitatively detect HDR synthesis of nascent telomeres emanating from synchronous activation of telomere DNA double-strand breaks. We highlight the critical details of these methods and their applicability to monitoring HDR at telomeres in a broad variety of mammalian cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Verma
- Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert L Dilley
- Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Melina T Gyparaki
- Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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30
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Weigelt B, Comino-Méndez I, de Bruijn I, Tian L, Meisel JL, García-Murillas I, Fribbens C, Cutts R, Martelotto LG, Ng CKY, Lim RS, Selenica P, Piscuoglio S, Aghajanian C, Norton L, Murali R, Hyman DM, Borsu L, Arcila ME, Konner J, Reis-Filho JS, Greenberg RA, Robson ME, Turner NC. Diverse BRCA1 and BRCA2 Reversion Mutations in Circulating Cell-Free DNA of Therapy-Resistant Breast or Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28765325 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0544] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy or PARP inhibition in germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers may occur through somatic reversion mutations or intragenic deletions that restore BRCA1 or BRCA2 function. We assessed whether BRCA1/2 reversion mutations could be identified in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with ovarian or breast cancer previously treated with platinum and/or PARP inhibitors.Experimental Design: cfDNA from 24 prospectively accrued patients with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, including 19 patients with platinum-resistant/refractory ovarian cancer and five patients with platinum and/or PARP inhibitor pretreated metastatic breast cancer, was subjected to massively parallel sequencing targeting all exons of 141 genes and all exons and introns of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Functional studies were performed to assess the impact of the putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations on BRCA1/2 function.Results: Diverse and often polyclonal putative BRCA1 or BRCA2 reversion mutations were identified in cfDNA from four patients with ovarian cancer (21%) and from two patients with breast cancer (40%). BRCA2 reversion mutations were detected in cfDNA prior to PARP inhibitor treatment in a patient with breast cancer who did not respond to treatment and were enriched in plasma samples after PARP inhibitor therapy. Foci formation and immunoprecipitation assays suggest that a subset of the putative reversion mutations restored BRCA1/2 function.Conclusions: Putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations can be detected by cfDNA sequencing analysis in patients with ovarian and breast cancer. Our findings warrant further investigation of cfDNA sequencing to identify putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations and to aid the selection of patients for PARP inhibition therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6708-20. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Iñaki Comino-Méndez
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ino de Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jane L Meisel
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Isaac García-Murillas
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Fribbens
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ros Cutts
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raymond S Lim
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pier Selenica
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David M Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Laetitia Borsu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason Konner
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark E Robson
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. .,Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Zahn KE, Greenberg RA. Putting PHDs to work: PHF11 clears the way for EXO1 in double-strand break repair. Genes Dev 2017; 31:3-5. [PMID: 28130344 PMCID: PMC5287110 DOI: 10.1101/gad.295923.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This Outlook discusses the finding by Gong et al. that PHF11 encodes a previously unknown DNA damage response factor involved in 5′ end resection, ATR signaling, and homologous recombination. In this issue of Genes & Development, Gong and colleagues (pp. 46–58) bring to light a functional role for plant homeodomain finger 11 (PHF11) in 5′ end resection at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Using the proteomics of isolated chromatin segments (PICh) technique to purify deprotected telomeres, PHF11 was enriched as cells mounted a DNA damage response (DDR) against exposed chromosome ends. The study reveals interactions between PHF11 and multiple DNA repair proteins and suggests that PHF11 mediates 5′ end resection by negotiating RPA-coated DNA repair intermediates. This finding provides a novel context for mediator-catalyzed RPA exchanges during the multistep process of homologous recombination (HR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Zahn
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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32
