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Bara‐Estaún A, Harder MC, Lyall CL, Lowe JP, Suturina E, Hintermair U. Paramagnetic Relaxation Agents for Enhancing Temporal Resolution and Sensitivity in Multinuclear FlowNMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300215. [PMID: 36946535 PMCID: PMC10962566 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity in FlowNMR spectroscopy for reaction monitoring often suffers from low levels of pre-magnetisation due to limited residence times of the sample in the magnetic field. While this in-flow effect is tolerable for high sensitivity nuclei such as 1 H and 19 F, it significantly reduces the signal-to-noise ratio in 31 P and 13 C spectra, making FlowNMR impractical for low sensititvity nuclei at low concentrations. Paramagnetic relaxation agents (PRAs), which enhance polarisation and spin-lattice relaxation, could eliminate the adverse in-flow effect and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Herein, [Co(acac)3 ], [Mn(acac)3 ], [Fe(acac)3 ], [Cr(acac)3 ], [Ni(acac)2 ]3, [Gd(tmhd)3 ] and [Cr(tmhd)3 ] are investigated for their effectiveness in improving signal intensity per unit time in FlowNMR applications under the additional constraint of chemical inertness towards catalytically active transition metal complexes. High-spin Cr(III) acetylacetonates emerged as the most effective compounds, successfully reducing 31 P T1 values four- to five-fold at PRA concentrations as low as 10 mM without causing adverse line broadening. Whereas [Cr(acac)3 ] showed signs of chemical reactivity with a mixture of triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine oxide and triphenylphosphate over the course of several hours at 80° C, the bulkier [Cr(tmhd)3 ] was stable and equally effective as a PRA under these conditions. Compatibility with a range of representative transition metal complexes often used in homogeneous catalysis has been investigated, and application of [Cr(tmhd)3 ] in significantly improving 1 H and 31 P{1 H} FlowNMR data quality in a Rh-catalysed hydroformylation reaction has been demonstrated. With the PRA added, 13 C relaxation times were reduced more than six-fold, allowing quantitative reaction monitoring of substrate consumption and product formation by 13 C{1 H} FlowNMR spectroscopy at natural abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bara‐Estaún
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Marie C. Harder
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Catherine L. Lyall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizaveta Suturina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Institute for SustainabilityUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
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Kubis C, König M, Leidecker BN, Selent D, Schröder H, Sawall M, Baumann W, Spannenberg A, Brächer A, Neymeyr K, Franke R, Börner A. Interplay between Catalyst Complexes and Dormant States: In Situ Spectroscopic Investigations on a Catalyst System for Alkene Hydroformylation. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kubis
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Street 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias König
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Street 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Street 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
| | - Benedict N. Leidecker
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Street 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Detlef Selent
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Street 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Henning Schröder
- University of Rostock, Institute of Mathematics, Ulmenstraße 59, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Sawall
- University of Rostock, Institute of Mathematics, Ulmenstraße 59, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Street 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Street 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Neymeyr
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Street 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- University of Rostock, Institute of Mathematics, Ulmenstraße 59, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Street 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Armin Börner
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Street 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractHydroformylation is one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed reactions on an industrial scale. The manufacture of bulk chemicals clearly dominates. Large cobalt- and rhodium-based processes are mature technologies that have been developed over the past 80 years. Meanwhile, the potential of hydroformylation for the production of fine chemicals (perfumes, pharmaceuticals) has also been recognized. This review gives insight into the state-of-the-art of the reaction and its development. It commences with some remarks on the accidental discovery by the German chemist Otto Roelen within the historical and personal framework of the Fischer–Tropsch process, followed by the mechanistic basics of the catalytic cycle, metals used for the catalyst as well as their organic ligands. In addition, the stability of ligands and catalysts is addressed. The huge potential of this transformation is demonstrated using a variety of substrates. Finally, the use of some surrogates for syngas is discussed.
