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Kipshidze N, Iversen P, Porter TR, Kipshidze N, Siddiqui F, Dangas G, Fareed J. Targeted, Site-Specific, Delivery Vehicles of Therapeutics for COVID-19 Patients. Brief Review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 26:1076029620954911. [PMID: 32936689 PMCID: PMC7498969 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620954911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Definitive pharmacological therapies for COVID-19 have yet to be identified. Several hundred trials are ongoing globally in the hope of a solution. However, nearly all treatments rely on systemic delivery but COVID-19 damages the lungs preferentially. The use of a targeted delivery approach is reviewed where engineered products are able to reach damaged lung tissue directly, which includes catheter-based and aerosol-based approaches. In this review we have outlined various target directed approaches which include microbubbles, extracellular vesicles including exosomes, adenosine nanoparticles, novel bio-objects, direct aerosol targeted pulmonary delivery and catheter-based drug delivery with reference to their relative effectiveness for the specific lesions. Currently several trials are ongoing to determine the effectiveness of such delivery systems alone and in conjunction with systemic therapies. Such approaches may prove to be very effective in the controlled and localized COVID-19 viral lesions in the lungs and potential sites. Moreover, localized delivery offered a safer delivery mode for such drugs which may have systemic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fakiha Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - George Dangas
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
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2
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Chen PY, Yeh CK, Hsu PH, Lin CY, Huang CY, Wei KC, Liu HL. Drug-carrying microbubbles as a theranostic tool in convection-enhanced delivery for brain tumor therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42359-42371. [PMID: 28418846 PMCID: PMC5522072 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a promising technique for infusing a therapeutic agent through a catheter with a pressure gradient to create bulk flow for improving drug spread into the brain. So far, gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) is the most commonly applied surrogate agent for predicting drug distribution through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, Gd-DTPA provides only a short observation duration, and concurrent infusion provides an indirect measure of the exact drug distribution. In this study, we propose using microbubbles as a contrast agent for MRI monitoring, and evaluate their use as a drug-carrying vehicle to directly monitor the infused drug. Results show that microbubbles can provide excellent detectability through MRI relaxometry and accurately represent drug distribution during CED infusion. Compared with the short half-life of Gd-DTPA (1-2 hours), microbubbles allow an extended observation period of up to 12 hours. Moreover, microbubbles provide a sufficiently high drug payload, and glioma mice that underwent a CED infusion of microbubbles carrying doxorubicin presented considerable tumor growth suppression and a significantly improved survival rate. This study recommends microbubbles as a new theranostic tool for CED procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hung Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yin Lin
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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3
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Zimmerman KA, Xing D, Pallero MA, Lu A, Ikawa M, Black L, Hoyt KL, Kabarowski JH, Michalak M, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Calreticulin Regulates Neointima Formation and Collagen Deposition following Carotid Artery Ligation. J Vasc Res 2016; 52:306-20. [PMID: 26910059 DOI: 10.1159/000443884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein, calreticulin (CRT), is required for the production of TGF-β-stimulated extracellular matrix (ECM) by fibroblasts. Since TGF-β regulates vascular fibroproliferative responses and collagen deposition, we investigated the effects of CRT knockdown on vascular smooth-muscle cell (VSMC) fibroproliferative responses and collagen deposition. METHODS Using a carotid artery ligation model of vascular injury, Cre-recombinase-IRES-GFP plasmid was delivered with microbubbles (MB) to CRT-floxed mice using ultrasound (US) to specifically reduce CRT expression in the carotid artery. RESULTS In vitro, Cre-recombinase-mediated CRT knockdown in isolated, floxed VSMCs decreased the CRT transcript and protein, and attenuated the induction of collagen I protein in response to TGF-β. TGF-β stimulation of collagen I was partly blocked by the NFAT inhibitor 11R-VIVIT. Following carotid artery ligation, CRT staining was upregulated with enhanced expression in the neointima 14-21 days after injury. Furthermore, Cre-recombinase-IRES-GFP plasmid delivered by targeted US reduced CRT expression in the neointima of CRT-floxed mice and led to a significant reduction in neointima formation and collagen deposition. The neointimal cell number was also reduced in mice, with a local, tissue-specific knockdown of CRT. CONCLUSIONS This work establishes a novel role for CRT in mediating VSMC responses to injury through the regulation of collagen deposition and neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
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4