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Weigelt B, Comino-Méndez I, de Bruijn I, Tian L, Meisel JL, García-Murillas I, Fribbens C, Cutts R, Martelotto LG, Ng CKY, Lim RS, Selenica P, Piscuoglio S, Aghajanian C, Norton L, Murali R, Hyman DM, Borsu L, Arcila ME, Konner J, Reis-Filho JS, Greenberg RA, Robson ME, Turner NC. Diverse BRCA1 and BRCA2 Reversion Mutations in Circulating Cell-Free DNA of Therapy-Resistant Breast or Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6708-6720. [PMID: 28765325 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy or PARP inhibition in germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers may occur through somatic reversion mutations or intragenic deletions that restore BRCA1 or BRCA2 function. We assessed whether BRCA1/2 reversion mutations could be identified in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with ovarian or breast cancer previously treated with platinum and/or PARP inhibitors.Experimental Design: cfDNA from 24 prospectively accrued patients with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, including 19 patients with platinum-resistant/refractory ovarian cancer and five patients with platinum and/or PARP inhibitor pretreated metastatic breast cancer, was subjected to massively parallel sequencing targeting all exons of 141 genes and all exons and introns of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Functional studies were performed to assess the impact of the putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations on BRCA1/2 function.Results: Diverse and often polyclonal putative BRCA1 or BRCA2 reversion mutations were identified in cfDNA from four patients with ovarian cancer (21%) and from two patients with breast cancer (40%). BRCA2 reversion mutations were detected in cfDNA prior to PARP inhibitor treatment in a patient with breast cancer who did not respond to treatment and were enriched in plasma samples after PARP inhibitor therapy. Foci formation and immunoprecipitation assays suggest that a subset of the putative reversion mutations restored BRCA1/2 function.Conclusions: Putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations can be detected by cfDNA sequencing analysis in patients with ovarian and breast cancer. Our findings warrant further investigation of cfDNA sequencing to identify putative BRCA1/2 reversion mutations and to aid the selection of patients for PARP inhibition therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6708-20. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Iñaki Comino-Méndez
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ino de Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jane L Meisel
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Isaac García-Murillas
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Fribbens
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ros Cutts
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raymond S Lim
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pier Selenica
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David M Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Laetitia Borsu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason Konner
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark E Robson
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. .,Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
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Makvandi M, Pantel A, Schwartz LE, Xu K, Hsieh CJ, Kim H, Li SH, Doot R, Lee S, Simpkins F, Greenberg RA, Mankoff DA, Mach RH, Lin L. Abstract 3716: Exploring the significance of PARP-1 expression for therapy and clinical PET/CT imaging of PARP-1 in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a multi-faceted enzyme that plays a significant role in DNA single-strand break and double-strand break repair. PARP inhibitors are emerging targeted therapeutics that inhibit the catalytic activity of PARP-1 and trap it on DNA producing poisonous lesions that result in cell death. While there is a vast body of pre-clinical and clinical data supporting the use of PARP inhibitors in cancers that express homologous recombination deficiencies like mutations within BRCA1/2 genes, there is an inadequate characterization of PARP-1 expression patterns in this context. Through pre-clinical studies we have explored the dynamics of PARP-1 expression in response to genotoxic stress, as well as the consequences of PARP-1 deletion for PARP inhibitor therapy in BRCA1 deficient ovarian cancer. In parallel, our group has performed the first clinical PET imaging study in epithelial ovarian cancer measuring PARP-1 in vivo using [18F]FluorThanatrace ([18F]FTT).
Methods: CRISPR/Cas9 mediated PARP1 gene deletion was performed in BRCA1 deficient ovarian cancer cell lines. Next, in vitro cell viability assays were performed to evaluate the relative potency of clinically used PARP inhibitors and cisplatin. Following genotoxic stress the dynamics of PARP-1 expression were evaluated. In parallel clinical PET/CT imaging of PARP-1 was performed in epithelial ovarian cancer patients with correlative tissue histology.
Results: Our studies indicate there is a spectrum of PARP-1 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer and in vitro BRCA1 mutants show higher PARP-1 expression compared to non-BRCA mutants. In addition, PARP-1 expression is required for PARP inhibitor efficacy in vitro and is either more significant or equal to BRCA1 mutational status. Also, high PARP-1 expression corresponded with platinum sensitivity in vitro. Furthermore, we observed PARP-1 expression increased in response to genotoxic insult relative to DNA damage measured by gH2AX. Lastly, our observations have been further supplemented by clinical [18F]FTT PET/CT images in ovarian cancer patients, which showed a spectrum of PARP-1 expression that corresponded with DNA damage measured by gH2AX.
Conclusion: PARP-1 expression has the potential to identify functional DNA repair deficiencies and to provide a biomarker for assessing response to DNA damaging therapies. In complement, clinical PET imaging with [18F]FTT offers a novel technology to determine PARP-1 expression in ovarian cancer patients and warrants further study.