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Dangat Y, Popli S, Sunoj RB. Unraveling the Importance of Noncovalent Interactions in Asymmetric Hydroformylation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17079-17092. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Dangat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sahil Popli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Wang Y, Yan L, Li C, Jiang M, Zhao Z, Hou G, Ding Y. Heterogeneous Rh/CPOL-BP&P(OPh)3 catalysts for hydroformylation of 1-butene: The formation and evolution of the active species. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brezny AC, Landis CR. Recent Developments in the Scope, Practicality, and Mechanistic Understanding of Enantioselective Hydroformylation. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2344-2354. [PMID: 30118203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the nearly 80 years since catalytic hydroformylation was first reported, hundreds of billions of pounds of aldehyde have been produced by this atom efficient one-carbon homologation of alkenes in the presence of H2 and CO. Despite the economy and demonstrated scalability of hydroformylation, the enantioselective process (asymmetric hydroformylation, AHF) currently does not contribute significantly to the production of chiral aldehydes and their derivatives. Current impediments to practical application of AHF include low diversity of chiral ligands that provide effective rates and selectivities, limited exploration of substrate scope, few demonstrations of efficient flow reactor processes, and incomplete mechanistic understanding of the factors that control reaction selectivity and rate. This Account summarizes developments in ligand design, substrate scope, reactor technology, and mechanistic understanding that advance AHF toward practical and atom-efficient production of chiral α-stereogenic aldehydes. Initial applications of AHF were limited to activated terminal alkenes such as styrene, but recent developments enable high selectivity for unactivated olefins and more complex substrates such as 1,1'- and 1,2-disubstituted alkenes. Expanded substrate scope primarily results from new chiral phosphine ligands, especially phospholanes and bisdiazaphospholanes (BDPs). These ligands are now more accessible due to improved synthesis and resolution procedures. One of the virtues of diazaphospholanes is the relative ease of derivatization, including attachment to heterogeneous supports. Hydroformylation involves toxic and flammable reactants, a serious concern in pharmaceutical production facilities. Flow reactors offer many process benefits for handling dangerous reagents and for systematically moving from research to production scales. New approaches to achieving good gas-liquid mixing in flow reactors have been demonstrated with BDP-derived catalyst systems and lend assurance that AHF can be practically implemented by the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. To date, progress in AHF has been empirically driven, because hydroformylation is a complex, multistep process for which the origins of chemo-, regio-, and enantioselectivity are difficult to elucidate. Mechanistic complexity arises from three concurrent catalytic cycles (linear and two diastereomeric branched paths), significant pooling of catalyst as off-cycle species, and multiple elementary steps that are kinetically competitive. Addressing such complexity requires new approaches to collecting kinetic and extra-kinetic information and analyzing these data. In this Account, we describe our group's progress toward understanding the complex kinetics and mechanism of AHF as catalyzed by rhodium bis(diazaphospholane) catalysts. Our strategy features both "outside-in" (i.e., monitoring catalytic rates and selectivities as a function of reactant concentration and temperature) and "inside-out" (i.e., building kinetic models based on the rates of component steps of the catalytic reaction) approaches. These studies include isotopic labeling, interception and characterization of catalytic intermediates using NMR techniques, multinuclear high-pressure NMR spectroscopy, and sophisticated kinetic modeling. Such broad-based approaches illuminate the kinetic and mechanistic origins of selectivity and activity of AHF and the elucidation of important principles that apply to all catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Brezny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Clark R. Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Nurttila S, Linnebank PR, Krachko T, Reek JNH. Supramolecular Approaches To Control Activity and Selectivity in Hydroformylation Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018; 8:3469-3488. [PMID: 29657887 PMCID: PMC5894442 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hydroformylation reaction is one of the most intensively explored reactions in the field of homogeneous transition metal catalysis, and many industrial applications are known. However, this atom economical reaction has not been used to its full potential, as many selectivity issues have not been solved. Traditionally, the selectivity is controlled by the ligand that is coordinated to the active metal center. Recently, supramolecular strategies have been demonstrated to provide powerful complementary tools to control activity and selectivity in hydroformylation reactions. In this review, we will highlight these supramolecular strategies. We have organized this paper in sections in which we describe the use of supramolecular bidentate ligands, substrate preorganization by interactions between the substrate and functional groups of the ligands, and hydroformylation catalysis in molecular cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra
S. Nurttila
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Pim R. Linnebank
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Tetiana Krachko
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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Pongrácz P, Szentjóbi H, Tóth T, Huszthy P, Kollár L. Enantioselective hydroformylation of styrene in the presence of platinum(II)–monophospha-crown ether complexes. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Brezny AC, Landis CR. Unexpected CO Dependencies, Catalyst Speciation, and Single Turnover Hydrogenolysis Studies of Hydroformylation via High Pressure NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2778-2785. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Brezny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Clark R. Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Walter S, Spohr H, Franke R, Hieringer W, Wasserscheid P, Haumann M. Detailed Investigation of the Mechanism of Rh-Diphosphite Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP)-Catalyzed 1-Butene Hydroformylation in the Gas Phase via Combined Kinetic and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Modeling Studies. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Walter
- Lehrstuhl
für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Spohr
- Evonik Technology & Infrastructure GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance
Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Theoretische
Chemie, Universitätsstr.
