1
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Aggarwal S, Awasthi SK. Emerging trends in the development and applications of triazine-based covalent organic polymers: a comprehensive review. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11601-11643. [PMID: 38916403 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Owing to unique structural features, triazine-based covalent organic polymers (COPs) have attracted significant attention and emerged as novel catalysts or support materials for an array of applications. Typically formed by reacting triazine-based monomers or the in situ creation of triazine rings from nitrile monomers, these COPs possess 2D/3D meso/microporous structures held together via strong covalent linkages. The quest for efficient, stable and recyclable catalytic systems globally necessitates the need for a well-structured and comprehensive review summarizing the synthetic methodologies and applications of triazine-based COPs. This review explores the various synthetic routes and applications of these COPs in photocatalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis, adsorption and sensing. By exploring the latest advancements and future directions, this review offers valuable insights into the synthesis and applications of triazine-based COPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Aggarwal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
| | - Satish Kumar Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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2
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Huang TF, Liu JJ, Lai ZY, Chang JW, Zhuang YR, Jiang ZC, Chang CL, Lin WC, Chen YH, Wu YH, Sun YE, Luo TA, Chen YK, Yen JC, Hsu HK, Chen BH, Ting LY, Lu CY, Lin YT, Hsu LY, Wu TL, Yang SD, Su AC, Jeng US, Chou HH. Performance and Solution Structures of Side-Chain-Bridged Oligo (Ethylene Glycol) Polymer Photocatalysts for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution under Natural Light Illumination. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304743. [PMID: 37803930 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy into hydrogen energy using conjugated polymers (CP) is a promising solution to the energy crisis. Improving water solubility plays one of the critical factors in enhancing the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of CP photocatalysts. In this study, a novel concept of incorporating hydrophilic side chains to connect the backbones of CPs to improve their HER is proposed. This concept is realized through the polymerization of carbazole units bridged with octane, ethylene glycol, and penta-(ethylene glycol) to form three new side-chain-braided (SCB) CPs: PCz2S-OCt, PCz2S-EG, and PCz2S-PEG. Verified through transient absorption spectra, the enhanced capability of PCz2S-PEG for ultrafast electron transfer and reduced recombination effects has been demonstrated. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) analyses reveal that these three SCB-CPs form cross-linking networks with different mass fractal dimensions (f) in aqueous solution. With the lowest f value of 2.64 and improved water/polymer interfaces, PCz2S-PEG demonstrates the best HER, reaching up to 126.9 µmol h-1 in pure water-based photocatalytic solution. Moreover, PCz2S-PEG exhibits comparable performance in seawater-based photocatalytic solution under natural sunlight. In situ SAXS analysis further reveals nucleation-dominated generation of hydrogen nanoclusters with a size of ≈1.5 nm in the HER of PCz2S-PEG under light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Fu Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ze-Yu Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Rang Zhuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Cheng Jiang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Heng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-En Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ting-An Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chen Yen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Hsu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Ting
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yeh Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - An-Chung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Hsiu Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
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3
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Leone L, Sgueglia G, La Gatta S, Chino M, Nastri F, Lombardi A. Enzymatic and Bioinspired Systems for Hydrogen Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108605. [PMID: 37239950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary potential of hydrogen as a clean and sustainable fuel has sparked the interest of the scientific community to find environmentally friendly methods for its production. Biological catalysts are the most attractive solution, as they usually operate under mild conditions and do not produce carbon-containing byproducts. Hydrogenases promote reversible proton reduction to hydrogen in a variety of anoxic bacteria and algae, displaying unparallel catalytic performances. Attempts to use these sophisticated enzymes in scalable hydrogen production have been hampered by limitations associated with their production and stability. Inspired by nature, significant efforts have been made in the development of artificial systems able to promote the hydrogen evolution reaction, via either electrochemical or light-driven catalysis. Starting from small-molecule coordination compounds, peptide- and protein-based architectures have been constructed around the catalytic center with the aim of reproducing hydrogenase function into robust, efficient, and cost-effective catalysts. In this review, we first provide an overview of the structural and functional properties of hydrogenases, along with their integration in devices for hydrogen and energy production. Then, we describe the most recent advances in the development of homogeneous hydrogen evolution catalysts envisioned to mimic hydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianmattia Sgueglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore La Gatta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Nastri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
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4