Citation Format: Mehran Makvandi, Austin Pantel, Lauren E. Schwartz, Kuiying Xu, Chia-Ju Hsieh, Hyoung Kim, Shi-Hong Li, Robert Doot, Sharon Lee, Fiona Simpkins, Roger A. Greenberg, David A. Mankoff, Robert H. Mach, Lilie Lin. Exploring the significance of PARP-1 expression for therapy and clinical PET/CT imaging of PARP-1 in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3716. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3716
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kuiying Xu
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Hyoung Kim
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shi-Hong Li
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Doot
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sharon Lee
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lilie Lin
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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34
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Mantere T, Tervasmäki A, Nurmi A, Rapakko K, Kauppila S, Tang J, Schleutker J, Kallioniemi A, Hartikainen JM, Mannermaa A, Nieminen P, Hanhisalo R, Lehto S, Suvanto M, Grip M, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Tengström M, Auvinen P, Kvist A, Borg Å, Blomqvist C, Aittomäki K, Greenberg RA, Winqvist R, Nevanlinna H, Pylkäs K. Case-control analysis of truncating mutations in DNA damage response genes connects TEX15 and FANCD2 with hereditary breast cancer susceptibility. Sci Rep 2017; 7:681. [PMID: 28386063 PMCID: PMC5429682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several known breast cancer susceptibility genes encode proteins involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and are characterized by rare loss-of-function mutations. However, these explain less than half of the familial cases. To identify novel susceptibility factors, 39 rare truncating mutations, identified in 189 Northern Finnish hereditary breast cancer patients in parallel sequencing of 796 DDR genes, were studied for disease association. Mutation screening was performed for Northern Finnish breast cancer cases (n = 578–1565) and controls (n = 337–1228). Mutations showing potential cancer association were analyzed in additional Finnish cohorts. c.7253dupT in TEX15, encoding a DDR factor important in meiosis, associated with hereditary breast cancer (p = 0.018) and likely represents a Northern Finnish founder mutation. A deleterious c.2715 + 1G > A mutation in the Fanconi anemia gene, FANCD2, was over two times more common in the combined Finnish hereditary cohort compared to controls. A deletion (c.640_644del5) in RNF168, causative for recessive RIDDLE syndrome, had high prevalence in majority of the analyzed cohorts, but did not associate with breast cancer. In conclusion, truncating variants in TEX15 and FANCD2 are potential breast cancer risk factors, warranting further investigations in other populations. Furthermore, high frequency of RNF168 c.640_644del5 indicates the need for its testing in Finnish patients with RIDDLE syndrome symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Mantere
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Nordlab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Tervasmäki
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Nordlab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Nurmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrin Rapakko
- Laboratory of Genetics, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Cancer Genetic Unit, Service and Central Laboratory of Haematology, CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saila Kauppila
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jiangbo Tang
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Medical Biochemistry and Genetics Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Kallioniemi
- BioMediTech and FimLab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riitta Hanhisalo
- Laboratory of Genetics, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Lehto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Suvanto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Grip
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria Tengström
- Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Auvinen
- Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anders Kvist
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åke Borg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Nordlab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Nordlab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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35
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Pfeifer CR, Irianto J, Bennett RR, Xia Y, Ivanovska IL, Liu AJ, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. Nuclear Constriction Segregates Mobile Nuclear Proteins Away from Chromatin. Biophys J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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36
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Irianto J, Xia Y, Pfeifer CR, Athirasala A, Ji J, Alvey C, Tewari M, Bennett RR, Harding SM, Liu AJ, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. DNA Damage Follows Repair Factor Depletion and Portends Genome Variation in Cancer Cells after Pore Migration. Curr Biol 2016; 27:210-223. [PMID: 27989676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Migration through micron-size constrictions has been seen to rupture the nucleus, release nuclear-localized GFP, and cause localized accumulations of ectopic 53BP1-a DNA repair protein. Here, constricted migration of two human cancer cell types and primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) increases DNA breaks throughout the nucleoplasm as assessed by endogenous damage markers and by electrophoretic "comet" measurements. Migration also causes multiple DNA repair proteins to segregate away from DNA, with cytoplasmic mis-localization sustained for many hours as is relevant to delayed repair. Partial knockdown of repair factors that also regulate chromosome copy numbers is seen to increase DNA breaks in U2OS osteosarcoma cells without affecting migration and with nucleoplasmic patterns of damage similar to constricted migration. Such depletion also causes aberrant levels of DNA. Migration-induced nuclear damage is nonetheless reversible for wild-type and sub-cloned U2OS cells, except for lasting genomic differences between stable clones as revealed by DNA arrays and sequencing. Gains and losses of hundreds of megabases in many chromosomes are typical of the changes and heterogeneity in bone cancer. Phenotypic differences that arise from constricted migration of U2OS clones are further illustrated by a clone with a highly elongated and stable MSC-like shape that depends on microtubule assembly downstream of the transcription factor GATA4. Such changes are consistent with reversion to a more stem-like state upstream of cancerous osteoblastic cells. Migration-induced genomic instability can thus associate with heritable changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuntao Xia
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charlotte R Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Avathamsa Athirasala
