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Domingues L, Duarte ARC, Jesus AR. How Can Deep Eutectic Systems Promote Greener Processes in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:221. [PMID: 38399436 PMCID: PMC10892015 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemists in the medicinal chemistry field are constantly searching for alternatives towards more sustainable and eco-friendly processes for the design and synthesis of drug candidates. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most polluting industries, having a high E-factor, which is driving the adoption of more sustainable processes not only for new drug candidates, but also in the production of well-established active pharmaceutical ingredients. Deep eutectic systems (DESs) have emerged as a greener alternative to ionic liquids, and their potential to substitute traditional organic solvents in drug discovery has raised interest among scientists. With the use of DESs as alternative solvents, the processes become more attractive in terms of eco-friendliness and recyclability. Furthermore, they might be more effective through making the process simpler, faster, and with maximum efficiency. This review will be focused on the role and application of deep eutectic systems in drug discovery, using biocatalytic processes and traditional organic chemical reactions, as new environmentally benign alternative solvents. Furthermore, herein we also show that DESs, if used in the pharmaceutical industry, may have a significant effect on lowering production costs and decreasing the impact of this industry on the quality of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Rita Jesus
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (L.D.); (A.R.C.D.)
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2
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Wang X, Sheng Y, Cui H, Qiao J, Song Y, Li X, Huang H. Corner Engineering: Tailoring Enzymes for Enhanced Resistance and Thermostability in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315125. [PMID: 38010210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), heralded for their synthesis simplicity, economic viability, and reduced volatility and flammability, have found increasing application in biocatalysis. However, challenges persist due to a frequent diminution in enzyme activity and stability. Herein, we developed a general protein engineering strategy, termed corner engineering, to acquire DES-resistant and thermostable enzymes via precise tailoring of the transition region in enzyme structure. Employing Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA) as a model, we delineated the engineering process, yielding five multi-DESs resistant variants with highly improved thermostability, such as K88E/N89 K exhibited up to a 10.0-fold catalytic efficiency (kcat /KM ) increase in 30 % (v/v) choline chloride (ChCl): acetamide and 4.1-fold in 95 % (v/v) ChCl: ethylene glycol accompanying 6.7-fold thermal resistance improvement than wild type at ≈50 °C. The generality of the optimized approach was validated by two extra industrial enzymes, endo-β-1,4-glucanase PvCel5A (used for biofuel production) and esterase Bs2Est (used for plastics degradation). The molecular investigations revealed that increased water molecules at substrate binding cleft and finetuned helix formation at the corner region are two dominant determinants governing elevated resistance and thermostability. This study, coupling corner engineering with obtained molecular insights, illuminates enzyme-DES interaction patterns and fosters the rational design of more DES-resistant and thermostable enzymes in biocatalysis and biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - Yijie Sheng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - Haiyang Cui
- RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52062, Aachen, Germany
- Current address: Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jie Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - Yibo Song
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
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3
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Guajardo N, Schrebler RA. Upstream and Downstream Bioprocessing in Enzyme Technology. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:38. [PMID: 38258049 PMCID: PMC10818583 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of biotransformation must integrate upstream and downstream processes. Upstream bioprocessing will influence downstream bioprocessing. It is essential to consider this because downstream processes can constitute the highest cost in bioprocessing. This review comprehensively overviews the most critical aspects of upstream and downstream bioprocessing in enzymatic biocatalysis. The main upstream processes discussed are enzyme production, enzyme immobilization methodologies, solvent selection, and statistical optimization methodologies. The main downstream processes reviewed in this work are biocatalyst recovery and product separation and purification. The correct selection and combination of upstream and downstream methodologies will allow the development of a sustainable and highly productive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Guajardo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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4
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Al Beiruty H, Zhylinska SS, Kutateladze N, Cheong HKT, Ñíguez JA, Burlingham SJ, Marset X, Guillena G, Chinchilla R, Alonso DA, Nugent TC. Enantioselective Catalytic Aldol Reactions in the Presence of Knoevenagel Nucleophiles: A Chemoselective Switch Optimized in Deep Eutectic Solvents Using Mechanochemistry. Molecules 2023; 29:4. [PMID: 38202587 PMCID: PMC10779746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the presence of different nucleophilic Knoevenagel competitors, cyclic and acyclic ketones have been shown to undergo highly chemoselective aldol reactions with aldehydes. In doing so, the substrate breadth for this emerging methodology has been significantly broadened. The method is also no longer beholden to proline-based catalyst templates, e.g., commercially available O-t-Bu-L-threonine is advantageous for acyclic ketones. The key insight was to exploit water-based mediums under conventional (in-water) and non-conventional (deep eutectic solvents) conditions. With few exceptions, high aldol-to-Knoevenagel chemoselectivity (>10:1) and good product profiles (yield, dr, and ee) were observed, but only in DESs (deep eutectic solvents) in conjunction with ball milling did short reaction times occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Al Beiruty
- School of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Nino Kutateladze
- School of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - José A. Ñíguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain (G.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Sarah J. Burlingham
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain (G.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Xavier Marset
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain (G.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Gabriela Guillena
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain (G.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Rafael Chinchilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain (G.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Diego A. Alonso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain (G.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Thomas C. Nugent
- School of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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5
