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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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2
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Wang X, Zhao W, Nomura K. Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Biobased Aliphatic Polyesters by Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization in Ionic Liquids. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7222-7233. [PMID: 36844507 PMCID: PMC9948555 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of an α,ω-diene monomer of bis(undec-10-enoate) with isosorbide (M1) using a RuCl2(IMesH2)(CH-2-O i Pr-C6H4) (HG2, IMesH2 = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) catalyst and conducted at 50 °C (in vacuo) in ionic liquids (ILs) afforded higher-molecular-weight polymers (P1, M n = 32 200-39 200) than those reported previously (M n = 5600-14700). 1-n-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim]PF6) and 1-n-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Hmim]TFSI) were suitable as effective solvents among a series of imidazolium salts and the pyridinium salts. The polymerization of α,ω-diene monomers of bis(undec-10-enoate) with isomannide (M2), 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (M3), and 1,4-butanediol (M4) in [Bmim]PF6 and [Hmim]TFSI also afforded the higher-molecular-weight polymers. The M n values in the resultant polymers did not decrease even under the scale-up conditions (300 mg to 1.0 g scale, M1, M2, and M4) in the polymerizations in [Hmim]TFSI; the subsequent reaction of P1 with ethylene (0.8 MPa, 50 °C, and 5 h) gave oligomers (proceeded via depolymerization). Tandem hydrogenation of the resultant unsaturated polymers (P1) in a [Bmim]PF6-toluene biphasic system upon the addition of Al2O3 (1.0 MPa H2 at 50 °C) gave the corresponding saturated polymers (HP1), which waswere isolated by a phase separation in the toluene layer. The [Bmim]PF6 layer containing the ruthenium catalyst could be recycled without a decrease in the activity/selectivity of the olefin hydrogenation at least eight times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Weizhen Zhao
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun,
Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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3
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Eivgi O, Blum SA. Real-Time Polymer Viscosity-Catalytic Activity Relationships on the Microscale. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13574-13585. [PMID: 35866383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymer growth induces physical changes to catalyst microenvironments. Here, these physical changes are quantified in real time and are found to influence microscale chemical catalysis and the polymerization rate. By developing a method to "peer into" optically transparent living-polymer particles, simultaneous imaging of both viscosity changes and chemical activity was achieved for the first time with high spatiotemporal resolution through a combination of fluorescence intensity microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy techniques. Specifically, an increase in microenvironment viscosity led to a corresponding local decrease in the catalytic molecular ruthenium ring-opening metathesis polymerization rate, plausibly by restricting diffusional access to active catalytic centers. Consistent with this diffusional-access model, these viscosity changes were found to be monomer-dependent, showing larger changes in microenvironment viscosity in cross-linked polydicyclopentadiene compared to non-crosslinked polynorbornene. The sensitivity and high spatial resolution of the imaging technique revealed significant variations in microviscosities between different particles and subparticle regions. These revealed spatial heterogeneities would not be observable through alternative ensemble analytical techniques that provide sample-averaged measurements. The observed spatial heterogeneities provide a physical mechanism for variation in catalytic chemical activity on the microscale that may accumulate and lead to nonhomogeneous polymer properties on the bulk scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Eivgi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California 92697-2025, United States
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Saputra R, Walvekar R, Khalid M, Mubarak NM, Sillanpää M. Current progress in waste tire rubber devulcanization. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129033. [PMID: 33250228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vulcanized rubber, due to its superior mechanical properties, has long been used in various industries, especially automotive. The rubber industry has evolved and expanded over the years to meet the increasing global demands for tires. Today tires consist of about 19% natural rubber and 24% synthetic rubber, while plastic polymer and metal, filler and additives make up the rest. Over 1.6 billion new tires are produced annually and around 1 billion waste tires are generated. Tires are extensively designed with several complex processes to make them virtually indestructible. Since tire rubber does not decompose easily, their disposal at the end of service life creates a monumental environmental impact. However, waste tire rubber (WTR) consist of valuable rubber hydrocarbon, making its recovery or regeneration highly desirable. The conventional recovery method of WTR tends to produce undesirable products due to the destruction of the polymeric chain and exponentially degenerates the vulcanizates' physical properties. Since then, multiple devulcanization processes were introduced to effectively and selectively cleave vulcanizate's crosslinks while retaining the polymeric networks. Different devulcanization methods such as chemical, mechanical, irradiation, biological and their combinations that have been explored until now are reviewed here. Besides, an overview of the latest development of devulcanization by ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents are also described. While such devulcanization technique provides new sustainability pathway(s) for WTR, the generated devulcanizate also possesses comparable physical properties to that of virgin products. This further opens the possibility of novel circular economic opportunities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Saputra
