1
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Jiang K, Li Z, Zhang Z, Li J, Qi X, Zhou J, Wang X, Wei H, Chu H. Stable and Active Au Catalyst Supported on CeMnO 3 Perovskite for Selective Oxidation of Glycerol. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8145-8157. [PMID: 37186870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxidation of glycerol holds promise to transform glycerol into value-added chemicals. However, it remains a big challenge to achieve satisfactory selectivity toward the specific product at high conversion due to the multiple reaction pathways. Here, we prepare a hybrid catalyst via supporting Au nanoparticles on CeMnO3 perovskite with a modest surface area, achieving promoted conversion of glycerol (90.1%) and selectivity of glyceric acid (78.5%), which are much higher than those of CeMnOx solid-solution-supported Au catalysts with larger surface area and other Ce-based or Mn-based Au catalysts. The strong interaction between Au and CeMnO3 perovskite facilitates the electron transfer from the B-site metal (Mn) in the CeMnO3 perovskite to Au and stabilizes Au nanoparticles, which results in the enhanced catalytic activity and stability for glycerol oxidation. Valence band photoemission spectral analysis reveals that the uplifted d-band center of Au/CeMnO3 promotes the adsorption of the glyceraldehyde intermediate on the catalyst surface, which benefits further oxidation of glyceraldehyde into glyceric acid. The flexibility of the perovskite support provides a promising strategy for the rational design of high-performance glycerol oxidation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhong Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zehao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jiefei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xingyue Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Hang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Haibin Chu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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2
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Campisi S, Stucchi M, Dimitratos N, Villa A. A Career in Catalysis: Laura Prati. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Campisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Stucchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Dimitratos
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40126, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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3
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Gold nanoparticles supported on carbon coated magnetic nanoparticles; a robustness and effective catalyst for aerobic alcohols oxidation in water. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Zhang G, Zhao J, Jin X, Qian Y, Zhou M, Jia X, Sun F, Jiang J, Xu W, Sun B. Combined dehydrogenation of glycerol with catalytic transfer hydrogenation of H2 acceptors to chemicals: Opportunities and challenges. Front Chem 2022; 10:962579. [PMID: 36072704 PMCID: PMC9442352 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.962579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic transformation of low-cost glycerol to value-added lactic acid (LA) is considered as one of the most promising technologies for the upgradation of glycerol into renewable products. Currently, research studies reveal that anaerobic transformation of glycerol to LA could also obtain green H2 with the same yield of LA. However, the combined value-added utilization of released H2 with high selectivity of LA during glycerol conversion under mild conditions still remains a grand challenge. In this perspective, for the first time, we conducted a comprehensive and critical discussion on current strategies for combined one-pot/tandem dehydrogenation of glycerol to LA with catalytic transfer hydrogenation of H2 acceptors (such as CO2) to other chemicals. The aim of this overview was to provide a general guidance on the atomic economic reaction pathway for upgrading low-cost glycerol and CO2 to LA as well as other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyu Zhang,
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingchuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuewu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
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5
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He Z, Ning X, Yang G, Wang H, Cao Y, Peng F, Yu H. Selective oxidation of glycerol over supported noble metal catalysts. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Zhang H, Pan J, Zhou Q, Xia F. Nanometal Thermocatalysts: Transformations, Deactivation, and Mitigation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005771. [PMID: 33458963 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanometals have been proven to be efficient thermocatalysts in the last decades. Their enhanced catalytic activity and tunable functionalities make them intriguing candidates for a wide range of catalytic applications, such as gaseous reactions and compound synthesis/decomposition. On the other hand, the enhanced specific surface energy and reactivity of nanometals can lead to configuration transformation and thus catalytic deactivation during the synthesis and catalysis, which largely undermines the activity and service time, thereby calling for urgent research effort to understand the deactivating mechanisms and develop efficient mitigating methods. Herein, the recent progress in understanding the configuration transformation-induced catalytic deactivation within nanometals is reviewed. The major pathways of configuration transformations, and their kinetics controlled by the environmental factors are presented. The approaches toward mitigating the transformation-induced deactivation are also presented. Finally, a perspective on the future academic approaches toward in-depth understanding of the kinetics of the deactivation of nanometals is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Jing Pan
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Qitao Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, P. R. China
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7
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Synthesis of Dendritic Ligand Assisted Zn/Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles as a Highly Active Green Catalyst for Chemoselective Oxidation and Reduction Reaction. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Glycerol Oxidation over Supported Gold Catalysts: The Combined Effect of Au Particle Size and Basicity of Support. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles supported on various oxides (CeO2, CeO2/TiO2, MgO, MgO/TiO2, La2O3, La2O3/TiO2) (with 4 wt.% Au loading) were investigated in the liquid (aqueous) phase oxidation of glycerol by molecular oxygen under mild conditions, in the presence of alkaline earth (CaO, SrO and MgO) or alkaline (NaOH) bases. Full conversion and selectivity between 38 and 68% to sodium glycerate were observed on different Au supported catalysts (Au/MgO/TiO2, Au/La2O3/TiO2, Au/CeO2 and Au/CeO2/TiO2). The combined effect of Au particle size and basicity of the support was suggested as the determining factor of the activity. Agglomeration of gold nanoparticles, found after the reaction, led to the deactivation of the catalysts, which prevents the further oxidation of sodium glycerate into sodium tartronate. Promising results were obtained with the use of alkaline earth bases (CaO, SrO, MgO), leading to the formation of free carboxylic acids instead of salts, which are formed in the presence of the more usual base, NaOH.