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Spittle S, Alfurayj I, Hansen BB, Glynn K, Brackett W, Pandian R, Burda C, Sangoro J. Enhanced Dynamics and Charge Transport at the Eutectic Point: A New Paradigm for the Use of Deep Eutectic Solvent Systems. JACS AU 2023; 3:3024-3030. [PMID: 38034979 PMCID: PMC10685424 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of versatile solvents with promise for a wide range of applications, from separation processes to electrochemical energy storage technologies. A fundamental understanding of the correlation among the structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics of these materials necessary for targeted rational design for specific applications is still nascent. Here, we employ differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (fs-TAS) to investigate the correlation among thermodynamics, dynamics, and charge transport in mixtures comprising a wide range of compositions of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG). Detailed analyses reveal that (i) the eutectic composition of this prototypical DES occurs in the 15-20 mol % ChCl in the EG range rather than the previously assumed 33 mol %, and (ii) both rotational dynamics and charge transport at the eutectic composition are enhanced in this composition range. These findings highlight the fundamental interplay between thermodynamics and dynamics in determining the properties of DESs that are relevant to many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Spittle
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ibrahim Alfurayj
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Benworth Bryce Hansen
- William
G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kaylie Glynn
- William
G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - William Brackett
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Rathiesh Pandian
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Joshua Sangoro
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- William
G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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6
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Prabhune A, Dey R. Green and sustainable solvents of the future: Deep eutectic solvents. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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7
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Devi M, Moral R, Thakuria S, Mitra A, Paul S. Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as Greener Substitutes for Conventional Extraction Media: Examples and Techniques. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9702-9728. [PMID: 36969397 PMCID: PMC10034849 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are multicomponent designer solvents that exist as stable liquids over a wide range of temperatures. Over the last two decades, research has been dedicated to developing noncytotoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible DESs to replace commercially available toxic organic solvents. However, most of the DESs formulated until now are hydrophilic and disintegrate via dissolution on coming in contact with the aqueous phase. To expand the repertoire of DESs as green solvents, hydrophobic DESs (HDESs) were prepared as an alternative. The hydrophobicity is a consequence of the constituents and can be modified according to the nature of the application. Due to their immiscibility, HDESs induce phase segregation in an aqueous solution and thus can be utilized as an extracting medium for a multitude of compounds. Here, we review literature reporting the usage of HDESs for the extraction of various organic compounds and metal ions from aqueous solutions and absorption of gases like CO2. We also discuss the techniques currently employed in the extraction processes. We have delineated the limitations that might reduce the applicability of these solvents and also discussed examples of how DESs behave as reaction media. Our review presents the possibility of HDESs being used as substitutes for conventional organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandip Paul
- . Phone: +91-361-2582321. Fax: +91-361-2582349
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8
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Deep Eutectic Solvents – ideal solution for clean air or hidden danger? Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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9
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Moradi Taklimi S, Divsalar A, Ghalandari B, Ding X, Luisa Di Gioia M, Omar KA, Akbar Saboury A. Effects of Deep Eutectic Solvents on the Activity and Stability of Enzymes. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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10
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Selective and Efficient Synthesis of Pine Sterol Esters Catalyzed by Deep Eutectic Solvent. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030993. [PMID: 36770660 PMCID: PMC9921590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytosterol esters have attracted widespread academic and industrial interests due to their advantages in lowering cholesterol, as antioxidants, and in preventing or treating cancer. However, the generation of by-products limits the application of phytosterol esters in food fields. In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a series of green, nontoxic, low-cost and biodegradable solvents, were adopted as the catalyst for the synthesis of pine sterol esters. The results showed that the acidic DES which was prepared with choline chloride (ChCl) and p-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA) with a molar ratio of 1:3 performed best in the prescreening experiments. To further improve the efficiency of the pine sterol ester, the molar ratio of substrates, the amount of catalyst, the reaction temperature and the reaction time were optimized, and its yield was improved to 94.1%. Moreover, the by-products of the dehydration side reactions of the sterol can be efficiently inhibited. To make this strategy more universal, other fatty acids were also used as the substrate for the synthesis of pine sterol esters, and a yield of above 92.0% was obtained. In addition, the reusability of DES was also investigated in this study, and the efficiency of DES was well maintained within five recycled uses. Finally, DFT calculations suggested that the suitable H-bonds between ChCl and PTSA decreased the nucleophilic capacity and increased the steric hindrance of the latter, and further prevented the attack on βH and reduced the generation of by-products. This study developed a reliable and eco-friendly strategy for the preparation of high-quality phytosterol esters with low-dosage catalyst usage and high selectivity.
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11
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Combination of Enzymes and Deep Eutectic Solvents as Powerful Toolbox for Organic Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020516. [PMID: 36677575 PMCID: PMC9863131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, a wide spectrum of applications and advantages in the use of deep eutectic solvents for promoting organic reactions has been well established among the scientific community. Among these synthetic methodologies, in recent years, various examples of biocatalyzed processes have been reported, making use of eutectic mixtures as reaction media, as an improvement in terms of selectivity and sustainability. This review aims to show the newly reported protocols in the field, subdivided by reaction class as a 'toolbox' guide for organic synthesis.