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Zhang G, Zhao M, Su L, Yu H, Wang C, Sun D, Ding Y. Donor-Acceptor Covalent-Organic Frameworks Based on Phthalimide as an Electron-Deficient Unit for Efficient Visible-Light Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20310-20316. [PMID: 36994986 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor two-dimensional covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) have great potential as photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution because of their tunable structures, ordered and strong stacking, high crystallinity, and porosity. Herein, an acceptor unit, namely phthalimide, has been employed for the first time to construct COFs. Two donor-acceptor COFs (TAPFy-PhI and TAPB-PhI) have been successfully synthesized via a Schiff base reaction using phthalimide as the acceptor and 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)pyrene (TAPFy) and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) as donors. The synthesized COFs exhibited high crystallinity, permanent porosity, excellent chemical stability, suitable band gaps, and broad visible-light absorption. In the presence of ascorbic acid (sacrificial reagent), the TAPFy-PhI COF exhibited an efficient photocatalytic performance with a hydrogen evolution rate of 1763 μmol g-1 h-1. Moreover, the photocatalytic performance was further improved by the addition of Pt (1 wt %) as a cocatalyst, and the hydrogen evolution rate reached 2718 μmol g-1 h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobing Zhang
- Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Key Laboratory of Advance Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Mingshi Zhao
- Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Linghui Su
- Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advance Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Dengrong Sun
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, National Engineering Research Centre for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Carbon Neutral Technology Innovation Center of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yunsheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advance Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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5
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Kim Y, Jun SE, Lee G, Nam S, Jang HW, Park SH, Kwon KC. Recent Advances in Water-Splitting Electrocatalysts Based on Electrodeposition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3044. [PMID: 37109879 PMCID: PMC10147088 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Green hydrogen is being considered as a next-generation sustainable energy source. It is created electrochemically by water splitting with renewable electricity such as wind, geothermal, solar, and hydropower. The development of electrocatalysts is crucial for the practical production of green hydrogen in order to achieve highly efficient water-splitting systems. Due to its advantages of being environmentally friendly, economically advantageous, and scalable for practical application, electrodeposition is widely used to prepare electrocatalysts. There are still some restrictions on the ability to create highly effective electrocatalysts using electrodeposition owing to the extremely complicated variables required to deposit uniform and large numbers of catalytic active sites. In this review article, we focus on recent advancements in the field of electrodeposition for water splitting, as well as a number of strategies to address current issues. The highly catalytic electrodeposited catalyst systems, including nanostructured layered double hydroxides (LDHs), single-atom catalysts (SACs), high-entropy alloys (HEAs), and core-shell structures, are intensively discussed. Lastly, we offer solutions to current problems and the potential of electrodeposition in upcoming water-splitting electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kim
- Smart Device Team, Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eon Jun
- Smart Device Team, Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Goeun Lee
- Smart Device Team, Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Park
- Smart Device Team, Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chang Kwon
- Smart Device Team, Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
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6
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An S, Wu Z, Jeong H, Lee J, Jeong SY, Lee W, Kim S, Han JW, Lim J, Cha H, Woo HY, Chung DS. Synergistic Contribution of Oligo(ethylene glycol) and Fluorine Substitution of Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts toward Solar Driven Sacrificial Hydrogen Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204905. [PMID: 36446633 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To separately explore the importance of hydrophilicity and backbone planarity of polymer photocatalyst, a series of benzothiadiazole-based donor-acceptor alternating copolymers incorporating alkoxy, linear oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chain, and backbone fluorine substituents is presented. The OEG side chains in the polymer backbone increase the surface energy of the polymer nanoparticles, thereby improving the interaction with water and facilitating electron transfer to water. Moreover, the OEG-attached copolymers exhibit enhanced intermolecular packing compared to polymers with alkoxy side chains, which is possibly attributed to the self-assembly properties of the side chains. Fluorine substituents on the polymer backbone produce highly ordered lamellar stacks with distinct π-π stacking features; subsequently, the long-lived polarons toward hydrogen evolution are observed by transient absorption spectroscopy. In addition, a new nanoparticle synthesis strategy using a methanol/water mixed solvent is first adopted, thereby avoiding the screening effect of surfactants between the nanoparticles and water. Finally, hydrogen evolution rate of 26 000 µmol g-1 h-1 is obtained for the copolymer incorporated with both OEG side chains and fluorine substituents under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). This study demonstrates how the glycol side chain strategy can be further optimized for polymer photocatalysts by controlling the backbone planarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeok An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeok Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjong Lee
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchul Lim
