1
|
Gale J, Aizenman E. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of copper in the nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3505-3543. [PMID: 38747014 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Copper is a critical trace element in biological systems due the vast number of essential enzymes that require the metal as a cofactor, including cytochrome c oxidase, superoxide dismutase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Due its key role in oxidative metabolism, antioxidant defence and neurotransmitter synthesis, copper is particularly important for neuronal development and proper neuronal function. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that copper also serves important functions in synaptic and network activity, the regulation of circadian rhythms, and arousal. However, it is important to note that because of copper's ability to redox cycle and generate reactive species, cellular levels of the metal must be tightly regulated to meet cellular needs while avoiding copper-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, it is essential that the intricate system of copper transporters, exporters, copper chaperones and copper trafficking proteins function properly and in coordinate fashion. Indeed, disorders of copper metabolism such as Menkes disease and Wilson disease, as well as diseases linked to dysfunction of copper-requiring enzymes, such as SOD1-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, demonstrate the dramatic neurological consequences of altered copper homeostasis. In this review, we explore the physiological importance of copper in the nervous system as well as pathologies related to improper copper handling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Gale
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qi Z, Zhou X, Dong W, Timmins GS, Pan R, Shi W, Yuan S, Zhao Y, Ji X, Liu KJ. Neuronal Zinc Transporter ZnT3 Modulates Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1011. [PMID: 37962463 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc plays important roles in both physiological and pathological processes in the brain. Accumulation of free zinc in ischemic tissue is recognized to contribute to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption following cerebral ischemia, but little is known either about the source of free zinc in microvessels or the mechanism by which free zinc mediates ischemia-induced BBB damage. We utilized cellular and animal models of ischemic stroke to determine the source of high levels of free zinc and the mechanism of free zinc-mediated BBB damage after ischemia. We report that cerebral ischemia elevated the level of extracellular fluid (ECF-Zn) of ischemic brain, leading to exacerbated BBB damage in a rat stroke model. Specifically suppressing zinc release from neurons, utilizing neuronal-specific zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) knockout mice, markedly reduced ECF-Zn and BBB permeability after ischemia. Intriguingly, the activity of zinc-dependent metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was modulated by ECF-Zn levels. Elevated ECF-Zn during ischemia directly bound to MMP-2 in extracellular fluid, increased its zinc content and augmented MMP-2 activity, leading to the degradation of tight junction protein in cerebral microvessels and BBB disruption. These findings suggest the role of neuronal ZnT3 in modulating ischemia-induced BBB disruption and reveal a novel mechanism of MMP-2 activation in BBB disruption after stroke, demonstrating ZnT3 as an effective target for stroke treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Qi
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Wen Dong
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Graham S Timmins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Rong Pan
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tahir N, Ashraf A, Waqar SHB, Rafae A, Kantamneni L, Sheikh T, Khan R. Copper deficiency, a rare but correctable cause of pancytopenia: a review of literature. Expert Rev Hematol 2022; 15:999-1008. [PMID: 36314081 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2022.2142113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Copper is increasingly being recognized as a vital mineral required by both animals and humans. It plays a vital role in many metabolic processes such as cellular respiration, iron oxidation, and hemoglobin synthesis. Copper deficiency, which can be hereditary or acquired, can lead to a wide spectrum of disease processes such as ringed sideroblastic anemia, myelodysplasia, and pancytopenia. Timely identification and management of copper deficiency is necessary to prevent irreversible complications. AREAS COVERED Our study focuses on prevalence, etiology, pathophysiology, complications, and treatment of copper deficiency. EXPERT OPINION Copper deficiency is frequently underrecognized as the cause of anemia, neutropenia, and bone marrow dysplasia. As it is potentially treatable, it should always be kept in the differentials when patients present with neurological and hematological abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayha Tahir
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aqsa Ashraf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, Mather Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY, USA
| | - Syed Hamza Bin Waqar
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Abdul Rafae
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Leela Kantamneni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsville Regional Medical Campus, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Taha Sheikh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Rafiullah Khan
- Division of Hematology Oncology, The Christ Hospital Network Physicians, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Emojevwe V, Nwangwa EK, Naiho AO, Oyovwi MO, Ben-Azu B. Toxicological outcome of phthalate exposure on male fertility: Ameliorative impacts of the co-administration of N-acetylcysteine and zinc sulfate in rats. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43043-022-00096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Reports have shown that humans are consistently exposed to environmental toxicants such as phthalate (PHT) during their daily activities. This results in reproductive dysfunction and infertility-related issues as already noted in human and experimental animals. We therefore designed this study to investigate fertility outcome in phthalate-exposed male rats treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) with the view of providing a therapeutic alternative to reproductive toxicity caused by phthalate. The research was done in two phases. In phase 1, thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of five (n = 7) groups given the following treatments for 21 days: group A was given distilled water as a control, while groups B, C, D, and E were given phthalate (750 mg/kg/day). Animals in groups C to E were also given ZnSO4 (0.5 mg/kg/day), N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg/day), and ZnSO4 (0.5 mg/kg/day) + N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg/day) in addition to phthalate. In phase 2, animals from groups in phase 1 were mated with females for fecundity testing.