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12
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Nejrotti S, Antenucci A, Pontremoli C, Gontrani L, Barbero N, Carbone M, Bonomo M. Critical Assessment of the Sustainability of Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Case Study on Six Choline Chloride-Based Mixtures. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47449-47461. [PMID: 36591154 PMCID: PMC9798394 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An outline of the advantages, in terms of sustainability, of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) is provided, by analyzing some of the most popular DESs, obtained by the combination of choline chloride, as a hydrogen bond acceptor, and six hydrogen bond donors. The analysis is articulated into four main issues related to sustainability, which are recurrently mentioned in the literature, but are often taken for granted without any further critical elaboration, as the prominent green features of DESs: their low toxicity, good biodegradability, renewable sourcing, and low cost. This contribution is intended to provide a more tangible, evidence-based evaluation of the actual green credentials of the considered DESs, to reinforce or question their supposed sustainability, also in mutual comparison with one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Nejrotti
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Achille Antenucci
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Centro
Ricerche per la Chimica Fine s.r.l. for Silvateam s.p.a., Via Torre 7, San Michele Mondovì (CN) 12080, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pontremoli
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gontrani
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Nadia Barbero
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Institute
of Science, Technology and Sustainability
for the Development of Ceramic Materials (ISSMC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Marilena Carbone
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonomo
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, 10125 Torino, Italy
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13
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Li N, Zong MH. (Chemo)biocatalytic Upgrading of Biobased Furanic Platforms to Chemicals, Fuels, and Materials: A Comprehensive Review. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
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14
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An effect of choline lactate based low transition temperature mixtures on the lipase catalytic properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112518. [PMID: 35594750 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new series of low transition temperature mixures (LTTM) based on choline lactate quaternary ammonium salt and various hydrogen bond donors was prepared and characterized towards their physicochemical properties and usability as an enzymatic reaction mixture for lipase-catalyzed transesterification reactions. Studies of low transition temperature mixtures have shown a long-term stabilizing effect for lipase as well as a positive influence on lipase thermal stability. In the case of Ch[Lac]:Gly: EthGly increasing the stability of lipase by 8 °C (up to 55.2 °C) compared to the control sample. Conducted transesterification reactions were characterized by high yields - up to 98% - and high purity of the obtained products.
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15
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Guajardo N, Domínguez de María P, Canales R. Integrating Biocatalysis with Viscous Deep Eutectic Solvents in Lab-On-A-Chip Microreactors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102674. [PMID: 35084121 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of deep eutectic solvents (DESs, ChCl/glycerol 1 : 2) with buffer (up to 15 % v/v) leads to solvent mixtures that exert viscosities below 25 mPa s-1 at 45 °C while keeping their non-aqueous nature. This enables the setup of efficient enzymatic esterifications, which can also be applied in different continuous systems. Following those premises, the use of microreactors in biocatalytic reactions was explored using (low-viscous) DES-buffer media, showing that reactions could be performed efficiently. Under non-optimized conditions, the microreactor devices led to specific productivities considerably higher than those observed in the batch reactor (14 vs. 0.24 mgproduct min-1 mgbiocat -1 ) at the same enzyme loadings and conversion of 6 % (to assure a fair comparison). Looking beyond, the combination of several microchannels (e. g., in scale-out fashion) with DES-water media may lead to powerful, sustainable, and efficient tools for industrial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Guajardo
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable Momentum SL, Av. Ansite 3, 4-6, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35011, Canary Is., Spain
| | - Roberto Canales
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Sun Y, Yao C, Zeng J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Eco-friendly deep eutectic solvents skeleton patterned molecularly imprinted polymers for the separation of sinapic acid from agricultural wastes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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García-Ramos M, Lavandera I. Transaminases as suitable catalysts for the synthesis of enantiopure β,β-difluoroamines. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:984-988. [PMID: 35040845 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transaminases have shown the ability to catalyze the amination of a series of aliphatic and (hetero)aromatic α,α-difluorinated ketones with high stereoselectivity, thus providing the corresponding β,β-difluoroamines in high isolated yields (55-82%) and excellent enantiomeric excess (>99%). It was also observed that these activated substrates could be quantitatively transformed by employing a small molar excess of the amine donor since this amination process was thermodynamically favored. Selected transformations could be scaled up to 500 mg, showing the robustness of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina García-Ramos
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Iván Lavandera
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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18
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Guajardo N, Domínguez de María P. Robust and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Reactions in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Low Viscosity and Double CLEA-LentiKats Immobilization (CLEA-LK-Lipases). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2487:355-360. [PMID: 35687246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2269-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are used as reaction media for lipase-catalyzed esterifications in continuous devices. In particular, DES may be useful for lipophilization-like reactions involving substrates with unpaired solubilities. Aspects to be considered are the viscosity of the solvent, as well as the stability of the enzyme in the non-conventional media. The viscosity can be decreased by adding buffer as cosolvent (up to 20% v/v) and keeping the non-conventional nature. Lipases can be stabilized by following a double immobilization pattern, comprising CLEA formation and entrapment in LentiKats®. The low viscosity and high stability of the CLEA-LK-lipase enable the use of DES under flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Guajardo
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile.