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9
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Evans CD, Douthwaite M, Carter JH, Pattisson S, Kondrat SA, Bethell D, Knight DW, Taylor SH, Hutchings GJ. Enhancing the understanding of the glycerol to lactic acid reaction mechanism over AuPt/TiO 2 under alkaline conditions. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:134705. [PMID: 32268741 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of glycerol under alkaline conditions in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst can be tailored to the formation of lactic acid, an important commodity chemical. Despite recent advances in this area, the mechanism for its formation is still a subject of contention. In this study, we use a model 1 wt. % AuPt/TiO2 catalyst to probe this mechanism by conducting a series of isotopic labeling experiments with 1,3-13C glycerol. Optimization of the reaction conditions was first conducted to ensure high selectivity to lactic acid in the isotopic labeling experiments. Selectivity to lactic acid increased with temperature and concentration of NaOH, but increasing the O2 pressure appeared to influence only the rate of reaction. Using 1,3-13C glycerol, we demonstrate that conversion of pyruvaldehyde to lactic acid proceeds via a base-promoted 1,2-hydride shift. There was no evidence to suggest that this occurs via a 2,1-methide shift under the conditions used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Evans
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Douthwaite
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - James H Carter
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Pattisson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A Kondrat
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Bethell
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - David W Knight
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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10
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Ke YH, Wang X, Qin HY, Liu H, Yuan H, Liu CL, Dong WS. Cu–Al composite oxides: a highly efficient support for the selective oxidation of glycerol to 1,3-dihydroxyacetone. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02967j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of Au catalysts supported on Cu–Al composite oxides were prepared and applied for the selective catalytic oxidation of glycerol to 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) in base-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hu Ke
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- North Minzu University, Yinchuan
- China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- North Minzu University, Yinchuan
- China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- State Ethnic Affairs Commission
| | - Hong-Yu Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- North Minzu University, Yinchuan
- China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- State Ethnic Affairs Commission
| | - Hai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- North Minzu University, Yinchuan
- China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- State Ethnic Affairs Commission
| | - Hong Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- North Minzu University, Yinchuan
- China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- State Ethnic Affairs Commission
| | - Chun-Ling Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Wen-Sheng Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an
- China
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11
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Carabineiro SAC. Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Catalysts for the Oxidation of Alcohols and Alkanes. Front Chem 2019; 7:702. [PMID: 31750289 PMCID: PMC6848162 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supporting gold nanoparticles have shown to be extremely active for many industrially important reactions, including oxidations. Two representative examples are the oxidation of alcohols and alkanes, that are substrates of industrial interest, but whose oxidation is still challenging. This review deals with these reactions, giving an insight of the first studies performed by gold based catalysts in these reactions and the most recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia A C Carabineiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Gerber IC, Serp P. A Theory/Experience Description of Support Effects in Carbon-Supported Catalysts. Chem Rev 2019; 120:1250-1349. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iann C. Gerber
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Serp
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPR 8241 CNRS, INPT, 31400 Toulouse, France
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13
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Magnetic-porous microspheres with synergistic catalytic activity of small-sized gold nanoparticles and titania matrix. Front Chem Sci Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-019-1799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Cyclic Voltammetry Characterization of Au, Pd, and AuPd Nanoparticles Supported on Different Carbon Nanofibers. SURFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces2010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three types of carbon nanofibers (pyrolytically stripped carbon nanofibers (PS), low-temperature heat treated carbon nanofibers (LHT), and high-temperature heat treated carbon nanofibers (HHT)) with different graphitization degrees and surface chemistry have been used as support for Au, Pd, or bimetallic AuPd alloy nanoparticles (NPs). The carbon supports have been characterized using Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Moreover, the morphology of the metal nanoparticles was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and CV. The different properties of the carbon-based supports (particularly the graphitization degree) yield different electrochemical behaviors, in terms of potential window widths and electrocatalytic effects. Comparing the electrochemical behavior of monometallic Au and Pd and bimetallic AuPd, it is possible to observe the interaction of the two metals when alloyed. Moreover, we demonstrate that carbon surface has a strong effect on the electrochemical stability of AuPd nanoparticles. By tuning the Au-Pd nanoparticles’ morphology and modulating the surface chemistry of the carbon support, it is possible to obtain materials characterized by novel electrochemical properties. This aspect makes them good candidates to be conveniently applied in different fields.