150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hieringer
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl
für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen
Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl
für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Pongrácz P, Kollár L. Enantioselective hydroformylation of 2- and 4-substituted styrenes with PtCl2[(R)-BINAP] + SnCl2 ‘in situ’ catalyst. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kubis C, Profir I, Fleischer I, Baumann W, Selent D, Fischer C, Spannenberg A, Ludwig R, Hess D, Franke R, Börner A. In Situ FTIR and NMR Spectroscopic Investigations on Ruthenium-Based Catalysts for Alkene Hydroformylation. Chemistry 2016; 22:2746-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kubis
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany), Fax
| | - Irina Profir
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany), Fax
| | - Ivana Fleischer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany), Fax
| | - Detlef Selent
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany), Fax
| | - Christine Fischer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany), Fax
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany), Fax
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany), Fax
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 3 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Dieter Hess
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Paul-Baumann-Strasse 1 45772 Marl Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Paul-Baumann-Strasse 1 45772 Marl Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Armin Börner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany), Fax
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein Strasse 3 18059 Rostock Germany
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13
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Xu Q, Guo L, Dinh TN, Cheong A, Garland M. Two-Dimensional (2D) Correlation Analysis and the Search for Intermediates: A Strictly Mathematical Approach to an Important Mechanistic Question. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs502127y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qisong Xu
- Institute
of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - LiangFeng Guo
- Institute
of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - Tung Nguyen Dinh
- Institute
of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - Angie Cheong
- Institute
of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - Marc Garland
- Institute
of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
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14
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Klähn M, Garland MV. On the Mechanism of the Catalytic Binuclear Elimination Reaction in Hydroformylation Systems. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5019925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Klähn
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology
and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Marc V. Garland
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology
and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Republic of Singapore
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Jouffroy M, Gramage-Doria R, Sémeril D, Armspach D, Matt D, Oberhauser W, Toupet L. Phosphinocyclodextrins as confining units for catalytic metal centres. Applications to carbon-carbon bond forming reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2388-405. [PMID: 25383109 PMCID: PMC4222288 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of two cavity-shaped ligands, HUGPHOS-1 and HUGPHOS-2, to generate exclusively singly phosphorus-ligated complexes, in which the cyclodextrin cavity tightly wraps around the metal centre, was explored with a number of late transition metal cations. Both cyclodextrin-derived ligands were assessed in palladium-catalysed Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions between aryl bromides and styrene on one hand, and the rhodium-catalysed asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene on the other hand. The inability of both chiral ligands to form standard bis(phosphine) complexes under catalytic conditions was established by high-pressure NMR studies and shown to have a deep impact on the two carbon-carbon bond forming reactions both in terms of activity and selectivity. For example, when used as ligands in the rhodium-catalysed hydroformylation of styrene, they lead to both high isoselectivity and high enantioselectivity. In the study dealing with the Mizoroki-Heck reactions, comparative tests were carried out with WIDEPHOS, a diphosphine analogue of HUGPHOS-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Jouffroy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1, rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Rafael Gramage-Doria
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1, rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - David Sémeril
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1, rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Armspach
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1, rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Matt
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1, rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Werner Oberhauser
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici CNR, via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Loïc Toupet
- Groupe Matière Condensée et Matériaux, UMR 6626 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 263, avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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16
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Kubis C, Sawall M, Block A, Neymeyr K, Ludwig R, Börner A, Selent D. An Operando FTIR Spectroscopic and Kinetic Study of Carbon Monoxide Pressure Influence on Rhodium-Catalyzed Olefin Hydroformylation. Chemistry 2014; 20:11921-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Grabow K, Bentrup U. Homogeneous Catalytic Processes Monitored by Combined in Situ ATR-IR, UV–Vis, and Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500363n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Grabow
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula Bentrup
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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18