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19
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Dudu AI, Bencze LC, Paizs C, Toşa MI. Deep eutectic solvents – a new additive in the encapsulation of lipase B from Candida antarctica: biocatalytic applications. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, active and stable biocatalyst was prepared by sol–gel CaL-B encapsulation in the presence of a choline–fructose DES, and is able to transform efficiently ten alcohols relevant for various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ioan Dudu
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Arany Janos street, no. 11, 400028, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Laszlo Csaba Bencze
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Arany Janos street, no. 11, 400028, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Csaba Paizs
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Arany Janos street, no. 11, 400028, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Ioana Toşa
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Arany Janos street, no. 11, 400028, Cluj Napoca, Romania
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20
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Bittner JP, Huang L, Zhang N, Kara S, Jakobtorweihen S. Comparison and Validation of Force Fields for Deep Eutectic Solvents in Combination with Water and Alcohol Dehydrogenase. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:5322-5341. [PMID: 34232662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have become popular as environmental-friendly solvents for biocatalysis. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations offer an in-depth analysis of enzymes in DESs, but their performance depends on the force field chosen. Here, we present a comprehensive validation of three biomolecular force fields (CHARMM, Amber, and OPLS) for simulations of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in DESs composed of choline chloride and glycerol/ethylene glycol with varying water contents. Different properties (e.g., protein structure and flexibility, solvation layer, and H-bonds) were used for validation. For two properties (viscosity and water activity) also experiments were performed. The viscosity was calculated with the periodic perturbation method, whereby its parameter dependency is disclosed. A modification of Amber was identified as the best-performing model for low water contents, whereas CHARMM outperforms the other models at larger water concentrations. An analysis of ADH's structure and interactions with the DESs revealed similar predictions for Amber and CHARMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Bittner
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sven Jakobtorweihen
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.,Department for Chemical Reaction Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Guajardo N, Ahumada K, Domínguez de María P. Immobilization of Pseudomonas stutzeri lipase through Cross-linking Aggregates (CLEA) for reactions in Deep Eutectic Solvents. J Biotechnol 2021; 337:18-23. [PMID: 34171440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) with buffer as cosolvent (up to 10 % v/v) leads to low-viscous media in which lipases can perform synthetic reactions, instead of hydrolysis. This paper explores the immobilization of Pseudomonas stutzeri lipase (TL) in cross-linking aggregates (CLEA) to deliver robust derivatives that are active in media like choline chloride - glycerol DES with buffer as cosolvent. While the free TL enzyme was markedly inactive in these media, TL-CLEA derivatives perform esterifications and can be reused several times. Overall, results are consistent with previous experiments reported for other lipases in these DES-water media and confirm that CLEA immobilization turns out a very useful and straightforward alternative for generating active (bio)catalysts for DES-aqueous media systems. Immobilized systems open the possibility of performing continuous processes in low-viscous DES-buffer media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Guajardo
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable Momentum, SL. Av. Ansite 3, 4-6, 35011, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Is, Spain
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22
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Matthews L, Ruscigno S, Rogers SE, Bartlett P, Johnson AJ, Sochon R, Briscoe WH. Fracto-eutectogels: SDS fractal dendrites via counterion condensation in a deep eutectic solvent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11672-11683. [PMID: 33978002 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01370j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glyceline, a deep eutectic solvent comprising glycerol and choline chloride, is a green nonaqueous solvent with potential industrial applications. Molecular mechanisms of surfactant self-assembly in deep eutectic solvents are expected to differ from those in their constituent polar components and are not well understood. Here we report the observation of self-assembled SDS fractal dendrites with dimensions up to ∼mm in glyceline at SDS concentrations as low as cSDS ∼ 0.1 wt%. The prevalence of these dendritic fractal aggregates led to the formation of a gel phase at SDS concentrations above ≥1.9 wt% (the critical gelation concentration cCGC). The gel microscopic structure was visualised using polarised light microscopy (PLM); rheology measurements confirmed the formation of a colloidal gel, where the first normal stress difference was negative and the elastic modulus was dominant. Detailed nano-structural characterisation by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) further confirmed the presence of fractal aggregates. Such SDS aggregation or gelation has not been observed in water at such low surfactant concentrations, whereas SDS has been reported to form lamellar aggregates in glycerol (a component of glyceline). We attribute the formation of the SDS fractal dendrites to the condensation of counterions (i.e. the choline ions) around the SDS aggregates - a diffusion-controlled process, leading to the aggregate morphology observed. These unprecedented results shed light on the molecular mechanisms of surfactant self-assembly in deep eutectic solvents, important to their application in industrial formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Matthews
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK. and Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Silvia Ruscigno
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Sarah E Rogers
- ISIS Muon and Neutron Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Paul Bartlett
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | | | - Robert Sochon
- GlaxoSmithKline, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, UK
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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23
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Li Z, Chen H, Fang Y, Ma Y, Chen H, Yang B, Wang Y. A Highly Efficient Three-Liquid-Phase-Based Enzymatic One-Pot Multistep Reaction System with Recoverable Enzymes for the Synthesis of Biodiesel. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5481-5490. [PMID: 33955745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A three-liquid-phase system (TLPS) was developed and used as a novel enzymatic one-pot multistep reaction (EOMR) system. In this system, lipase and phospholipase were enriched in a single liquid phase with a high recovery (ca. 98%) and then used for the simultaneous catalysis of mutually inhibiting and interfering reactions (hydrolysis of phospholipids and glyceride in crude oil). A novel emulsion containing the two dispersed droplets (W2/O/W2 and W1/W2 emulsion structures) could be the key reason for this phenomenon because the emulsion system not only provided a new catalytic interface but also relieved the product inhibition. As a result, the content of free fatty acid (main hydrolysate of the glyceride) and the removal of phospholipid from the crude oil could be increased to 96 and 95%, respectively, within 1 h. The product obtained from the EOMR was directly used in the production of biodiesel via enzymatic esterification, and the content of fatty acid methanol ester could be increased to 93% within 2 h. Furthermore, the enzymes in the middle phase could also be reused, at least for eight rounds without significant loss in catalytic efficiency. Therefore, the TLPS could be considered as an ideal catalytic platform for the EOMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinglin Fang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunjian Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huayong Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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24