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Kilroy JP, Dhanaliwala AH, Klibanov AL, Bowles DK, Wamhoff BR, Hossack JA. Reducing Neointima Formation in a Swine Model with IVUS and Sirolimus Microbubbles. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2642-51. [PMID: 25893508 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Potent therapeutic compounds with dose dependent side effects require more efficient and selective drug delivery to reduce systemic drug doses. Here, we demonstrate a new platform that combines intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and drug-loaded microbubbles to enhance and localize drug delivery, while enabling versatility of drug type and dosing. Localization and degree of delivery with IVUS and microbubbles was assessed using fluorophore-loaded microbubbles and different IVUS parameters in ex vivo swine arteries. Using a swine model of neointimal hyperplasia, reduction of neointima formation following balloon injury was evaluated when using the combination of IVUS and sirolimus-loaded microbubbles. IVUS and microbubble enhanced fluorophore delivery was greatest when applying low amplitude pulses in the ex vivo model. In the in vivo model, neointima formation was reduced by 50% after treatment with IVUS and the sirolimus-loaded microbubbles. This reduction was achieved with a sirolimus whole blood concentration comparable to a commercial drug-eluting stent (0.999 ng/mL). We anticipate this therapy will find clinical use localizing drug delivery for numerous other diseases in addition to serving as an adjunct to stents in treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Kilroy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Ali H Dhanaliwala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alexander L Klibanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Douglas K Bowles
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - John A Hossack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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5
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Tzu-Yin W, Wilson KE, Machtaler S, Willmann JK. Ultrasound and microbubble guided drug delivery: mechanistic understanding and clinical implications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2014; 14:743-52. [PMID: 24372231 DOI: 10.2174/1389201014666131226114611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound mediated drug delivery using microbubbles is a safe and noninvasive approach for spatially localized drug administration. This approach can create temporary and reversible openings on cellular membranes and vessel walls (a process called "sonoporation"), allowing for enhanced transport of therapeutic agents across these natural barriers. It is generally believed that the sonoporation process is highly associated with the energetic cavitation activities (volumetric expansion, contraction, fragmentation, and collapse) of the microbubble. However, a thorough understanding of the process was unavailable until recently. Important progress on the mechanistic understanding of sonoporation and the corresponding physiological responses in vitro and in vivo has been made. Specifically, recent research shed light on the cavitation process of microbubbles and fluid motion during insonation of ultrasound, on the spatio-temporal interactions between microbubbles and cells or vessel walls, as well as on the temporal course of the subsequent biological effects. These findings have significant clinical implications on the development of optimal treatment strategies for effective drug delivery. In this article, current progress in the mechanistic understanding of ultrasound and microbubble mediated drug delivery and its implications for clinical translation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jurgen K Willmann
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H1307, Stanford, CA 94305-5621, USA.
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6
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Zhu Y, Edmonds L, Zhao X, Chen X, Hu C, Cheng Y, Cui W. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Rapamycin-eluting nanofibers coated on cardia stents. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04771k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagram of the process used to fabricate non-biodegradable metal stents with an outer layer of Rapa-loaded fibrous membrane using the electrospinning process. With the release of Rapa, the stents are expected to inhibit fibroblast proliferation and tissue hyperplasia, therefore treating a benign cardia stricture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Zhu
- Orthopedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Radiology
- The Sixth Affiliated People's Hospital
| | - Laura Edmonds
- Orthopedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Medicine
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Cambridge, USA
| | - Xinliang Chen
- Orthopedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Changmin Hu
- Orthopedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yingsheng Cheng
- Department of Radiology
- The Sixth Affiliated People's Hospital
- Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Orthopedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
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7
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Phillips LC, Klibanov AL, Wamhoff BR, Hossack JA. Localized ultrasound enhances delivery of rapamycin from microbubbles to prevent smooth muscle proliferation. J Control Release 2011; 154:42-9. [PMID: 21549778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbubble contrast agents have been shown to enhance reagent delivery when activated by ultrasound. We hypothesized that ultrasound would enhance delivery of rapamycin, an antiproliferative agent, from the shell of microbubbles, thus reducing proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Our objective was to determine optimal ultrasound parameters that maximized therapeutic efficacy, maintained cell adherence, and minimized the drug exposure time. In vitro assays determined that ultrasound (1 MHz, 0.5% duty cycle) is required to successfully deliver rapamycin from microbubbles and reduce proliferation. Co-injection of rapamycin with control microbubbles did not result in a reduction in proliferation. Successful reduction in proliferation (>50%) required pulses at least 10 cycles in length and at least 300 kPa peak negative pressure at which point 90% of cells remained adherent. The anti-proliferative effect was also localized within a 6mm wide zone by focusing the ultrasound beam.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/adverse effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Drug Compounding
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Microbubbles
- Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Phonophoresis
- Rats
- Sirolimus/administration & dosage
- Sirolimus/adverse effects
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsey C Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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9