Results
The result shows alteration in testicular and epididymis weight and testis/epididymis ratio, semen parameters, sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction, sperm DNA, serum Zn and Mg, testicular mitochondria apoptosis mechanisms (TNF-α and BCL-2), and testicular Ca2+-ATPase as well as fecundity outcome in the phthalate-treated group. However, ZnSO4 and NAC successfully ameliorated the deleterious effects of phthalate on semen parameters, sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction, serum electrolyte and mitochondria apoptosis mechanisms, and testicular electrogenic Ca2+-ATPase in phthalate-induced male rats with a better outcome in the combined therapy. Pregnancy outcome and litter sizes were also higher in the combined therapy when also compared with the phthalate-treated groups.
Conclusion
According to the result, ZnSO4 and NAC increased fertility outcome in phthalate-treated male rats through enhancement of testicular BCL-2, serum electrolyte, testicular Ca2+ATPase pumps, and cytoprotection.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wahab A, Mushtaq K, Borak SG, Bellam N. Zinc-induced copper deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, and neutropenia: A perplexing facet of zinc excess. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1666-1671. [PMID: 32983473 PMCID: PMC7495772 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypocupremia due to zinc products can cause sideroblastic anemia and neutropenia and mimics other serious hematological disorders. Early consideration of the copper deficiency and a thorough clinical history can prevent unnecessary interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Wahab
- Baptist Medical Center SouthUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamMontgomeryALUSA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grzeszczak K, Kwiatkowski S, Kosik-Bogacka D. The Role of Fe, Zn, and Cu in Pregnancy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1176. [PMID: 32806787 PMCID: PMC7463674 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are microelements essential for the proper functioning of living organisms. These elements participatein many processes, including cellular metabolism and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses, and also influence enzyme activity, regulate gene expression, and take part in protein synthesis. Fe, Cu, and Zn have a significant impact on the health of pregnant women and in the development of the fetus, as well as on the health of the newborn. A proper concentration of these elements in the body of women during pregnancy reduces the risk of complications such as anemia, induced hypertension, low birth weight, preeclampsia, and postnatal complications. The interactions between Fe, Cu, and Zn influence their availability due to their similar physicochemical properties. This most often occurs during intestinal absorption, where metal ions compete for binding sites with transport compounds. Additionally, the relationships between these ions have a great influence on the course of reactions in the tissues, as well as on their excretion, which can be stimulated or delayed. This review aims to summarize reports on the influence of Fe, Cu, and Zn on the course of single and multiple pregnancies, and to discuss the interdependencies and mechanisms occurring between Fe, Cu, and Zn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Grzeszczak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moazed V, Jafari E, RashidiNezhad B, Kalantari-Khandani B, Nemati A, Naghibzadeh Tahami A, Mangeli F. Copper and Zinc Levels in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients versus Healthy Subjects. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:239-241. [PMID: 31983190 PMCID: PMC7294005 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.1.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous hematological disease and certain serum factors are assumed to be involved in its pathogenesis and progression. Given this, our aim was to comparatively investigate the copper, zinc, and iron levels in MDS patients and healthy individuals. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 31 patients with MDS (according to the WHO criteria after investigating laboratory tests such as peripheral blood smear and bone marrow aspiration) attending Bahonar Hospital, Kerman, Iran, and 31 healthy subjects from 2016 to 2018. The levels of copper, ceruloplasmin, zinc, ferritin, and iron were compared between the two groups. Results: Among the MDS patients, five individuals (16.13%) had low serum copper level (mean: 67.8 ± 4.35 µg/dl). Serum copper level was 111.3 ± 27.7 and 138.3 ± 26.6 in case and control groups, respectively (P = 0.0001). The serum zinc level and bone marrow iron level were also significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, it can be concluded that because only a small proportion of the MDS patients enrolled in this study were found to have lower copper levels compared with the MDS patients population, further studies with a larger sample size and also clinical trials in MDS patients with serum zinc, and copper deficiency are recommended, and post-treatment hematological reassessment would also be beneficial to achieving more definitive results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Moazed
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Jafari
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bita RashidiNezhad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behjat Kalantari-Khandani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Nemati
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Naghibzadeh Tahami
- Physiology Research Center ,Institute of Basic and Clinical physiology sciences ,Kerman University of Medical Sciences ,Kerman, Iran
| | - Foroogh Mangeli