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang, 43900, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia
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5
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Chen XL, Li XY, Li SS, Bai X, Li T, Goud EY, Zhong CM, Zuo YJ. Ion-Functionalized Silver(I) Carboxylates: Synthesis and Application in Ru-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis Reaction. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220110237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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6
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Benedikter MJ, Ziegler F, Groos J, Hauser PM, Schowner R, Buchmeiser MR. Group 6 metal alkylidene and alkylidyne N-heterocyclic carbene complexes for olefin and alkyne metathesis. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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7
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Ponkratov DO, Shaplov AS, Vygodskii YS. Metathesis Polymerization in Ionic Media. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238219010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Shende VS, Saptal VB, Bhanage BM. Recent Advances Utilized in the Recycling of Homogeneous Catalysis. CHEM REC 2019; 19:2022-2043. [PMID: 31021522 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysts often show high activity and selectivity towards the various chemical transformations. Most of the transition metal-based active catalysts are expensive, rare, and have strict regulations for their use in pharmaceutical products. Hence, there is a requirement to develop suitable technologies for the practical separation and recycling of metal complex catalysts along with the sustainability of the process. This review focuses on the recent techniques used for the catalyst separation, their recovery, and recyclability of the homogeneous form of catalysts based on their economic compatibility and industrial applications. Various homogeneous catalysts have been reviewed on the basis of their support or media, active centres and recyclability aspects of the catalysts. This review gives brief insights into the varied examples of different recycling techniques utilized in the past 6-7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali S Shende
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomous), Matunga, Mumbai, 400 019, India
| | - Vitthal B Saptal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomous), Matunga, Mumbai, 400 019, India
| | - Bhalchandra M Bhanage
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomous), Matunga, Mumbai, 400 019, India
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9
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Szczepaniak G, Nogaś W, Piątkowski J, Ruszczyńska A, Bulska E, Grela K. Semiheterogeneous Purification Protocol for the Removal of Ruthenium Impurities from Olefin Metathesis Reaction Products Using an Isocyanide Scavenger. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nogaś
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Schowner R, Elser I, Toth F, Robe E, Frey W, Buchmeiser MR. Mono- and Bisionic Mo- and W-Based Schrock Catalysts for Biphasic Olefin Metathesis Reactions in Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2018; 24:13336-13347. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Schowner
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Iris Elser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Florian Toth
- XiMo Hungary Kft.; Záhony u. 7 H-1031 Budapest Hungary
| | - Emmanuel Robe
- XiMo Hungary Kft.; Záhony u. 7 H-1031 Budapest Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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11
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Buchmeiser MR. Molybdenum Imido, Tungsten Imido and Tungsten Oxo Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. Chemistry 2018; 24:14295-14301. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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12
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Wang W, Cui L, Sun P, Shi L, Yue C, Li F. Reusable N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex Catalysts and Beyond: A Perspective on Recycling Strategies. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9843-9929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lifeng Cui
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengtao Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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13
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Elser I, Schowner R, Frey W, Buchmeiser MR. Molybdenum and Tungsten Imido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts Bearing Cationic Ligands for Use in Biphasic Olefin Metathesis. Chemistry 2017; 23:6398-6405. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Elser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Roman Schowner
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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14