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jiazheng Ji
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cory Alvey
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manu Tewari
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel R Bennett
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shane M Harding
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrea J Liu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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37
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Greenberg RA. Abstract IA19: Mechanisms of alternative telomere recombination. Mol Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.cellcycle16-ia19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Telomere length maintenance is a requisite feature of cellular immortalization and a hallmark of human cancer. While most human cancers express telomerase activity, approximately 10-15% employ a recombination-dependent telomere maintenance pathway known as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT), an incompletely understood process that is characterized by multi-telomere clusters. We have recently shown that a DNA double-strand break (DSB) response at ALT telomeres triggers long-range movement and clustering between chromosome termini, resulting in homology-directed telomere synthesis (Cho et. al. Cell 2014). Damaged telomeres initiate increased random surveillance of nuclear volumes before displaying rapid directional movement and association with recipient telomeres over micron-range distances. This phenomenon required Rad51 and the Hop2-Mnd1 heterodimer, implicating a specialized homology searching mechanism that exhibits similarities to meiotic recombination in ALT dependent telomere maintenance. This presentation will describe unpublished data that defines signaling events that are responsible for homology directed telomere synthesis during ALT. Using a novel methodology to purify nascent telomeres, we have identified the basic requirements for break induced telomere synthesis, including the specific DNA polymerases and helicases involved. Data derived from this approach reveals mechanisms of homology directed DNA synthesis that substantially differ from either normal replicative DNA synthesis or from existing models of break induced replication that have been defined in yeast. These data reveal an ordered series of events necessary for ALT telomere synthesis and have implications for homology directed DNA repair at other genomic locations.
This work was supported by NIH grants GM101149, CA138835, and CA17494, and funds from the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Basser Research Center for BRCA
Citation Format: Roger A. Greenberg. Mechanisms of alternative telomere recombination. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.
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38
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Irianto J, Xia Y, Pfeifer CR, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. As a Nucleus Enters a Small Pore, Chromatin Stretches and Maintains Integrity, Even with DNA Breaks. Biophys J 2016; 112:446-449. [PMID: 28341535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a cell pushes or pulls its nucleus through a small constriction, the chromatin must distort and somehow maintain genomic stability despite ever-present double-strand breaks in the DNA. Here we visualize within a living cell the pore-size dependent deformation of a specific locus engineered into chromosome-1 and cleaved. An mCherry-tagged nuclease targets the submicron locus, causing DNA cleavage and recruiting repair factors such as GFP-53BP1 to a large region around the locus. Aspiration of a cell and its nucleus into a micropipette shows that chromatin aligns and stretches parallel to the pore. Extension is largest in small pores, increasing >10-fold but remaining 30-fold shorter than the DNA contour length in the locus. Brochard and de Gennes' blob model for tube geometry fits the data, with a simple modification for chromatin crowding. Continuity of the highly extended, cleaved chromatin is also maintained, consistent with folding and cross bridging of the DNA. Surprisingly, extensional integrity is unaffected by an inhibitor of the DNA repair scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuntao Xia
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charlotte R Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Graduate Group/Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Graduate Group/Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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39
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Irianto J, Pfeifer CR, Bennett RR, Xia Y, Ivanovska IL, Liu AJ, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. Nuclear constriction segregates mobile nuclear proteins away from chromatin. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:4011-4020. [PMID: 27798234 PMCID: PMC5156542 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear distortion such as in 3D migration concentrates chromatin locally and causes complementary segregation of mobile factors within the nucleus. This is unavoidable because chromatin is compressible. As a cell squeezes its nucleus through adjacent tissue, penetrates a basement membrane, or enters a small blood capillary, chromatin density and nuclear factors could in principle be physically perturbed. Here, in cancer cell migration through rigid micropores and in passive pulling into micropipettes, local compaction of chromatin is observed coincident with depletion of mobile factors. Heterochromatin/euchromatin was previously estimated from molecular mobility measurements to occupy a volume fraction f of roughly two-thirds of the nuclear volume, but based on the relative intensity of DNA and histones in several cancer cell lines drawn into narrow constrictions, f can easily increase locally to nearly 100%. By contrast, mobile proteins in the nucleus, including a dozen that function as DNA repair proteins (e.g., BRCA1, 53BP1) or nucleases (e.g., Cas9, FokI), are depleted within the constriction, approaching 0%. Such losses—compounded by the occasional rupture of the nuclear envelope—can have important functional consequences. Studies of a nuclease that targets a locus in chromosome-1 indeed show that constricted migration delays DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Charlotte R Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group/Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rachel R Bennett
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group/Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yuntao Xia
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Irena L Ivanovska
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrea J Liu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group/Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 .,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group/Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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40