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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7
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Chen P, Ru C, Hu L, Yang X, Wu X, Zhang M, Zhao H, Wu J, Pan X. Construction of Efficient D–A-Type Photocatalysts by B–N Bond Substitution for Water Splitting. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leilei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Mohr Y, Ranscht A, Alves-Favaro M, Alessandra Quadrelli E, M Wisser F, Canivet J. Nickel-Catalyzed Direct Arylation Polymerization for the Synthesis of Thiophene-Based Cross-linked Polymers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202667. [PMID: 36205632 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An earth-abundant nickel(II) bipyridine catalyst, combined with lithium hexamethyldisilazide as base, demonstrates its wide applicability in the direct arylation polymerization of di- and tri-thiophene heteroaryls with poly(hetero)aryl halides. With a nickel catalyst loading of 2.5 mol%, a series of twenty highly cross-linked organic polymers is obtained in 34 to 99 % yields. Using mixed polytopic coupling partners allows obtaining alternating and optically active thiophene-based solids with intrinsic porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorck Mohr
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alisa Ranscht
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marcelo Alves-Favaro
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elsje Alessandra Quadrelli
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian M Wisser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistr, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jérôme Canivet
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Hillman SAJ, Sprick RS, Pearce D, Woods DJ, Sit WY, Shi X, Cooper AI, Durrant JR, Nelson J. Why Do Sulfone-Containing Polymer Photocatalysts Work So Well for Sacrificial Hydrogen Evolution from Water? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19382-19395. [PMID: 36251010 PMCID: PMC9619400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Many of the highest-performing
polymer photocatalysts
for sacrificial
hydrogen evolution from water have contained dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone units in their polymer backbones.
However, the reasons behind the dominance of this building block are
not well understood. We study films, dispersions, and solutions of
a new set of solution-processable materials, where the sulfone content
is systematically controlled, to understand how the sulfone unit affects
the three key processes involved in photocatalytic hydrogen generation
in this system: light absorption; transfer of the photogenerated hole
to the hole scavenger triethylamine (TEA); and transfer of the photogenerated
electron to the palladium metal co-catalyst that remains in the polymer
from synthesis. Transient absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical
measurements, combined with molecular dynamics and density functional
theory simulations, show that the sulfone unit has two primary effects.
On the picosecond timescale, it dictates the thermodynamics of hole
transfer out of the polymer. The sulfone unit attracts water molecules
such that the average permittivity experienced by the solvated polymer
is increased. We show that TEA oxidation is only thermodynamically
favorable above a certain permittivity threshold. On the microsecond
timescale, we present experimental evidence that the sulfone unit
acts as the electron transfer site out of the polymer, with the kinetics
of electron extraction to palladium dictated by the ratio of photogenerated
electrons to the number of sulfone units. For the highest-performing,
sulfone-rich material, hydrogen evolution seems to be limited by the
photogeneration rate of electrons rather than their extraction from
the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A J Hillman
- Department of Physics, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry and Material Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Drew Pearce
- Department of Physics, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Duncan J Woods
- Department of Chemistry and Material Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Wai-Yu Sit
- Department of Physics, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Xingyuan Shi
- Department of Physics, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Material Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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10
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Chang CL, Lin WC, Ting LY, Shih CH, Chen SY, Huang TF, Tateno H, Jayakumar J, Jao WY, Tai CW, Chu CY, Chen CW, Yu CH, Lu YJ, Hu CC, Elewa AM, Mochizuki T, Chou HH. Main-chain engineering of polymer photocatalysts with hydrophilic non-conjugated segments for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5460. [PMID: 36115857 PMCID: PMC9482619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting is attracting considerable interest because it enables the conversion of solar energy into hydrogen for use as a zero-emission fuel or chemical feedstock. Herein, we present a universal approach for inserting hydrophilic non-conjugated segments into the main-chain of conjugated polymers to produce a series of discontinuously conjugated polymer photocatalysts. Water can effectively be brought into the interior through these hydrophilic non-conjugated segments, resulting in effective water/polymer interfaces inside the bulk discontinuously conjugated polymers in both thin-film and solution. Discontinuously conjugated polymer with 10 mol% hexaethylene glycol-based hydrophilic segments achieves an apparent quantum yield of 17.82% under 460 nm monochromatic light irradiation in solution and a hydrogen evolution rate of 16.8 mmol m−2 h−1 in thin-film. Molecular dynamics simulations show a trend similar to that in experiments, corroborating that main-chain engineering increases the possibility of a water/polymer interaction. By introducing non-conjugated hydrophilic segments, the effective conjugation length is not altered, allowing discontinuously conjugated polymers to remain efficient photocatalysis. The introduction of hydrophilic segments into the main-chain of polymer photocatalysts allows water to efficiently enter the interior through these hydrophilic segments, and results in effective water/polymer interfaces for hydrogen evolution.