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Kubis C, Baumann W, Barsch E, Selent D, Sawall M, Ludwig R, Neymeyr K, Hess D, Franke R, Börner A. Investigation into the Equilibrium of Iridium Catalysts for the Hydroformylation of Olefins by Combining In Situ High-Pressure FTIR and NMR Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500368z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kubis
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Enrico Barsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Detlef Selent
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Sawall
- Institut für Mathematik, Universität Rostock, Ulmenstrasse 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Klaus Neymeyr
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institut für Mathematik, Universität Rostock, Ulmenstrasse 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dieter Hess
- Evonik Industries AG, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, D-45772 Marl, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Industries AG, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, D-45772 Marl, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Armin Börner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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19
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Dydio P, Detz RJ, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Beyond classical reactivity patterns: hydroformylation of vinyl and allyl arenes to valuable β- and γ-aldehyde intermediates using supramolecular catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8418-29. [PMID: 24841256 DOI: 10.1021/ja503033q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report on properties of a series of rhodium complexes of bisphosphine and bisphosphite L1-L7 ligands, which are equipped with an integral anion binding site (the DIM pocket), and their application in the regioselective hydroformylation of vinyl and allyl arenes bearing an anionic group. In principle, the binding site of the ligand is used to preorganize a substrate molecule through noncovalent interactions with its anionic group to promote otherwise unfavorable reaction pathways. We demonstrate that this strategy allows for unprecedented reversal of selectivity to form otherwise disfavored β-aldehyde products in the hydroformylation of vinyl 2- and 3-carboxyarenes, with chemo- and regioselectivity up to 100%. The catalyst has a wide substrate scope, including the most challenging substrates with internal double bonds. Coordination studies of the catalysts under catalytically relevant conditions reveal the formation of the hydridobiscarbonyl rhodium complexes [Rh(Ln)(CO)2H]. The titration studies confirm that the rhodium complexes can bind anionic species in the DIM binding site of the ligand. Furthermore, kinetic studies and in situ spectroscopic investigations for the most active catalyst give insight into the operational mode of the system, and reveal that the catalytically active species are involved in complex equilibria with unusual dormant (reversibly inactivated) species. In principle, this involves the competitive inhibition of the recognition center by product binding, as well as the inhibition of the metal center via reversible coordination of either a substrate or a product molecule. Despite the inhibition effects, the substrate preorganization gives rise to very high activities and efficiencies (TON > 18,000 and TOF > 6000 mol mol(-1) h(-1)), which are adequate for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Dydio
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Vilches-Herrera
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V., A.-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lutz Domke
- Institut für Chemie der Universität Rostock e.V., A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Armin Börner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V., A.-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institut für Chemie der Universität Rostock e.V., A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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21
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Pongrácz P, Papp T, Kollár L, Kégl T. Influence of the 4-Substituents on the Reversal of Enantioselectivity in the Asymmetric Hydroformylation of 4-Substituted Styrenes with PtCl(SnCl3)[(2S,4S)-BDPP]. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om401104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Pongrácz
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pécs and János Szentágothai Science Center, MTA-PTE Research Group for Selective Chemical Syntheses, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamara Papp
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pécs and János Szentágothai Science Center, MTA-PTE Research Group for Selective Chemical Syntheses, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Kollár
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pécs and János Szentágothai Science Center, MTA-PTE Research Group for Selective Chemical Syntheses, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kégl
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pécs and János Szentágothai Science Center, MTA-PTE Research Group for Selective Chemical Syntheses, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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22
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Chikkali SH, van der Vlugt JI, Reek JN. Hybrid diphosphorus ligands in rhodium catalysed asymmetric hydroformylation. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Güven S, Nieuwenhuizen MML, Hamers B, Franke R, Priske M, Becker M, Vogt D. Kinetic Explanation for the Temperature Dependence of the Regioselectivity in the Hydroformylation of Neohexene. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Güven S, Hamers B, Franke R, Priske M, Becker M, Vogt D. Kinetics of cyclooctene hydroformylation for continuous homogeneous catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00676j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Panman MR, Vos J, Bocokić V, Bellini R, de Bruin B, Reek JHN, Woutersen S. Exchanging conformations of a hydroformylation catalyst structurally characterized using two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:14294-8. [PMID: 24256078 DOI: 10.1021/ic402254q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic transition-metal complexes often occur in several conformations that exchange rapidly (<ms) in solution so that their spatial structures are difficult to characterize with conventional methods. Here, we determine specific bond angles in the two rapidly exchanging solution conformations of the hydroformylation catalyst (xantphos)Rh(CO)2H using two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy, a method that can be applied to any catalyst provided that the exchange between its conformers occurs on a time scale of a few picoseconds or slower. We find that, in one of the conformations, the OC-Rh-CO angle deviates significantly from the canonical value in a trigonal-bipyramidal structure. On the basis of complementary density functional calculations, we ascribe this effect to attractive van der Waals interaction between the CO and the xantphos ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs R Panman