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Alonso DA, Burlingham S, Chinchilla R, Guillena G, Ramón DJ, Tiecco M. Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Deep Eutectic Solvents. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Alonso
- Organic Chemistry Department and Organic Synthesis Institute Alicante University P.O. Box 99 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Sarah‐Jayne Burlingham
- Organic Chemistry Department and Organic Synthesis Institute Alicante University P.O. Box 99 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Rafael Chinchilla
- Organic Chemistry Department and Organic Synthesis Institute Alicante University P.O. Box 99 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Gabriela Guillena
- Organic Chemistry Department and Organic Synthesis Institute Alicante University P.O. Box 99 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Diego J. Ramón
- Organic Chemistry Department and Organic Synthesis Institute Alicante University P.O. Box 99 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Matteo Tiecco
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06124 Perugia Italy
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25
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van Schie MMCH, Spöring JD, Bocola M, Domínguez de María P, Rother D. Applied biocatalysis beyond just buffers - from aqueous to unconventional media. Options and guidelines. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:3191-3206. [PMID: 34093084 PMCID: PMC8111672 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc00561h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In nature, enzymes conventionally operate under aqueous conditions. Because of this, aqueous buffers are often the choice for reaction media when enzymes are applied in chemical synthesis. However, to meet the demands of an industrial application, due to the poor water solubility of many industrially relevant compounds, an aqueous reaction system will often not be able to provide sufficient substrate loadings. A switch to a non-aqueous solvent system can provide a solution, which is already common for lipases, but more challenging for biocatalysts from other enzyme classes. The choices in solvent types and systems, however, can be overwhelming. Furthermore, some engineering of the protein structure of biocatalyst formulation is required. In this review, a guide for those working with biocatalysts, who look for a way to increase their reaction productivity, is presented. Examples reported clearly show that bulk water is not necessarily required for biocatalytic reactions and that clever solvent systems design can support increased product concentrations thereby decreasing waste formation. Additionally, under these conditions, enzymes can also be combined in cascades with other, water-sensitive, chemical catalysts. Finally, we show that the application of non-aqueous solvents in biocatalysis can actually lead to more sustainable processes. At the hand of flowcharts, following simple questions, one can quickly find what solvent systems are viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten M C H van Schie
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jan-Dirk Spöring
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Enzymaster Deutschland GmbH Neusser Str. 39 40219 Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Dörte Rother
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen Germany
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26
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Valvi A, Tiwari S. Solvent‐Controlled Regioselectivity in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of 1‐X‐2,4‐Difluorobenzenes with Morpholine Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Valvi
- Department of Chemistry Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi Mumbai 400703 India
| | - Shraeddha Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai 400019 India
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27
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Kist JA, Zhao H, Mitchell-Koch KR, Baker GA. The study and application of biomolecules in deep eutectic solvents. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:536-566. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01656j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents offer stimulating possibilities for biomolecular stabilization and manipulation, biocatalysis, bioextraction, biomass processing, and drug delivery and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Kist
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Northern Colorado
- Greeley
- USA
| | | | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
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28
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Maia RA, Louis B, Baudron SA. Deep eutectic solvents for the preparation and post-synthetic modification of metal- and covalent organic frameworks. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) as media for the preparation of metal- and covalent organic frameworks (MOFs and COFs) and their post-synthetic modification towards composites is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A. Maia
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- CMC UMR 7140
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Benoit Louis
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- ICPEES UMR 7515
- F-67087 Strasbourg
- France
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29
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Ali S, Al‐Rashida M, Younus HA, Moin ST, Hameed A. Piperidinium‐Based Deep Eutectic Solvents: Efficient and Sustainable Eco‐Friendly Medium for One‐Pot
N
‐Heterocycles Synthesis. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujaat Ali
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Mariya Al‐Rashida
- Department of Chemistry Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) Ferozepur Road Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Amna Younus
- Department of Chemistry Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) Ferozepur Road Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| | - Syed Tarique Moin
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry University of Sahiwal Sahiwal 57000 Pakistan
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30
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Deep Eutectic Solvents as Smart Cosubstrate in Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Reductions. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) catalyzed reductions in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) may become efficient and sustainable alternatives to afford alcohols. This paper successfully explores the ADH-catalyzed reduction of ketones and aldehydes in a DES composed of choline chloride and 1,4-butanediol, in combination with buffer (Tris-HCl, 20% v/v). 1,4-butanediol (a DES component), acts as a smart cosubstrate for the enzymatic cofactor regeneration, shifting the thermodynamic equilibrium to the product side. By means of the novel DES media, cyclohexanone reduction was optimized to yield maximum productivity with low enzyme amounts (in the range of 10 g L−1 d−1). Notably, with the herein developed reaction media, cinnamaldehyde was reduced to cinnamyl alcohol, an important compound for the fragrance industry, with promising high productivities of ~75 g L−1 d−1.