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11
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Barawi M, Alfonso-González E, López-Calixto CG, García A, García-Sánchez A, Villar-García IJ, Liras M, de la Peña O'Shea VA. Advanced Nanostructured Conjugated Microporous Polymer Application in a Tandem Photoelectrochemical Cell for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201351. [PMID: 35971163 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy conversion through photoelectrochemical cells by organic semiconductors is a hot topic that continues to grow due to the promising optoelectronic properties of this class of materials. In this sense, conjugated polymers have raised the interest of researchers due to their interesting light-harvesting properties. Besides, their extended π-conjugation provides them with an excellent charge conduction along the whole structure. In particular, conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) exhibit an inherent porosity and three-dimensional structure, offering greater surface area, and higher photochemical and mechanical stability than their linear relatives (conjugated polymers, CPs). However, CPP synthesis generally provides large particle powders unsuitable for thin film preparation, limiting its application in optoelectronic devices. Here, a synthetic strategy is presented to prepare nanostructures of a CPP suitable to be used as photoelectrode in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell. In this way, electronic and photoelectrochemical properties are measured and, attending to the optoelectronic properties, two hybrid photoelectrodes (photoanode and photocathode) are designed and built to assemble a tandem PEC cell. The final device exhibits photocurrents of 0.5 mA cm-2 at a 0.7 V in the two electrode configuration and the hydrogen evolution reaction is observed and quantified by gas chromatography, achieving 581 µmol of H2 in a one-hour reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Barawi
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, Imdea Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, Móstoles, Madrid, 28935, Spain
| | - Elena Alfonso-González
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, Imdea Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, Móstoles, Madrid, 28935, Spain
| | - Carmen G López-Calixto
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, Imdea Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, Móstoles, Madrid, 28935, Spain
| | - Alberto García
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, Imdea Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, Móstoles, Madrid, 28935, Spain
| | - Alba García-Sánchez
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, Imdea Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, Móstoles, Madrid, 28935, Spain
| | - Ignacio J Villar-García
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, Imdea Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, Móstoles, Madrid, 28935, Spain
- NAPP Endstation, CIRCE Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, 08290, Spain
| | - Marta Liras
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, Imdea Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, Móstoles, Madrid, 28935, Spain
| | - Victor A de la Peña O'Shea
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, Imdea Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, Móstoles, Madrid, 28935, Spain
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12
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O'Neill JS, Kearney L, Brandon MP, Pryce MT. Design components of porphyrin-based photocatalytic hydrogen evolution systems: A review. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Wang L, Xie H, Lin Y, Wang M, Sha L, Yu X, Yang J, Zhao J, Li G. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs)-based biosensors for the assay of disease biomarkers with clinical applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Thangamuthu M, Ruan Q, Ohemeng PO, Luo B, Jing D, Godin R, Tang J. Polymer Photoelectrodes for Solar Fuel Production: Progress and Challenges. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11778-11829. [PMID: 35699661 PMCID: PMC9284560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy to fuels has attracted substantial interest over the past decades because it has the potential to sustainably meet the increasing global energy demand. However, achieving this potential requires significant technological advances. Polymer photoelectrodes are composed of earth-abundant elements, e.g. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, which promise to be more economically sustainable than their inorganic counterparts. Furthermore, the electronic structure of polymer photoelectrodes can be more easily tuned to fit the solar spectrum than inorganic counterparts, promising a feasible practical application. As a fast-moving area, in particular, over the past ten years, we have witnessed an explosion of reports on polymer materials, including photoelectrodes, cocatalysts, device architectures, and fundamental understanding experimentally and theoretically, all of which have been detailed in this review. Furthermore, the prospects of this field are discussed to highlight the future development of polymer photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Qiushi Ruan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Peter Osei Ohemeng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Bing Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Dengwei Jing
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Robert Godin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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15