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15
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Tinoco M, Fernandez-Garcia S, Villa A, Gonzalez JM, Blanco G, Hungria AB, Jiang L, Prati L, Calvino JJ, Chen X. Selective oxidation of glycerol on morphology controlled ceria nanomaterials. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is reported, for the first time, that morphology controlled ceria without any addition of other metal exhibits catalytic activity for selective oxidation of glycerol. Moreover, development of {111} nanofacets plays an important role in both activity and selectivity.
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16
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Identification of the Au/ZnO interface as the specific active site for the selective oxidation of the secondary alcohol group in glycerol. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Cattaneo S, Stucchi M, Villa A, Prati L. Gold Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Biomass‐Derived Products. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Marta Stucchi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Laura Prati
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
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18
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A Simple, Membrane-Free, Direct Glycerol Fuel Cell Utilizing a Precious Metal-Free Cathode and Gold-Plated Anode Surfaces. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11092259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As bio-diesel production continues around the world, the amount of low-grade glycerol, a byproduct from the process, in increasing, as is the demand for a simple, easy-to-make, fuel cell capable of running off glycerol and oxygen from the air. Despite the research that has already been done with glycerol fuel cells, the complexity of the fuel cell designs for such a simple fuel appears to be prohibitive toward the actualization of such a cell. Here the simplest of fuel cells, an alkaline, membrane-free, glycerol fuel cell with a non-platinum-containing MnO2 cathode is explored. Glycerol oxidation is catalyzed on various surfaces including carbon felt, platinum, and silver-plated nickel with and without gold plating. The maximum power this glycerol fuel cell generates, with 1.4 M glycerol and 8.0 M KOH, is 1.27 mW cm−2 at 200 mV. It has an open circuit voltage of 704 mV. Additionally, the effects of different, gold-plated anodic surfaces, electrolytes and temperatures are also explored. This work demonstrates the feasibility of this simple, reusable robust cell design using pure and crude glycerol from bio-diesel production and preliminarily explores the products of this reaction.
