1
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White NM, Waldie KM. Electrocatalytic formate and alcohol oxidation by hydride transfer at first-row transition metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38896286 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04304e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxidation of carbon-based liquid fuels, such as formic acid and alcohols, has important applications for our renewable energy transition. Molecular electrocatalysts based on transition metal complexes provide the opportunity to explore the interplay between precise catalyst design and electrocatalytic activity. Recent advances have seen the development of first-row transition metal electrocatalysts for these transformations that operate via hydride transfer between the substrate and catalyst. In this Frontier article, we present the key contributions to this field and discuss the proposed mechanisms for each case. These studies also reveal the remaining challenges for formate and alcohol oxidation with first-row transition metal systems, for which we provide perspectives on future directions for next-generation electrocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navar M White
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Kate M Waldie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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2
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Li Y, Chen JY, Zhang X, Peng Z, Miao Q, Chen W, Xie F, Liao RZ, Ye S, Tung CH, Wang W. Electrocatalytic Interconversions of CO 2 and Formate on a Versatile Iron-Thiolate Platform. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38019775 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Exploring bidirectional CO2/HCO2- catalysis holds significant potential in constructing integrated (photo)electrochemical formate fuel cells for energy storage and applications. Herein, we report selective CO2/HCO2- electrochemical interconversion by exploiting the flexible coordination modes and rich redox properties of a versatile iron-thiolate platform, Cp*Fe(II)L (L = 1,2-Ph2PC6H4S-). Upon oxidation, this iron complex undergoes formate binding to generate a diferric formate complex, [(L-)2Fe(III)(μ-HCO2)Fe(III)]+, which exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic performance for the HCO2--to-CO2 transformation with a maximum turnover frequency (TOFmax) ∼103 s-1 and a Faraday efficiency (FE) ∼92(±4)%. Conversely, this iron system also allows for reduction at -1.85 V (vs Fc+/0) and exhibits an impressive FE ∼93 (±3)% for the CO2-to-HCO2- conversion. Mechanism studies revealed that the HCO2--to-CO2 electrocatalysis passes through dicationic [(L2)-•Fe(III)(μ-HCO2)Fe(III)]2+ generated by unconventional oxidation of the diferric formate species taking place at ligand L, while the CO2-to-HCO2- reduction involves a critical intermediate of [Fe(II)-H]- that was independently synthesized and structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jia-Yi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinchao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Peng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qiyi Miao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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3
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Kanega R, Ishida E, Sakai T, Onishi N, Yamamoto A, Yasumura H, Yoshida H, Kawanami H, Himeda Y, Sato Y, Ohira A. An Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Using CO 2 as an Active Material with a Homogeneous Ir Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310976. [PMID: 37650440 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
For the application of CO2 as an energy storage material, a H2 storage system has been proposed based on the interconversion of CO2 and formic acid (or formate). However, energy losses are inevitable in the conversion of electrical energy to H2 as chemical energy (≈70 % electrical efficiency) and H2 to electrical energy (≈40 % electrical efficiency). To overcome these significant energy losses, we developed a system based on the interconversion of CO2 and formate for the direct storage and generation of electricity. In this paper, we report an aqueous redox flow battery system using homogeneous Ir catalysts with CO2 -formate redox pair. The system exhibited a maximum discharge capacity of 10.5 mAh (1.5 Ah L-1 ), capacity decay of 0.2 % per cycle, and total turnover number of 2550 after 50 cycles. During charging-discharging, in situ fluorescence X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy based on an online setup indicated that the active species was in a high valence state of IrIV .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Kanega
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Erika Ishida
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sakai
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Naoya Onishi
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yasumura
- Faculty of Integrated Human Studies, Kyoto University Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hajime Kawanami
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Himeda
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yukari Sato
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohira
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
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4
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
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5
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Weerasooriya RB, Gesiorski JL, Alherz A, Ilic S, Hargenrader GN, Musgrave CB, Glusac KD. Kinetics of Hydride Transfer from Catalytic Metal-Free Hydride Donors to CO 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2306-2311. [PMID: 33651629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective reduction of CO2 to formate represents an ongoing challenge in photoelectrocatalysis. To provide mechanistic insights, we investigate the kinetics of hydride transfer (HT) from a series of metal-free hydride donors to CO2. The observed dependence of experimental and calculated HT barriers on the thermodynamic driving force was modeled by using the Marcus hydride transfer formalism to obtain the insights into the effect of reorganization energies on the reaction kinetics. Our results indicate that even if the most ideal hydride donor were discovered, the HT to CO2 would exhibit sluggish kinetics (<100 turnovers per second at -0.1 eV driving force), indicating that the conventional HT may not be an appropriate mechanism for solar conversion of CO2 to formate. We propose that the conventional HT mechanism should not be considered for CO2 reduction catalysis and argue that the orthogonal HT mechanism, previously proposed to address thermodynamic limitations of this reaction, may also lead to lower kinetic barriers for CO2 reduction to formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra B Weerasooriya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave., Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jonathan L Gesiorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave., Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Abdulaziz Alherz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Stefan Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - George N Hargenrader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave., Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ksenija D Glusac
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave., Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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6
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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7
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Sarkar P, Riyajuddin S, Das A, Hazra Chowdhury A, Ghosh K, Islam SM. Mesoporous covalent organic framework: An active photo-catalyst for formic acid synthesis through carbon dioxide reduction under visible light. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Cunningham DW, Barlow JM, Velazquez RS, Yang JY. Reversible and Selective CO
2
to HCO
2
−
Electrocatalysis near the Thermodynamic Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew W. Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Reyna S. Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Jenny Y. Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
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9
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Cunningham DW, Barlow JM, Velazquez RS, Yang JY. Reversible and Selective CO 2 to HCO 2 - Electrocatalysis near the Thermodynamic Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4443-4447. [PMID: 31846551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reversible catalysis is a hallmark of energy-efficient chemical transformations, but can only be achieved if the changes in free energy of intermediate steps are minimized and the catalytic cycle is devoid of high transition-state barriers. Using these criteria, we demonstrate reversible CO2 /HCO2 - conversion catalyzed by [Pt(depe)2 ]2+ (depe=1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane). Direct measurement of the free energies associated with each catalytic step correctly predicts a slight bias towards CO2 reduction. We demonstrate how the experimentally measured free energy of each step directly contributes to the <50 mV overpotential. We also find that for CO2 reduction, H2 evolution is negligible and the Faradaic efficiency for HCO2 - production is nearly quantitative. A free-energy analysis reveals H2 evolution is endergonic, providing a thermodynamic basis for highly selective CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew W Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Reyna S Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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10
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Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide by Homogeneous Iridium Catalysts. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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