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Dilley RL, Verma P, Cho NW, Winters HD, Wondisford AR, Greenberg RA. Break-induced telomere synthesis underlies alternative telomere maintenance. Nature 2016; 539:54-58. [PMID: 27760120 DOI: 10.1038/nature20099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Homology-directed DNA repair is essential for genome maintenance through templated DNA synthesis. Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) necessitates homology-directed DNA repair to maintain telomeres in about 10-15% of human cancers. How DNA damage induces assembly and execution of a DNA replication complex (break-induced replisome) at telomeres or elsewhere in the mammalian genome is poorly understood. Here we define break-induced telomere synthesis and demonstrate that it utilizes a specialized replisome, which underlies ALT telomere maintenance. DNA double-strand breaks enact nascent telomere synthesis by long-tract unidirectional replication. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) loading by replication factor C (RFC) acts as the initial sensor of telomere damage to establish predominance of DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) through its POLD3 subunit. Break-induced telomere synthesis requires the RFC-PCNA-Pol δ axis, but is independent of other canonical replisome components, ATM and ATR, or the homologous recombination protein Rad51. Thus, the inception of telomere damage recognition by the break-induced replisome orchestrates homology-directed telomere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Dilley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nam Woo Cho
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Harrison D Winters
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Anne R Wondisford
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Cho NW, Lampson MA, Greenberg RA. In vivo imaging of DNA double-strand break induced telomere mobility during alternative lengthening of telomeres. Methods 2016; 114:54-59. [PMID: 27491801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) requires mobilization of chromatin for homology searches that allow interaction of the sequence to be repaired and its template DNA. Here we describe a system to rapidly induce DSBs at telomeres and track their movement, as well as a semi-automated workflow for quantitative analysis. We have successfully used this approach to show that DSBs targeted to telomeres in cells utilizing the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism increase their diffusion and subsequent long-range directional movement to merge with telomeres on other chromosomes. These methods are simple to implement and are compatible with almost any cell line or in vivo microscopy setup. The magnitude of DSB-induced telomere mobility allows the investigator to easily test for factors regulating telomere mobility during ALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Woo Cho
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States.
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States; Department of Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States.
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Harding SM, Greenberg RA. Choreographing the Double Strand Break Response: Ubiquitin and SUMO Control of Nuclear Architecture. Front Genet 2016; 7:103. [PMID: 27375678 PMCID: PMC4894868 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is a multifaceted signaling program that centers on post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and SUMOylation. In this review we discuss how ubiquitin and SUMO orchestrate the recognition of DSBs and explore how this influences chromatin organization. We discuss functional outcomes of this response including transcriptional silencing and how pre-existing chromatin states may control the DSB response and the maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Harding
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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Makvandi M, Xu K, Lieberman BP, Anderson RC, Effron SS, Winters HD, Zeng C, McDonald ES, Pryma DA, Greenberg RA, Mach RH. A Radiotracer Strategy to Quantify PARP-1 Expression In Vivo Provides a Biomarker That Can Enable Patient Selection for PARP Inhibitor Therapy. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4516-24. [PMID: 27261505 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of PARP inhibitors for cancer therapy, a biomarker to clearly stratify patients for selection of this treatment remains lacking. Here we describe a radiotracer-based method that addresses this issue, using the novel compound [(125)I] KX1: as a PARP-1-selective radiotracer that can accurately measure PARP-1 expression in vitro and in vivo The pharmacologic properties of the PARP radiotracer [(125)I] KX1: was characterized in multiple cell lines where single-agent sensitivity was correlated with [(125)I] KX1: binding to PARP-1. In vivo evaluation of [(125)I] KX1: verified in vitro results, validating PARP radiotracers to define PARP-1 enzyme expression as an in vivo biomarker. Notably, PARP-1 expression as quantified by [(125)I] KX1: correlated positively with the cytotoxic sensitivity of cell lines evaluated with PARP inhibitors. Overall, our results defined a novel technology with the potential to serve as a companion diagnostic to identify patients most likely to respond therapeutically to a PARP inhibitor. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4516-24. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Makvandi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian P Lieberman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Redmond-Craig Anderson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel Sander Effron
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harrison D Winters
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chenbo Zeng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth S McDonald
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel A Pryma
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Mach
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Edmonds CE, Lieberman BP, Xu K, Zeng C, Makvandi M, Li S, Hou C, Lee H, Greenberg RA, Mankoff DA, Mach RH. Abstract P5-01-06: 18F-radiolabeled PARP-1 inhibitor uptake as a marker of PARP-1 activity in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-p5-01-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives: The nuclear enzyme PARP-1 plays a central role in sensing DNA damage and facilitating repair. Tumors with BRCA1/2 mutations are highly dependent on PARP-1 as an alternative mechanism for DNA repair, and PARP inhibitors generate synthetic lethality in tumors with BRCA mutations, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Zhou et al. recently synthesized an 18F-labeled PARP-1 inhibitor (18F-FluorThanatrace) for PET, and demonstrated high specific tracer uptake in a xenograft model of breast cancer (Zhou, Bioorg Med Chem, 22:1700, 2014). The current study seeks to quantify the relationship between 18F-FluorThanatrace binding (both in vitro and on PET imaging of human tumor xenografts) and the level of constitutively active PARP-1, using multiple human breast cancer cell lines, including a BRCA1 defective line.