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Abdur Rouf M, Vural I, Bilensoy E, Hincal A, Erol DD. Rapamycin-cyclodextrin complexation: improved solubility and dissolution rate. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-010-9885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Sirsi S, Borden M. Microbubble Compositions, Properties and Biomedical Applications. BUBBLE SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2009; 1:3-17. [PMID: 20574549 PMCID: PMC2889676 DOI: 10.1179/175889709x446507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been significant progress towards the development of microbubbles as theranostics for a wide variety of biomedical applications. The unique ability of microbubbles to respond to ultrasound makes them useful agents for contrast ultrasound imaging, molecular imaging, and targeted drug and gene delivery. The general composition of a microbubble is a gas core stabilized by a shell comprised of proteins, lipids or polymers. Each type of microbubble has its own unique advantages and can be tailored for specialized functions. In this review, different microbubbles compositions and physiochemical properties are discussed in the context of current progress towards developing novel constructs for biomedical applications, with specific emphasis on molecular imaging and targeted drug/gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Sirsi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120 ST, New York, NY 10027, Phone: 212-854-7279
| | - Mark Borden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120 ST, New York, NY 10027, Phone: 212-854-6955, Fax: 212-854-3044
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12
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Tartis MS, Kruse DE, Zheng H, Zhang H, Kheirolomoom A, Marik J, Ferrara KW. Dynamic microPET imaging of ultrasound contrast agents and lipid delivery. J Control Release 2008; 131:160-6. [PMID: 18718854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interest in ultrasound contrast agents (lipid-shelled microbubbles) as delivery vehicles is increasing; however, the biodistribution of these agents remains uncharacterized, both with and without ultrasound. In this study, an (18)F-labeled lipid ([(18)F]fluorodipalmitin), incorporated in microbubble shells, was used as a dynamic microPET probe for quantitative 90-minute biodistribution measurements in male Fischer 344 rats (n=2). The spleen retained the highest concentration of radioactive lipid at approximately 2.6%-injected dose per cubic centimeter (% ID/cc) and the liver demonstrated the largest total accumulation (approximately 17% ID). The microbubble pharmacokinetic profile differed from free lipid, which is rapidly cleared from blood, and liposomes, which remain in circulation. Additionally, region of interest (ROI) analysis over 60 minutes (post-ultrasound treatment) quantified the delivery of lipid by therapeutic ultrasound from microbubbles to kidney tissue (n=8). The ultrasound sequence consisted of a 200 kPa, 5.3 MHz radiation force pulse followed by a 1.6 MPa, 1.4 MHz fragmentation pulse and was applied to one kidney, while the contralateral kidney served as a control. ROI-estimated activity in treated kidneys was slightly but significantly greater at 0 and 60 min than in untreated kidneys (p=0.0012 and 0.0035, respectively). This effect increased with the number of microbubbles injected (p=0.006). In summary, [(18)F]fluorodipalmitin was used to characterize the biodistribution of contrast microbubble shells and the deposition of lipid was shown to be locally increased after insonation.
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13
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Hernot S, Klibanov AL. Microbubbles in ultrasound-triggered drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1153-66. [PMID: 18486268 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast agents, in the form of gas-filled microbubbles, are becoming popular in perfusion monitoring; they are employed as molecular imaging agents. Microbubbles are manufactured from biocompatible materials, they can be injected intravenously, and some are approved for clinical use. Microbubbles can be destroyed by ultrasound irradiation. This destruction phenomenon can be applied to targeted drug delivery and enhancement of drug action. The ultrasonic field can be focused at the target tissues and organs; thus, selectivity of the treatment can be improved, reducing undesirable side effects. Microbubbles enhance ultrasound energy deposition in the tissues and serve as cavitation nuclei, increasing intracellular drug delivery. DNA delivery and successful tissue transfection are observed in the areas of the body where ultrasound is applied after intravascular administration of microbubbles and plasmid DNA. Accelerated blood clot dissolution in the areas of insonation by cooperative action of thrombolytic agents and microbubbles is demonstrated in several clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hernot
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 800158, RM1026, Hospital Drive, Cobb Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0158, USA
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14
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Ferrara K, Pollard R, Borden M. Ultrasound microbubble contrast agents: fundamentals and application to gene and drug delivery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2007; 9:415-47. [PMID: 17651012 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.095852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review offers a critical analysis of the state of the art of medical microbubbles and their application in therapeutic delivery and monitoring. When driven by an ultrasonic pulse, these small gas bubbles oscillate with a wall velocity on the order of tens to hundreds of meters per second and can be deflected to a vessel wall or fragmented into particles on the order of nanometers. While single-session molecular imaging of multiple targets is difficult with affinity-based strategies employed in some other imaging modalities, microbubble fragmentation facilitates such studies. Similarly, a focused ultrasound beam can be used to disrupt delivery vehicles and blood vessel walls, offering the opportunity to locally deliver a drug or gene. Clinical translation of these vehicles will require that current challenges be overcome, where these challenges include rapid clearance and low payload. The technology, early successes with drug and gene delivery, and potential clinical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ferrara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8686, USA.