- Department of Pathology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He G, Liu C, Liu X, Wang Q, Fan A, Wang S, Qian X. Design and synthesis of a fluorescent probe based on naphthalene anhydride and its detection of copper ions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186994. [PMID: 29073217 PMCID: PMC5658116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper, as the third most abundant transition metal ions of human, plays an essential role in the redox reaction, signal transduction, hematopoiesis, and other physiological processes. Abnormal content of copper ions in the body will cause some diseases such as anemia, coronary heart disease, Menkes’ syndrome. In this article, a new fluorescence probe L for Cu2+ was designed and synthetized by using 4-bromo-1,8 naphthalene anhydride and 2-thiophene formaldehyde as raw materials. Fluorescent probe L itself exhibited strong fluorescence, upon the addition of Cu2+ ions, the fluorescence was quenched. The fluorescent detection limit for Cu2+ ions was determined to be 1.8 μM based on a 3δ/S method. UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra indicated that probe L showed good selectivity and sensitivity for Cu2+, and this selectivity was not interfered by other metal ions and anions. Further cell fluorescence imaging experiments indicated that the probe L had potential to be used to examine copper ions in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie He
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (GJH); (XLQ)
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Aiying Fan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Songjun Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xinlai Qian
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (GJH); (XLQ)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cathcart SJ, Sofronescu AG. Clinically distinct presentations of copper deficiency myeloneuropathy and cytopenias in a patient using excessive zinc-containing denture adhesive. Clin Biochem 2017; 50:733-736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
10
|
Jarosz M, Olbert M, Wyszogrodzka G, Młyniec K, Librowski T. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of zinc. Zinc-dependent NF-κB signaling. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:11-24. [PMID: 28083748 PMCID: PMC5306179 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a nutritionally fundamental trace element, essential to the structure and function of numerous macromolecules, including enzymes regulating cellular processes and cellular signaling pathways. The mineral modulates immune response and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Zinc retards oxidative processes on a long-term basis by inducing the expression of metallothioneins. These metal-binding cysteine-rich proteins are responsible for maintaining zinc-related cell homeostasis and act as potent electrophilic scavengers and cytoprotective agents. Furthermore, zinc increases the activation of antioxidant proteins and enzymes, such as glutathione and catalase. On the other hand, zinc exerts its antioxidant effect via two acute mechanisms, one of which is the stabilization of protein sulfhydryls against oxidation. The second mechanism consists in antagonizing transition metal-catalyzed reactions. Zinc can exchange redox active metals, such as copper and iron, in certain binding sites and attenuate cellular site-specific oxidative injury. Studies have demonstrated that physiological reconstitution of zinc restrains immune activation, whereas zinc deficiency, in the setting of severe infection, provokes a systemic increase in NF-κB activation. In vitro studies have shown that zinc decreases NF-κB activation and its target genes, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, and increases the gene expression of A20 and PPAR-α, the two zinc finger proteins with anti-inflammatory properties. Alternative NF-κB inhibitory mechanism is initiated by the inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, whereas another presumed mechanism consists in inhibition of IκB kinase in response to infection by zinc ions that have been imported into cells by ZIP8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jarosz
- Department of Radioligands, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Olbert
- Department of Radioligands, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Wyszogrodzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Młyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Librowski
- Department of Radioligands, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ha JH, Doguer C, Wang X, Flores SR, Collins JF. High-Iron Consumption Impairs Growth and Causes Copper-Deficiency Anemia in Weanling Sprague-Dawley Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161033. [PMID: 27537180 PMCID: PMC4990348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron-copper interactions were described decades ago; however, molecular mechanisms linking the two essential minerals remain largely undefined. Investigations in humans and other mammals noted that copper levels increase in the intestinal mucosa, liver and blood during iron deficiency, tissues all important for iron homeostasis. The current study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that dietary copper influences iron homeostasis during iron deficiency and iron overload. We thus fed weanling, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6-11/group) AIN-93G-based diets containing high (~8800 ppm), adequate (~80) or low (~11) iron in combination with high (~183), adequate (~8) or low (~0.9) copper for 5 weeks. Subsequently, the iron- and copper-related phenotype of the rats was assessed. Rats fed the low-iron diets grew slower than controls, with changes in dietary copper not further influencing growth. Unexpectedly, however, high-iron (HFe) feeding also impaired growth. Furthermore, consumption of the HFe diet caused cardiac hypertrophy, anemia, low serum and tissue copper levels and decreased circulating ceruloplasmin activity. Intriguingly, these physiologic perturbations were prevented by adding extra copper to the HFe diet. Furthermore, higher copper levels in the HFe diet increased serum nonheme iron concentration and transferrin saturation, exacerbated hepatic nonheme iron loading and attenuated splenic nonheme iron accumulation. Moreover, serum erythropoietin levels, and splenic erythroferrone and hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels were altered by the dietary treatments in unanticipated ways, providing insight into how iron and copper influence expression of these hormones. We conclude that high-iron feeding of weanling rats causes systemic copper deficiency, and further, that copper influences the iron-overload phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Heun Ha
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Caglar Doguer
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shireen R. Flores
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - James F. Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|