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19
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20
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Dodekatos G, Schünemann S, Tüysüz H. Recent Advances in Thermo-, Photo-, and Electrocatalytic Glycerol Oxidation. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Dodekatos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Stefan Schünemann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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21
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Santos WCC, Dias KA, Santos LP, Kisukuri CM, Rodrigues TS, Geonmonond RS, Camargo PHC, Andrade LH. Evaluating Gold and Selenium Chemistry for Selective Transformations of Lignin Model Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wagner C. C. Santos
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Kevin A. Dias
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Leidaiany P. Santos
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Camila M. Kisukuri
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Thenner S. Rodrigues
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Geonmonond
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Pedro H. C. Camargo
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Leandro H. Andrade
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
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22
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Baeza JA, Calvo L, Alonso-Morales N, Heras F, Eser S, Rodriguez JJ, Gilarranz MA. Effect of structural ordering of the carbon support on the behavior of Pd catalysts in aqueous-phase hydrodechlorination. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Willinger E, Tarasov A, Blume R, Rinaldi A, Timpe O, Massué C, Scherzer M, Noack J, Schlögl R, Willinger MG. Characterization of the Platinum–Carbon Interface for Electrochemical Applications. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Willinger
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Andrey Tarasov
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raoul Blume
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ali Rinaldi
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olaf Timpe
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cyriac Massué
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Scherzer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Johannes Noack
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Marc Georg Willinger
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research
Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H. Kung
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208
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25
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Prati L, Chan-Thaw CE, Campisi S, Villa A. N-Modified Carbon-Based Materials: Nanoscience for Catalysis. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2187-2197. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Prati
- Department of Chemistry; Università degli Studi di Milano; via C.Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Carine E. Chan-Thaw
- Department of Chemistry; Università degli Studi di Milano; via C.Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Sebastiano Campisi
- Department of Chemistry; Università degli Studi di Milano; via C.Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alberto Villa
- Department of Chemistry; Università degli Studi di Milano; via C.Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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26
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Villa A, Wang D, Chan-Thaw CE, Campisi S, Veith GM, Prati L. The confinement effect on the activity of Au NPs in polyol oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01593f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a confinement effect where gold nanoparticles trapped within N-functionalized carbon nanofibers (N-CNFs) are more active for polyol oxidation and promote selectivity towards di-acid products, whereas AuNPs trapped on the surface produce as a major by-product the one derived from C–C cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | | | - Sebastiano Campisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Gabriel M. Veith
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Laura Prati
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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27
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Villa A, Dimitratos N, Chan-Thaw CE, Hammond C, Veith GM, Wang D, Manzoli M, Prati L, Hutchings GJ. Characterisation of gold catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4953-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Au-based catalysts have established a new important field of catalysis, revealing specific properties in terms of both high activity and selectivity for many reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel M. Veith
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Maela Manzoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Laura Prati
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
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28
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Zhang B, Su DS. Probing the Metal-Support Interaction in Carbon-Supported Catalysts by using Electron Microscopy. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science; Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P.R. China
| | - Dang Sheng Su
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science; Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P.R. China
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29
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Chan‐Thaw CE, Villa A, Wang D, Santo VD, Orbelli Biroli A, Veith GM, Thomas A, Prati L. PdH
x
Entrapped in a Covalent Triazine Framework Modulates Selectivity in Glycerol Oxidation. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carine E. Chan‐Thaw
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Alberto Villa
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe institute of technology (KIT), Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen (Germany)
| | - Vladimiro Dal Santo
- CNR‐Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | | | - Gabriel M. Veith
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 40, 10623 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Laura Prati
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano (Italy)
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30
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Villa A, Dimitratos N, Chan-Thaw CE, Hammond C, Prati L, Hutchings GJ. Glycerol oxidation using gold-containing catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1403-12. [PMID: 25884231 DOI: 10.1021/ar500426g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol is an important byproduct of biodiesel production, and it is produced in significant amounts by transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. Due to the highly functionalized nature of glycerol, it is an important biochemical that can be utilized as a platform chemical for the production of high-added-value products. At present, research groups in academia and industry are exploring potential direct processes for the synthesis of useful potential chemicals using catalytic processes. Over the last 10 years, there has been huge development of potential catalytic processes using glycerol as the platform chemical. One of the most common processes investigated so far is the catalytic oxidation of glycerol at mild conditions for the formation of valuable oxygenated compounds used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The major challenges associated with the selective oxidation of glycerol are (i) the control of selectivity to the desired products, (ii) high activity and resistance to poisoning, and (iii) minimizing the usage of alkaline conditions. To address these challenges, the most common catalysts used for the oxidation of glycerol are based on supported metal nanoparticles. The first significant breakthrough was the successful utilization of supported gold nanoparticles for improving the selectivity to specific products, and the second was the utilization of supported bimetallic nanoparticles based on gold, palladium, and platinum for improving activity and controlling the selectivity to the desired products. Moreover, the utilization of base-free reaction conditions for the catalytic oxidation of glycerol has unlocked new pathways for the production of free-base products, which facilitates potential industrial application. The advantages of using gold-based catalysts are the improvement of the catalyst lifetime, stability, and reusability, which are key factors for potential commercialization. In this Account, we discuss the advantages of the using supported gold-based nanoparticles, preparation methods for achieving highly active gold-based catalysts, and parameters such as particle size, morphology of the bimetallic particle, and metal-support interactions, which can influence activity and selectivity to the desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133-I Milano, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Dimitratos