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Jiménez J, Prieto-Montero R, Serrano S, Stachelek P, Rebollar E, Maroto BL, Moreno F, Martinez-Martinez V, Pal R, García-Moreno I, de la Moya S. BINOL blocks as accessible triplet state modulators in BODIPY dyes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6385-6388. [PMID: 35543210 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BINOL moieties of different electronic demand are useful blocks for enabling the photo-production and modulation of triplet excited states in readily-accesible BINOL-based O-BODIPY dyes from standard F-BODIPY precursors. The rapid and rational development of smarter triplet-enabling BODIPY dyes on the basis of this strategy (e.g., TADF biomarker 4a or room temperature phosphor 4g) paves the way for advancing photonic applications based on organic triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ruth Prieto-Montero
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patrycja Stachelek
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Road, Durham DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Esther Rebollar
- Departamento de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada, Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", C.S.I.C., Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz L Maroto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Florencio Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Road, Durham DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Inmaculada García-Moreno
- Departamento de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada, Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", C.S.I.C., Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Electrospun Donor/Acceptor Nanofibers for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091535. [PMID: 35564245 PMCID: PMC9101664 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We prepared a series of one-dimensional conjugated-material-based nanofibers with different morphologies and donor/acceptor (D/A) compositions by electrospinning for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. It was found that homogeneous D/A heterojunction nanofibers can be obtained by electrospinning, and the donor/acceptor ratio can be easily controlled. Compared with the single-component-based nanofibers, the D/A-based nanofibers showed a 34-fold increase in photocatalytic efficiency, attributed to the enhanced exciton dissociation in the nanofibrillar body. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of these nanofibers can be easily optimized by modulating the diameter. The results show that the diameter of the nanofibers can be conveniently controlled by the electrospinning feed rate, and the photocatalytic effect increases with decreasing fiber diameter. Consequently, the nanofibers with the smallest diameter exhibit the most efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, with the highest release rate of 24.38 mmol/(gh). This work provides preliminary evidence of the advantages of the electrospinning strategy in the construction of D/A nanofibers with controlled morphology and donor/acceptor composition, enabling efficient hydrogen evolution.
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17
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Sheng Q, Zhong X, Shang Q, Dong Y, Zhao J, Du Y, Xie Y. Triazine-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymers With Different Linkage Units for Visible Light–Driven Hydrogen Evolution. Front Chem 2022; 10:854018. [PMID: 35402380 PMCID: PMC8990882 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.854018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), as a kind of two-dimensional material, have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages in visible light–driven photocatalytic splitting of water for hydrogen evolution. However, improving the microstructure and electronic structure of the material to enhance their photocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution remains a challenge. We designed and reported two analogous CMPs including CMP-1 and CMP-2 that contain triazine and dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide units, which were prepared by Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. The main difference of two CMPs is that the triazine units are connected to benzene unit (CMP-1) or thiophene unit (CMP-2). Both of the CMPs exhibit excellent light capture capability, and compared with CMP-2, CMP-1 has faster separation rates and lower recombination rates for the charge carriers (electron/hole), and then, a higher hydrogen evolution rate was obtained from water decomposition reaction. We find the H2 production rate of CMP-1 can be up to 9,698.53 μmol g−1h −1, which is about twice of that of CMP-2. This work suggests that molecular design is a potent method to optimize the photocatalytic performance toward hydrogen evolution of the CMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qianqian Shang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - YunYun Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- *Correspondence: Jinsheng Zhao, ; Yuchang Du, ; Yu Xie,
| | - Yuchang Du
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Yichun University, Yichun, China
- *Correspondence: Jinsheng Zhao, ; Yuchang Du, ; Yu Xie,
| | - Yu Xie
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinsheng Zhao, ; Yuchang Du, ; Yu Xie,
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18