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31
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Enzyme-Coated Micro-Crystals: An Almost Forgotten but Very Simple and Elegant Immobilization Strategy. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immobilization of enzymes using protein coated micro-crystals (PCMCs) was reported for the first time in 2001 by Kreiner and coworkers. The strategy is very simple. First, an enzyme solution must be prepared in a concentrated solution of one compound (salt, sugar, amino acid) very soluble in water and poorly soluble in a water-soluble solvent. Then, the enzyme solution is added dropwise to the water soluble solvent under rapid stirring. The components accompanying the enzyme are called the crystal growing agents, the solvent being the dehydrating agent. This strategy permits the rapid dehydration of the enzyme solution drops, resulting in a crystallization of the crystal formation agent, and the enzyme is deposited on this crystal surface. The reaction medium where these biocatalysts can be used is marked by the solubility of the PCMC components, and usually these biocatalysts may be employed in water soluble organic solvents with a maximum of 20% water. The evolution of these PCMC was to chemically crosslink them and further improve their stabilities. Moreover, the PCMC strategy has been used to coimmobilize enzymes or enzymes and cofactors. The immobilization may permit the use of buffers as crystal growth agents, enabling control of the reaction pH in the enzyme environments. Usually, the PCMC biocatalysts are very stable and more active than other biocatalysts of the same enzyme. However, this simple (at least at laboratory scale) immobilization strategy is underutilized even when the publications using it systematically presented a better performance of them in organic solvents than that of many other immobilized biocatalysts. In fact, many possibilities and studies using this technique are lacking. This review tried to outline the possibilities of this useful immobilization strategy.
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32
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Biocatalyzed Redox Processes Employing Green Reaction Media. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133016. [PMID: 32630322 PMCID: PMC7411633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of biocatalysts to perform reductive/oxidative chemical processes has attracted great interest in recent years, due to their environmentally friendly conditions combined with high selectivities. In some circumstances, the aqueous buffer medium normally employed in biocatalytic procedures is not the best option to develop these processes, due to solubility and/or inhibition issues, requiring biocatalyzed redox procedures to circumvent these drawbacks, by developing novel green non-conventional media, including the use of biobased solvents, reactions conducted in neat conditions and the application of neoteric solvents such as deep eutectic solvents.
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33
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Dell'Aera M, Perna FM, Vitale P, Altomare A, Palmieri A, Maddock LCH, Bole LJ, Kennedy AR, Hevia E, Capriati V. Boosting Conjugate Addition to Nitroolefins Using Lithium Tetraorganozincates: Synthetic Strategies and Structural Insights. Chemistry 2020; 26:8742-8748. [PMID: 32181938 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the first transition metal catalyst- and ligand-free conjugate addition of lithium tetraorganozincates (R4 ZnLi2 ) to nitroolefins. Displaying enhanced nucleophilicity combined with unique chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance, homoleptic aliphatic and aromatic R4 ZnLi2 provide access to valuable nitroalkanes in up to 98 % yield under mild conditions (0 °C) and short reaction time (30 min). This is particularly remarkable when employing β-nitroacrylates and β-nitroenones, where despite the presence of other electrophilic groups, selective 1,4 addition to the C=C is preferred. Structural and spectroscopic studies confirmed the formation of tetraorganozincate species in solution, the nature of which has been a long debated issue, and allowed to unveil the key role played by donor additives on the aggregation and structure of these reagents. Thus, while chelating N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and (R,R)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (TMCDA) favour the formation of contacted-ion pair zincates, macrocyclic Lewis donor 12-crown-4 triggers an immediate disproportionation process of Et4 ZnLi2 into equimolar amounts of solvent-separated Et3 ZnLi and EtLi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Dell'Aera
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "A. Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Istituto di Cristallografia (IC-CNR), Via Amendola 122/o, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Perna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "A. Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "A. Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Altomare
- Istituto di Cristallografia (IC-CNR), Via Amendola 122/o, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Lewis C H Maddock
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, G1 1XL, Glasgow, UK
| | - Leonie J Bole
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, G1 1XL, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "A. Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)-CNR, Università di Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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34
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Wang P, Wan R, Huo W, Dong H, Chang Z, Xia X. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by the imidazole ionic liquid 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:665-672. [PMID: 31916396 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study purposes to assess the cytotoxicity of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C12 min]Cl) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. To this end, HepG2 cells were exposed to a range concentration of [C12 min]Cl and evaluated cell viability, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, cell cycle, and apoptosis-related gene expression to determine cytotoxicity. The outcomes showed that [C12 min]Cl curbed HepG2 cell growth and reduced cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, our assay results also revealed that exposure to [C12 min]Cl prompted DNA damage and apoptosis, reduced SOD and GSH content, enhanced MDA level, and changed the cell cycle of HepG2 cells. In addition, [C12 min] Cl caused alters in the expression levels of p53, Bax, and Bcl-2, indicating that p53 and Bcl-2 family may be involved in the cytotoxicity and apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by [C12 min]C1. In summary, these results indicate that [C12 min]Cl exerts genotoxicity, physiological toxicity and prompts apoptosis in HepG2 cells, and is not an alleged green solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijin Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyan Wan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiran Huo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Positive Impact of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents on the Biocatalytic Performance of 5-Hydroxymethyl-Furfural Oxidase. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been applied as cosolvents in various biocatalytic processes during recent years. However, their use in combination with redox enzymes has been limited. In this study, we have explored the beneficial effects of several DES as cosolvents on the performance of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase (HMFO), a valuable oxidative enzyme for the preparation of furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), and other compounds, such as carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids. The use of natural DESs, based on glucose and fructose, was found to have a positive effect. Higher conversions are obtained for the synthesis of several oxidized compounds, including FDCA. Depending on the type of DES, the stability of HMFO could be significantly improved. As the use of DES increases the solubility of many substrates while they only mildly affect dioxygen solubility, this study demonstrates that biocatalysis based on HMFO and other redox biocatalysts can benefit from a carefully selected DES.