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15
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Hallow DM, Mahajan AD, Prausnitz MR. Ultrasonically targeted delivery into endothelial and smooth muscle cells in ex vivo arteries. J Control Release 2007; 118:285-93. [PMID: 17291619 PMCID: PMC1892790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that ultrasound can target intracellular uptake of drugs into vascular endothelial cells (ECs) at low to intermediate energy and into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) at high energy. Ultrasound-enhanced delivery has been shown to enhance and target intracellular drug and gene delivery in the vasculature to treat cardiovascular disease, but quantitative studies of the delivery process are lacking. Viable ex vivo porcine carotid arteries were placed in a solution containing a model drug, TO-PRO(R)-1, and Optison microbubbles. Arteries were exposed to ultrasound at 1.1 MHz and acoustic energies of 5.0, 66, or 630 J/cm(2). Using confocal microscopy and fluorescent labeling of cells, the artery endothelium and media were imaged to determine the localization and to quantify intracellular uptake and cell death. At low to intermediate ultrasound energy, ultrasound was shown to target intracellular delivery into viable cells that represented 9-24% of exposed ECs. These conditions also typically caused 7-25% EC death. At high energy, intracellular delivery was targeted to SMCs, which was associated with denuding or death of proximal ECs. This work represents the first known in-depth study to evaluate intracellular uptake into cells in tissue. We conclude that significant intracellular uptake of molecules can be targeted into ECs and SMCs by ultrasound-enhanced delivery suggesting possible applications for treatment of cardiovascular diseases and dysfunctions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/cytology
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/physiology
- Drug Delivery Systems/methods
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Female
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Organic Chemicals/administration & dosage
- Swine
- Ultrasonics
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Hallow
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
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16
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Porter TR, Xie F, Knapp D, Iversen P, Marky LA, Tsutsui JM, Maiti S, Lof J, Radio SJ, Kipshidze N. Targeted vascular delivery of antisense molecules using intravenous microbubbles. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2006; 7:25-33. [PMID: 16513520 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA) microbubbles bind the antisense to the c-myc protooncogene (anti-c-myc) which prevents neointimal hyperplasia following vascular endothelial injury. The microbubbles also adhere to sites of damaged vascular endothelium and thus may be a method of systemically targeting delivery of anti-c-myc. METHODS Laser scanning microscopy was performed on the aorta of 10 mice (five which were complement depleted) that received intravenous FITC-PESDA following aortic endothelial injury. C-myc expression was quantified following selective intracoronary injury in nine pigs that received intravenous (IV) anti-c-myc bound to PESDA. Finally, neointimal formation was measured following intracoronary stent deployment in 30 pigs that received either IV anti-c-myc alone or the same dose bound to PESDA. RESULTS Fluorescent microscopy confirmed selective PESDA microbubble adherence to aortic endothelium in all mice with aortic injury. This binding was nearly abolished when serum complement was depleted prior to injury. C-myc expression at the site of coronary endothelial injury was significantly lower in pigs treated with systemic anti-c-myc bound to PESDA. There was a 33% reduction in % stenosis and a 28% reduction in intimal area at 45 days post-stent deployment in pigs that received IV antisense plus PESDA. The stent margins also had reduced neointimal formation. CONCLUSION Systemic administration of anti-c-myc bound to PESDA microbubbles may be a good method for preventing coronary neointimal formation within and around implanted stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Porter
- Section of Cardiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1165, USA
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