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Shcherban N, Shvalagin V, Korzhak G, Yaremov P, Skoryk M, Sergiienko S, Ya. Kuchmiy S. Hard template synthesis and photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride in the hydrogen evolution reaction using organic acids as electron donors. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Elsayed MH, Abdellah M, Hung YH, Jayakumar J, Ting LY, Elewa AM, Chang CL, Lin WC, Wang KL, Abdel-Hafiez M, Hung HW, Horie M, Chou HH. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Conjugated Polymer Dots as Binary Photocatalysts for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution through Förster Resonance Energy Transfer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56554-56565. [PMID: 34783531 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconducting polymers exhibited promising photocatalytic behavior for hydrogen (H2) evolution, especially when prepared in the form of polymer dots (Pdots). However, the Pdot structures were formed using common nonconjugated amphiphilic polymers, which have a negative effect on charge transfer between photocatalysts and reactants and are unable to participate in the photocatalytic reaction. This study presents a new strategy for constructing binary Pdot photocatalysts by replacing the nonconjugated amphiphilic polymer typically employed in the preparation of polymer nanoparticles (Pdots) with a low-molecular-weight conjugated polyelectrolyte. The as-prepared polyelectrolyte/hydrophobic polymer-based binary Pdots truly enhance the electron transfer between the Pt cocatalyst and the polymer photocatalyst with good water dispersibility. Moreover, unlike the nonconjugated amphiphilic polymer, the photophysics and mechanism of this photocatalytic system through time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and transient absorption (TA) measurements confirmed the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the polyelectrolyte as a donor and the hydrophobic polymer as an acceptor. As a result, the designated binary Pdot photocatalysts significantly enhanced the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 43 900 μmol g-1 h-1 (63.5 μmol h-1, at 420 nm) for PTTPA/PFTBTA Pdots under visible-light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hammad Elsayed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Qena Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Yi-Hao Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jayachandran Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Ting
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed M Elewa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Lung Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Mahmoud Abdel-Hafiez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Faculty of Science, Physics Department, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Hsiao-Wen Hung
- Lighting Energy-Saving Department, Intelligent Energy-Saving Systems Division, Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Masaki Horie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Hsiu Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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20
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Liu Y, Li B, Xiang Z. Pathways towards Boosting Solar-Driven Hydrogen Evolution of Conjugated Polymers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007576. [PMID: 34160904 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic H2 evolution under solar illumination has been considered to be a promising technology for green energy resources. Developing highly efficient photocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting is long-term desired but still challenging. Conjugated polymers (CPs) have attracted ongoing attention and have been considered to be promising alternatives for solar-driven H2 production due to the excellent merits of the large π-conjugated system, versatile structures, tunable photoelectric properties, and well-defined chemical composites. The excellent merits have offered numerous methods for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) of initial CP-based photocatalysts, whose apparent quantum yield is dramatically increased from <1 to >20% in recent five years. According to the photocatalytic mechanism, this review herein systematically summarizes three major strategies for boosting photocatalytic H2 production of CPs: 1) enhancing visible light absorption, 2) suppressing recombination of electron-hole pairs, and 3) boosting surface catalytic reaction, mainly involving eleven methods, that is, copolymerization, modifying cross-linker, constructing a donor-acceptor structure, functionalization, fabricating organic heterojunction, loading cocatalyst, and surface modification. Finally, the perspectives towards the future development of PHE are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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21
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Shiraishi Y, Matsumoto M, Ichikawa S, Tanaka S, Hirai T. Polythiophene-Doped Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin Photocatalysts for Solar-to-Hydrogen Peroxide Energy Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12590-12599. [PMID: 34292725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from water and dioxygen by sunlight-driven heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising method for the artificial photosynthesis of a liquid solar fuel. We previously found that resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) resin powders prepared by high-temperature hydrothermal synthesis act as highly active semiconductor photocatalysts for H2O2 generation. Herein, we report that RF resin powders doped with poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (RF/P3HT) exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activities. The highly dispersed P3HT within the resin particles created charge transfer complexes with the conduction band of the resin via electron donation, facilitating efficient transfer of the photogenerated conduction band electrons through P3HT. This enhanced charge separation promoted efficient water oxidation and O2 reduction. The solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency for H2O2 generation on the RF/P3HT resin in water under simulated sunlight irradiation with atmospheric pressure of O2 was ∼1.0%, which is the highest efficiency reported for powder catalysts in artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shiraishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masako Matsumoto
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tanaka