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2014. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Buchmeiser MR. Recent Advances in the Regio- and Stereospecific Cyclopolymerization of α,ω-Diynes by Tailored Ruthenium Alkylidenes and Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. POLYM REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2015.1136643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Szczepaniak G, Urbaniak K, Wierzbicka C, Kosiński K, Skowerski K, Grela K. High-Performance Isocyanide Scavengers for Use in Low-Waste Purification of Olefin Metathesis Products. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:4139-48. [PMID: 26556779 PMCID: PMC4693448 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Three isocyanides containing a tertiary nitrogen atom were investigated for use as small-molecule ruthenium scavenging agents in the workup of olefin metathesis reactions. The proposed compounds are odorless, easy to obtain, and highly effective in removing metal residues, sometimes bringing the metal content below 0.0015 ppm. The most successful of the tested compounds, II, performs very well, even with challenging polar products. The performance of these scavengers is compared and contrasted with other known techniques, such as silica gel filtration and the use of self-scavenging catalysts. As a result, a new hybrid purification method is devised, which gives better results than using either a self-scavenging catalyst or a scavenger alone. Additionally, isocyanide II is shown to be a deactivating (reaction quenching) agent for olefin metathesis and superior to ethyl vinyl ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Kosiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
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Koy M, Altmann HJ, Autenrieth B, Frey W, Buchmeiser MR. Grubbs-Hoveyda type catalysts bearing a dicationic N-heterocyclic carbene for biphasic olefin metathesis reactions in ionic liquids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1632-8. [PMID: 26664582 PMCID: PMC4660883 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel dicationic metathesis catalyst [(RuCl2(H2ITapMe2)(=CH–2-(2-PrO)-C6H4))2+ (OTf−)2] (Ru-2, H2ITapMe2 = 1,3-bis(2’,6’-dimethyl-4’-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene, OTf− = CF3SO3−) based on a dicationic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand was prepared. The reactivity was tested in ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) under biphasic conditions using a nonpolar organic solvent (toluene) and the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BDMIM+][BF4−]. The structure of Ru-2 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Koy
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie, Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hagen J Altmann
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie, Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Autenrieth
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie, Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael R Buchmeiser
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie, Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, ; Institut für Textilchemie und Chemiefaser (ITCF) Denkendorf, Körschtalstr. 26, D-73770 Denkendorf, Germany
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18
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Suriboot J, Hobbs CE, Guzman W, Bazzi HS, Bergbreiter DE. Polyethylene as a Cosolvent and Catalyst Support in Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakkrit Suriboot
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Christopher E. Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas 78363-8202, United States
| | - William Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Hassan S. Bazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - David E. Bergbreiter
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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Schowner R, Frey W, Buchmeiser MR. Cationic Tungsten-Oxo-Alkylidene-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Highly Active Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6188-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Schowner
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Li Q, Zhou T, Yang H. Encapsulation of Hoveyda–Grubbs2nd Catalyst within Yolk–Shell Structured Silica for Olefin Metathesis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5015354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qibiao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengquan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People’s Republic of China
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Zhao J, Wang D, Autenrieth B, Buchmeiser MR. First acyclic diene metathesis polymerization under biphasic conditions using a dicationic ruthenium alkylidene: access to high-molecular-weight polymers with very low ruthenium contamination. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:190-4. [PMID: 25238594 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of 6-hydroxy-1,10-undecadiene (M1) and 6-acetoxy-1,10-undecadiene (M2) by the action of two different catalysts, i.e., the second-generation Grubbs-Hoveyda system ([RuCl2(IMesH2)(CH-2-(2-PrO-C6H4)]) (1) and the dicationic ruthenium alkylidene [Ru(DMF)3(IMesH2)(CH-2-(2-PrO-C6H4)] (2, IMesH2 = 1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene) is reported. Biphasic conditions using 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BDMIM(+)BF4(-)]) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) are applied. Under the chosen conditions (T = 75 °C, 20 mbar), the use of catalyst 1 results only in the formation of low-molecular-weight polymers (Mn ≤ 10,000 g mol(-1)), while catalyst 2 allows for the high yield synthesis of high-molecular-weight polymers (Mn ≤ 40,000 g mol(-1), yields ≤ 99%). Irrespective of the catalyst used, all polymers display a high trans-content (>95%). Notably, Ru-contamination of the target polymers without any additional purification is as low as 1.2 ppm with catalyst 2. Together with the high yields and high molecular weights, the low Ru-contaminations clearly illustrate the advantages of the biphasic setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart
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Fustero S, Simón-Fuentes A, Barrio P, Haufe G. Olefin Metathesis Reactions with Fluorinated Substrates, Catalysts, and Solvents. Chem Rev 2014; 115:871-930. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santos Fustero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Barrio
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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