Methods: BRCA1 defective HCC1937, triple negative MDA-MB-231, and luminal A MCF-7 human breast cancer lines were assessed for constitutive PARP-1 activity via a chemiluminescent ELISA assay for PAR and by Western blot. The same cell lines were incubated with 18F-FluorThanatrace over various time increments, and tracer uptake was assayed via a gamma counter. Specificity of tracer binding was verified via co-incubation with competitive inhibitor Olaparib, and specific tracer uptake was calculated as the difference between uptake with and without Olaparib. Specific tracer uptake was compared to levels of constitutive PARP-1 activity in all cell lines. In addition, HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumor models were imaged via 18F-FluorThanatrace-PET/CT, and PET uptake was correlated with PARP-1 activity.
Results: BRCA1-defective HCC1937 had higher constitutive PARP-1 activity than cell lines with intact BRCA1. In vitro levels of 18F-FluorThanatrace uptake correlated with constitutive PARP-1 activity across cell lines. In addition, 18F-FluorThanatrace measured by PET in xenograft breast cancer tumor models correlated with constitutive PARP-1 activity.
Conclusions: Tumor uptake of 18F-FluorThanatrace, both in vitro and on PET imaging of xenograft tumor models, quantitatively reflects differences in PARP-1 activity across different breast cancer cell lines, including BRCA1 defective. This motivates further studies of 18F-FluorThanatrace as an in vivo measure of PARP-1 activity and possibly as a predictive marker for PARP-1 therapy in patients, including those with BRCA1/2 mutations.
Citation Format: Edmonds CE, Lieberman BP, Xu K, Zeng C, Makvandi M, Li S, Hou C, Lee H, Greenberg RA, Mankoff DA, Mach RH. 18F-radiolabeled PARP-1 inhibitor uptake as a marker of PARP-1 activity in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-06.
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Affiliation(s)
- CE Edmonds
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - K Xu
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - C Zeng
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Makvandi
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - S Li
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - C Hou
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - H Lee
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - DA Mankoff
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - RH Mach
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Edmonds CE, Makvandi M, Lieberman BP, Xu K, Zeng C, Li S, Hou C, Lee H, Greenberg RA, Mankoff DA, Mach RH. [(18)F]FluorThanatrace uptake as a marker of PARP1 expression and activity in breast cancer. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 6:94-101. [PMID: 27069769 PMCID: PMC4749508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear enzyme PARP1 plays a central role in sensing DNA damage and facilitating repair. Tumors with BRCA1/2 mutations are highly dependent on PARP1 as an alternative mechanism for DNA repair, and PARP inhibitors generate synthetic lethality in tumors with BRCA mutations, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Zhou et al. recently synthesized an (18)F-labeled PARP1 inhibitor ([(18)F]FluorThanatrace) for PET, and demonstrated high specific tracer uptake in a xenograft model of breast cancer [1]. In the current study, we characterize the level of baseline PARP expression and activity across multiple human breast cancer cell lines, including a BRCA1 mutant line. PARP expression and activity, as measured by levels of PAR and PARP1, is correlated with in vitro [(18)F]FluorThanatrace binding as well as tracer uptake on PET in a xenograft model of breast cancer. Radiotracer uptake in genetically-engineered mouse fibroblasts indicates [(18)F]FluorThanatrace is selective for PARP1 versus other PARP enzymes. This motivates further studies of [(18)F]FluorThanatrace as an in vivo measure of PARP1 expression and activity in patients who would benefit from PARP inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Edmonds
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mehran Makvandi
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian P Lieberman
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chenbo Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shihong Li
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Hou
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hsiaoju Lee
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Makvandi M, Lieberman BP, Xu K, Anderson RC, Zeng C, Mankoff DA, Pryma DA, Greenberg RA, Mach RH. Abstract C15: Predicting response to PARP inhibitors through quantitative measurements of PARP activity in live BRCA1 mutated cells with a radio-iodinated PARP inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-c15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) carries out a primary function in the DNA homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway and mutations in the BRCA1 gene have been linked to a dramatic incidence in breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1 associated cancers also lack HRR and are reliant on other DNA repair pathways such as base excision repair (BER) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Three primary proteins involved in BER and NHEJ are Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases(PARP)1, 2 and 3, and inhibition of these proteins lead to a synthetic lethality in BRCA1 mutated tumors. Despite unveiling structural and mechanistic properties of BRCA1 and the PARP enzyme super family, PARP inhibition is only effective in relatively low percentages of patients who possess BRCA1 mutations. Therefore, the need for biomarkers to predict patient response to PARP inhibition is highly important. Our lab has developed a radio-iodinated-PARP inhibitor (iodine-125-KX1) capable of quantitative measurements of active PARP enzymes in whole cell assays that can predict the in vitro response to PARP inhibitors.