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Biglari M, Shirini F, Mahmoodi NO, Zabihzadeh M, Mashhadinezhad M. A choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent promoted three-component synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and pyrano[2,3-d] pyrimidinone (thione) derivatives. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Huang L, Bittner JP, Domínguez de María P, Jakobtorweihen S, Kara S. Modeling Alcohol Dehydrogenase Catalysis in Deep Eutectic Solvent/Water Mixtures. Chembiochem 2020; 21:811-817. [PMID: 31605652 PMCID: PMC7154551 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of oxidoreductases (EC1) in non-conventional reaction media has been increasingly explored. In particular, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a novel class of solvents. Herein, an in-depth study of bioreduction with an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in the DES glyceline is presented. The activity and stability of ADH in mixtures of glyceline/water with varying water contents were measured. Furthermore, the thermodynamic water activity and viscosity of mixtures of glyceline/water have been determined. For a better understanding of the observations, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to quantify the molecular flexibility, hydration layer, and intraprotein hydrogen bonds of ADH. The behavior of the enzyme in DESs follows the classic dependence of water activity (aW ) in non-conventional media. At low aW values (<0.2), ADH does not show any activity; at higher aW values, the activity was still lower than that in pure water due to the high viscosities of the DES. These findings could be further explained by increased enzyme flexibility with increasing water content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of EngineeringBiocatalysis and Bioprocessing GroupAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 108000AarhusDenmark
| | - Jan Philipp Bittner
- Institute of Thermal Separation ProcessesHamburg University of TechnologyEißendorfer Strasse 3821073HamburgGermany
| | | | - Sven Jakobtorweihen
- Institute of Thermal Separation ProcessesHamburg University of TechnologyEißendorfer Strasse 3821073HamburgGermany
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of EngineeringBiocatalysis and Bioprocessing GroupAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 108000AarhusDenmark
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38
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Peng F, Chen QS, Li FZ, Ou XY, Zong MH, Lou WY. Using deep eutectic solvents to improve the biocatalytic reduction of 2-hydroxyacetophenone to (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by Kurthia gibsonii SC0312. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Guajardo N, Ahumada K, Domínguez de María P. Immobilized lipase-CLEA aggregates encapsulated in lentikats® as robust biocatalysts for continuous processes in deep eutectic solvents. J Biotechnol 2020; 310:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Tan JN, Dou Y. Deep eutectic solvents for biocatalytic transformations: focused lipase-catalyzed organic reactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1481-1496. [PMID: 31907576 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is a green and sustainable technology for which the ideal solvent should be nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and sustainable, in addition to supporting high enzyme activity and stability. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a novel class of green solvents, have recently emerged as excellent alternatives for use in various biocatalytic reactions and, in particular, in lipase-catalyzed reactions with enzymes. This review discusses the achievements that have been made so far in the use of DESs as reaction media for lipase-catalyzed reactions. In addition, the application of DESs in esterification, transesterification, and amidation reactions with isolated or immobilized biocatalysts, toward enabling the synthesis of biodiesels, sugar esters, phenolipids, and fatty acyl ethanolamides, is summarized, while advances in lipase-catalyzed chemoenzymatic epoxidation reactions, C-C bond-forming Aldol reactions, and hydrolysis reactions in DESs are also discussed. This review also summarize some remaining questions concerning the use of DESs, including the intriguing role of water as a cosolvent in biocatalytic reactions carried out in DESs, and the relationship between the nature of the DESs and their influence on the enzyme stability and activity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Neng Tan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Yuqing Dou
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
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Grabner B, Schweiger AK, Gavric K, Kourist R, Gruber-Woelfler H. A chemo-enzymatic tandem reaction in a mixture of deep eutectic solvent and water in continuous flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00467j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) enables drastic increase in substrate solubility and solvent compatibility of a chemo-enzymatic two-step flow process combining enzymatic decarboxylation and Pd-catalyzed Heck coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Grabner
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Anna K. Schweiger
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Kristian Gavric
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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De Santis P, Meyer LE, Kara S. The rise of continuous flow biocatalysis – fundamentals, very recent developments and future perspectives. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Very recent developments in the field of biocatalysis in continuously operated systems. Special attention on the future perspectives in this key emerging technological area ranging from process analytical technologies to digitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera De Santis
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Lars-Erik Meyer
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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43
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Heuson E, Dumeignil F. The various levels of integration of chemo- and bio-catalysis towards hybrid catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00696c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid catalysis is an emerging concept that combines chemo- and biocatalysts in a wide variety of approaches. Combining the specifications and advantages of multiple disciplines, it is a very promising way to diversify tomorrow's catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egon Heuson
- Univ. Lille
- INRA
- ISA
- Univ. Artois
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale
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44
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Li Y, Pan Z, Wang B, Yu W, Song S, Feng H, Zhao W, Zhang J. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive alkaloids from Phellodendri amurensis cortex using deep eutectic solvent aqueous solutions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00877j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ChCl/citric acid-based DESs are demonstrated to be effective green solvents for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive alkaloids from herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics
| | - Zuchen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics
| | - Binshen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics
| | - Wen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics
| | - Siwei Song
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Huanhuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics
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Ibn Majdoub Hassani FZ, Amzazi S, Kreit J, Lavandera I. Deep Eutectic Solvents as Media in Alcohol Dehydrogenase‐Catalyzed Reductions of Halogenated Ketones. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zohra Ibn Majdoub Hassani
- Biochemistry and Immunology LaboratoryFaculty of SciencesMohammed V University BP 1014 Avenue Ibn Batouta Agdal Rabat 10090 Morocco
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 Oviedo 33006 Spain
| | - Saaid Amzazi
- Biochemistry and Immunology LaboratoryFaculty of SciencesMohammed V University BP 1014 Avenue Ibn Batouta Agdal Rabat 10090 Morocco
| | - Joseph Kreit
- Biochemistry and Immunology LaboratoryFaculty of SciencesMohammed V University BP 1014 Avenue Ibn Batouta Agdal Rabat 10090 Morocco
| | - Iván Lavandera
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 Oviedo 33006 Spain
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Akhavan M, Foroughifar N, Pasdar H, Bekhradnia A. Green Synthesis, Biological Activity Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Aryl Alkylidene 2, 4-thiazolidinedione and Rhodanine Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 22:716-727. [PMID: 31775594 DOI: 10.2174/1386207322666191127103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE The magic scaffolds rhodanine and thiazolidine are very important heterocyclic compounds in drug design and discovery. Those are important heterocyclic compounds that have attracted a great deal of attention due to the fact that they exhibit a variety of bioactivities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory activities. These agents often exhibit selective toxicity. The goal of this study was molecular docking, green and solvent-free efficient synthesis of a new series of hetero/aromatic substituted rhodanine and thiazolidine analogues and then investigation of their antimicrobial activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS To a mixture of TZD or rhodanine (1 mmol) in the presence of ionic liquid ChCl/urea, various aldehyde (1 mmol) was added. After completion of the reaction, obtained crude compound was collected by filtration and products were recrystallized from ethanol. The binding-free energy between all synthesized compounds with 3EEJ protein (C. glabrata enzyme) were obtained by molecular docking studies. These compounds were evaluated using microdilution method against (ATCC 6538) and (ATCC 12228) Gram-negative, (ATCC 8739) and (ATCC 9027) as Gram-positive and (ATCC 1012), (ATCC 339), C. (ATCC 1057), (ATCC 503), (ATCC 340) and (ATCC 194) as fungi. RESULTS All of the acceptable products were determined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mas and FT-IR spectroscopy. The binding-free energy between compounds 10a and 10b with 3EEJ protein were found to be -8.08 kcal/mol and -8.15 kcal/mol, respectively. These compounds having a heteroaromatic ring attached to the TZD or rhodanine core showed excellent antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 0.25-8 μg/mL (compound 10a) and 0.5-16 μg/mL (compound 10b) against the most tested fungi strains, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSION A convenient and rapid method has been developed for the synthesis of rhodanine and thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) derivatives as efficient antimicrobial agents using a Deep Eutectic Ionic Liquids (DEILs) choline chloride urea under solvent-free condition. Among the newly synthesized compounds, (Z)-5-((quinoxalin-3-yl) methylene) thiazolidine-2, 4-dione (10a) and (Z)- 5- ((quinoxalin-3-yl) methylene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-one (10b) exerted the promising effect and these compounds can be considered to be further probed as inhibitors of cgDHFR enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Akhavan
- Department of Chemistry, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Foroughifar
- Department of Chemistry, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Pasdar
- Department of Chemistry, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Bekhradnia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
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Organocatalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Aldehydes to Maleimides and Nitroalkenes in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224058. [PMID: 31717507 PMCID: PMC6891809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A chiral primary amine-salicylamide is used as an organocatalyst for the enantioselective conjugate addition of α,α-disubstituted aldehydes to maleimides and nitroalkenes. The reactions are performed in deep eutectic solvents as reaction media at room temperature, leading to the corresponding adducts with enantioselectivities up to 88% (for maleimides) and 80% (for nitroalkenes). Catalyst and solvent can be recovered and reused.
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48
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Development of choline-based deep eutectic solvents for efficient concentrating of hemicelluloses in oil palm empty fruit bunches. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-019-0348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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49
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Gabriele F, Chiarini M, Germani R, Tiecco M, Spreti N. Effect of water addition on choline chloride/glycol deep eutectic solvents: Characterization of their structural and physicochemical properties. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Biocatalysis as Useful Tool in Asymmetric Synthesis: An Assessment of Recently Granted Patents (2014–2019). Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad interdisciplinary nature of biocatalysis fosters innovation, as different technical fields are interconnected and synergized. A way to depict that innovation is by conducting a survey on patent activities. This paper analyses the intellectual property activities of the last five years (2014–2019) with a specific focus on biocatalysis applied to asymmetric synthesis. Furthermore, to reflect the inventive and innovative steps, only patents that were granted during that period are considered. Patent searches using several keywords (e.g., enzyme names) have been conducted by using several patent engine servers (e.g., Espacenet, SciFinder, Google Patents), with focus on granted patents during the period 2014–2019. Around 200 granted patents have been identified, covering all enzyme types. The inventive pattern focuses on the protection of novel protein sequences, as well as on new substrates. In some other cases, combined processes, multi-step enzymatic reactions, as well as process conditions are the innovative basis. Both industries and academic groups are active in patenting. As a conclusion of this survey, we can assert that biocatalysis is increasingly recognized as a useful tool for asymmetric synthesis and being considered as an innovative option to build IP and protect synthetic routes.
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