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of
Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF103AT, U.K
| | - Carine E. Chan-Thaw
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133-I Milano, Italy
| | - Ceri Hammond
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of
Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF103AT, U.K
| | - Laura Prati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133-I Milano, Italy
| | - Graham J. Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of
Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF103AT, U.K
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31
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Su DS, Zhang B, Schlögl R. Electron microscopy of solid catalysts--transforming from a challenge to a toolbox. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2818-82. [PMID: 25826447 DOI: 10.1021/cr500084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Sheng Su
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Robert Schlögl
- ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Hamid SBA, Schlögl R. The Impact of Nanoscience in Heterogeneous Catalysis. THE NANO‐MICRO INTERFACE 2015:405-430. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527679195.ch20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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33
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Shinde VM, Skupien E, Makkee M. Synthesis of highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and their excellent catalytic performance for oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00563a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple approach to synthesize highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles on CNTs without a capping agent is presented which exhibits high activity and selectivity for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M. Shinde
- Catalysis Engineering
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Delft University of Technology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Skupien
- Catalysis Engineering
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Delft University of Technology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Makkee
- Catalysis Engineering
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Delft University of Technology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
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34
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Dutta S, Ray C, Mallick S, Sarkar S, Roy A, Pal T. Au@Pd core–shell nanoparticles-decorated reduced graphene oxide: a highly sensitive and selective platform for electrochemical detection of hydrazine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04817f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An Aucore–Pdshell-decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite is successfully employed for the electrochemical detection of low-level hydrazine in an aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Dutta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Chaiti Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Sourav Mallick
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Sougata Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Anindita Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Tarasankar Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
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35
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Sullivan JA, Burnham S. The selective oxidation of glycerol over model Au/TiO2 catalysts — The influence of glycerol purity on conversion and product selectivity. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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36
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Matthiesen J, Hoff T, Liu C, Pueschel C, Rao R, Tessonnier JP. Functional carbons and carbon nanohybrids for the catalytic conversion of biomass to renewable chemicals in the condensed phase. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(14)60122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Prati L, Villa A. Gold colloids: from quasi-homogeneous to heterogeneous catalytic systems. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:855-63. [PMID: 24266851 DOI: 10.1021/ar400170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ruby red colloids of gold have been used for thousands of years and in the past have attracted much attention due to their optical properties. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands are responsible for gold colloid colors and typically appear for nanometer-sized gold nanoparticles (GNPs). These lie in the visible range and their position (and intensity) depends on the size, distribution of size, and shape of GNPs but also on their interaction with other materials (i.e., support). Scientists consider colloids as quasi-homogeneous systems, but because of their intrinsic thermodynamic instability, they need different capping agents providing sufficient stability. The strength and the nature of the interaction between the protective (or functionalizing) molecule and the GNP surface is of utmost importance. It can determine the catalytic properties of the nanoparticles, as they mainly interact with the active sites, thus interfering with reactant. Therefore, the protective layer should contribute to the colloid stability, but at the same time, it should not be irreversibly adsorbed on the active site of the GNP surface providing convenient accessibility to reactant. From a catalytic point of view, the milder the interaction is between the particle surface and the capping agent, the more the activity increases. Unfortunately, the reaction conditions often do not allow the required stability of GNPs, which constitutes a fundamental prerequisite for stable catalytic activity. Anchoring GNPs on suitable supports can circumvent the problem, and this technique is now considered a valuable alternative to classical methods to produce highly dispersed gold catalysts. In this Account, we describe the advantages in using this technique to produce gold heterogeneous catalysts of high metal dispersion on a large variety of supports with the possibility of tuning to a large extent the size and (even partially) the shape of GNPs. We also review our recent progress on the sol-immobilization technique. Specifically, we highlight how, depending on its nature, the protective agent not only mediates the activity of GNPs in alcohol oxidation process but also actively participates in the anchoring process and to the stability of GNPs depending on the support surface. We can also use the modification of the metal surface operated by the capping agent to prepare bimetallic species and influence the surface potential, which modifies the intrinsic activity of the GNP. In conclusion, this technique implies many contributions (sometimes not yet clarified factors) that are not simply concerning dimension and dispersion of GNPs or type of support. Chemists should make careful selection of the protective agent and reaction parameters depending on which support is used in which reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Prati
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133-I Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133-I Milano, Italy
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