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Dydio P, Detz RJ, Reek JNH. Precise supramolecular control of selectivity in the Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of terminal and internal alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10817-28. [PMID: 23802682 DOI: 10.1021/ja4046235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a series of DIMPhos ligands L1-L3, bidentate phosphorus ligands equipped with an integral anion binding site (the DIM pocket). Coordination studies show that these ligands bind to a rhodium center in a bidentate fashion. Experiments under hydroformylation conditions confirm the formation of the mononuclear hydridobiscarbonyl rhodium complexes that are generally assumed to be active in hydroformylation. The metal complexes formed still strongly bind the anionic species in the binding site of the ligand, without affecting the metal coordination sphere. These bifunctional properties of DIMPhos are further demonstrated by the crystal structure of the rhodium complex with acetate anion bound in the binding site of the ligand. The catalytic studies demonstrate that substrate preorganization by binding in the DIM pocket of the ligand results in unprecedented selectivities in hydroformylation of terminal and internal alkenes functionalized with an anionic group. Remarkably, the selectivity controlling anionic group can be even 10 bonds away from the reactive double bond, demonstrating the potential of this supramolecular approach. Control experiments confirm the crucial role of the anion binding for the selectivity. DFT studies on the decisive intermediates reveal that the anion binding in the DIM pocket restricts the rotational freedom of the reactive double bound. As a consequence, the pathway to the undesired product is strongly hindered, whereas that for the desired product is lowered in energy. Detailed kinetic studies, together with the in situ spectroscopic measurements and isotope-labeling studies, support this mode of operation and reveal that these supramolecular systems follow enzymatic-type Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with competitive product inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Dydio
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Uhlemann M, Doerfelt S, Börner A. Rhodium catalyzed hydroformylation with formaldehyde and an external H2-source. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Diebolt O, van Leeuwen PWNM, Kamer PCJ. Operando Spectroscopy in Catalytic Carbonylation Reactions. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300471s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Diebolt
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Paisos Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Paul C. J. Kamer
- EaSTCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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29
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30
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Kubis C, Selent D, Sawall M, Ludwig R, Neymeyr K, Baumann W, Franke R, Börner A. Exploring Between the Extremes: Conversion-Dependent Kinetics of Phosphite-Modified Hydroformylation Catalysis. Chemistry 2012; 18:8780-94. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Bellini R, Reek JNH. Coordination studies on supramolecular chiral ligands and application in asymmetric hydroformylation. Chemistry 2012; 18:7091-9. [PMID: 22532382 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study we introduce a series of monodentate pyridine-based ligands for which the phosphorus coordination mode to rhodium can be controlled by the binding of Zn(II)-templates to the pyridyl group. A series of monodentate phosphoroamidite and phosphite ligands have been prepared and studied under hydroformylation conditions by in situ high-pressure NMR and IR techniques. These studies reveal the exclusive formation of rhodium hydride complexes in which the phosphorus atom of the ligand resides in an axial position, trans to the hydride, but only after addition of Zn(II)-template. In the absence of these templates the usual mono-coordinated rhodium hydrido complexes are formed, with the phosphorus ligated in the equatorial plane, cis to the hydride. The catalytic performance of these complexes is evaluated in asymmetric hydroformylation of unfunctionalised internal alkenes in which the supramolecular change is reflected in higher activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Bellini
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Bellini R, Chikkali SH, Berthon-Gelloz G, Reek JNH. Supramolecular Control of Ligand Coordination and Implications in Hydroformylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7342-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Bellini R, Chikkali SH, Berthon-Gelloz G, Reek JNH. Supramolecular Control of Ligand Coordination and Implications in Hydroformylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Christiansen A, Selent D, Spannenberg A, Köckerling M, Reinke H, Baumann W, Jiao H, Franke R, Börner A. Heteroatom-Substituted Secondary Phosphine Oxides (HASPOs) as Decomposition Products and Preligands in Rhodium-Catalysed Hydroformylation. Chemistry 2011; 17:2120-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Christiansen A, Li C, Garland M, Selent D, Ludwig R, Franke R, Börner A. Secondary Phosphane Oxides as Preligands in Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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