Methods: [125I]KX1 was synthesized through radio-iododestannylation and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. BRCA1 mutated and non-mutated ovarian and breast cancer cell lines: SNU-251, SKOV3, HCC1937, and MDA-MB-231 were investigated in a live cellular assay with [125I]KX1. Saturation, competitive inhibition, and kinetic assays were performed in all cell lines using [125I]KX1. Western analysis was performed to measure baseline PARP1, Poly(ADP-ribose(PAR), and BRCA1 protein expression. PARP inhibitor efficacy of talazoparib and olaparib was assessed through modified clonogenic assays. [125I]KX1 biodistribution experiments were carried out in mice bearing HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 tumors to examine PARP in vivo in BRCA1 mutated and non-mutated cancer cell lines.
Results: [125I]KX1 was synthesized in high radiochemical purity. Saturation experiments revealed that BRCA1 mutated cancer cell lines had a higher PARP binding potential measured by [125I]KX1. Subtle differences in PARP inhibitor affinity was noticed in the different cell lines through competitive inhibition assays. Kinetic analysis revealed that the SNU-251 had the slowest dissociation kinetics of [125I]KX1. Western analysis confirmed PARP activity measured immunohistochemically by PAR correlated with PARP binding potential measured with [125I]KX1. In vitro PARP inhibitor potency was strongly correlated with PARP binding potential. Biodistribution studies revealed that PARP can be measured quantitatively in vivo.
Conclusion: With the utilization of [125I]KX1 we have been able to explore the PARP enzyme family in relation to BRCA1 mutations using in vitro and in vivo breast and ovarian cancer models. Quantitative measurements of PARP enzymes in live cancer cells has not been reported, and provides new insight into understanding the molecular target for PARP inhibitor therapy. Our data shows there is a positive correlation with PARP enzyme binding potential and response to PARP inhibitor therapy in vitro. Differences in PARP binding potential can also be measured in vivo and offer a prognostic biomarker marker for patient's who may receive PARP inhibitor therapy.
Citation Format: Mehran Makvandi, Brian P. Lieberman, Kuiying Xu, Redmond-Craig Anderson, Chenbo Zeng, David A. Mankoff, Daniel A. Pryma, Roger A. Greenberg, Robert H. Mach. Predicting response to PARP inhibitors through quantitative measurements of PARP activity in live BRCA1 mutated cells with a radio-iodinated PARP inhibitor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C15.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kuiying Xu
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Chenbo Zeng
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Harding SM, Boiarsky JA, Greenberg RA. ATM Dependent Silencing Links Nucleolar Chromatin Reorganization to DNA Damage Recognition. Cell Rep 2015; 13:251-9. [PMID: 26440899 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolution of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for the suppression of genome instability. DSB repair in transcriptionally active genomic regions represents a unique challenge that is associated with ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase-mediated transcriptional silencing. Despite emerging insights into the underlying mechanisms, how DSB silencing connects to DNA repair remains undefined. We observe that silencing within the rDNA depends on persistent DSBs. Non-homologous end-joining was the predominant mode of DSB repair allowing transcription to resume. ATM-dependent rDNA silencing in the presence of persistent DSBs led to the large-scale reorganization of nucleolar architecture, with movement of damaged chromatin to nucleolar cap regions. These findings identify ATM-dependent temporal and spatial control of DNA repair and provide insights into how communication between DSB signaling and ongoing transcription promotes genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Harding
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Boiarsky
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Activation of a telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) is permissive for replicative immortality and a hallmark of human cancer. While most cancers rely on reactivation of telomerase, a significant fraction utilizes the recombination dependent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. ALT is enriched in tumors of mesenchymal origin, including those arising from bone, soft tissue, and the nervous system, and usually portends a poor prognosis. Recent insights into the mechanisms of ALT are uncovering novel avenues to exploit vulnerabilities and may facilitate clinical development of ALT detection assays and personalized treatment decisions based on TMM status. Treatments targeting ALT may hold promise for a broadly applicable therapeutic modality specific to mesenchymal lineage tumors, something that has thus far remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Dilley
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zeqiraj E, Tian L, Piggott CA, Pillon MC, Duffy NM, Ceccarelli DF, Keszei AFA, Lorenzen K, Kurinov I, Orlicky S, Gish GD, Heck AJR, Guarné A, Greenberg RA, Sicheri F. Higher-Order Assembly of BRCC36-KIAA0157 Is Required for DUB Activity and Biological Function. Mol Cell 2015; 59:970-83. [PMID: 26344097 PMCID: PMC4579573 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BRCC36 is a Zn2+ dependent deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) that hydrolyzes lysine-63-linked ubiquitin chains as part of distinct macromolecular complexes that participate in either interferon signaling or DNA-damage recognition. The MPN+ domain protein BRCC36 associates with pseudo-DUB MPN− proteins KIAA0157 or Abraxas, which are essential for BRCC36 enzymatic activity. To understand the basis for BRCC36 regulation, we have solved the structure of an active BRCC36-KIAA0157 heterodimer and an inactive BRCC36 homodimer. Structural and functional characterizations show how BRCC36 is switched to an active conformation by contacts with KIAA0157. Higher order association of BRCC36 and KIAA0157 into a dimer of heterodimers (super dimers) was required for DUB activity and interaction with targeting proteins SHMT2 and RAP80. These data provide the first explanation of how an inactive pseudo DUB allosterically activates a cognate DUB partner, and implicates super dimerization as a new regulatory mechanism underlying BRCC36 DUB activity, subcellular localization, and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Zeqiraj
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 1090, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Christopher A Piggott
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 1090, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Monica C Pillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nicole M Duffy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 1090, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Derek F Ceccarelli
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 1090, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Alexander F A Keszei
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 1090, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kristina Lorenzen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 1090, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Igor Kurinov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, NE-CAT, Cornell University, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Stephen Orlicky
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 1090, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Gerald D Gish
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 1090, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alba Guarné
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 1090, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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50
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Jiang Q, Paramasivam M, Aressy B, Wu J, Bellani M, Tong W, Seidman MM, Greenberg RA. MERIT40 cooperates with BRCA2 to resolve DNA interstrand cross-links. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1955-68. [PMID: 26338419 PMCID: PMC4579352 DOI: 10.1101/gad.264192.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Jiang et al. found that Merit40−/− mice displayed marked hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) but not whole-body irradiation. This study implicates MERIT40 in the earliest stages of ICL repair and defines specific functional interactions between RAP80 complex-dependent ubiquitin recognition and the FA–BRCA ICL repair network. MERIT40 is an essential component of the RAP80 ubiquitin recognition complex that targets BRCA1 to DNA damage sites. Although this complex is required for BRCA1 foci formation, its physiologic role in DNA repair has remained enigmatic, as has its relationship to canonical DNA repair mechanisms. Surprisingly, we found that Merit40−/− mice displayed marked hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) but not whole-body irradiation. MERIT40 was rapidly recruited to ICL lesions prior to FANCD2, and Merit40-null cells exhibited delayed ICL unhooking coupled with reduced end resection and homologous recombination at ICL damage. Interestingly, Merit40 mutation exacerbated ICL-induced chromosome instability in the context of concomitant Brca2 deficiency but not in conjunction with Fancd2 mutation. These findings implicate MERIT40 in the earliest stages of ICL repair and define specific functional interactions between RAP80 complex-dependent ubiquitin recognition and the Fanconi anemia (FA)–BRCA ICL repair network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Department of Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Manikandan Paramasivam
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Bernadette Aressy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Department of Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Junmin Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Department of Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Marina Bellani
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Wei Tong
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Michael M Seidman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Department of Pathology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Basser Research Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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