- Department of Chemical, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Kansai University, Suita 564-8680, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirai
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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22
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Shu C, Han C, Yang X, Zhang C, Chen Y, Ren S, Wang F, Huang F, Jiang JX. Boosting the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity for D-π-A Conjugated Microporous Polymers by Statistical Copolymerization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008498. [PMID: 34028900 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, great progress has been achieved in the design and preparation of conjugated organic polymer photocatalysts for hydrogen generation. However, it is still challenging to develop an organic polymer photocatalyst with high photoconversion efficiency. Rational structure design of organic polymer photocatalysts holds the key point to realize high photocatalytic performance. Herein, a series of donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) conjugated organic copolymer photocatalysts is developed using statistical copolymerization by tuning the feed molar ratio of pyrene (donor) to dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide (acceptor) units. It reveals that the photocatalytic activity of the resulting copolymers is significantly dependent on the molar ratio of donor to acceptor, which efficiently changes the polymer structure and component. When the monomer feed ratio is 25:75, the random copolymer PyBS-3 of 10 mg with Pt cocatalyst shows a high hydrogen evolution rate of 1.05 mmol h-1 under UV/Vis light irradiation using ascorbic acid as the hole-scavenger, and an external quantum efficiency of 29.3% at 420 nm, which represents the state-of-the-art of organic polymer photocatalysts. This work demonstrates that statistical copolymerization is an efficient strategy to optimize the polymer structure for improving the photocatalytic activity of conjugated organic polymer catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Changzhi Han
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xiye Yang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Ren
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
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23
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Decoration of conjugated polyquinoxaline dots on mesoporous TiO2 nanofibers for visible-light-driven photocatalysis. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Sheng ZQ, Xing YQ, Chen Y, Zhang G, Liu SY, Chen L. Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor-acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:607-623. [PMID: 34285864 PMCID: PMC8261276 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) as photocatalysts have evoked substantial interest. Their geometries and physical (e.g., chemical and thermal stability and solubility), optical (e.g., light absorption range), and electronic properties (e.g., charge carrier mobility, redox potential, and exciton binding energy) can be easily tuned via structural design. In addition, they are of light weight (i.e., mainly composed of C, N, O, and S). To improve the photocatalytic performance of CPs and better understand the catalytic mechanisms, many strategies with respect to material design have been proposed. These include tuning the bandgap, enlarging the surface area, enabling more efficient separation of electron-hole pairs, and enhancing the charge carrier mobility. In particular, donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers were demonstrated as a promising platform to develop high-performance photocatalysts due to their easily tunable bandgaps, high charge carrier mobility, and efficient intramolecular charge transfer. In this minireview, recent advances of D-A polymers in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution are summarized with a particular focus on modulating the optical and electronic properties of CPs by varying the acceptor units. The challenges and prospects associated with D-A polymer-based photocatalysts are described as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Qi Sheng
- College of Materials, Metallurgical and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yu-Qin Xing
- College of Materials, Metallurgical and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Materials, Metallurgical and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- College of Materials, Metallurgical and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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25
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Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous organic polymers built from covalent organic blocks that can be photochemically active when incorporating organic semiconducting units, such as triazine rings or diacetylene bridges. The bandgap, charge separation capacity, porosity, wettability, and chemical stability of COFs can be tuned by properly choosing their constitutive building blocks, by extension of conjugation, by adjustment of the size and crystallinity of the pores, and by synthetic post-functionalization. This review focuses on the recent uses of COFs as photoactive platforms for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), in which usually metal nanoparticles (NPs) or metallic compounds (generally Pt-based) act as co-catalysts. The most promising COF-based photocatalytic HER systems will be discussed, and special emphasis will be placed on rationalizing their structure and light-harvesting properties in relation to their catalytic activity and stability under turnover conditions. Finally, the aspects that need to be improved in the coming years will be discussed, such as the degree of dispersibility in water, the global photocatalytic efficiency, and the robustness and stability of the hybrid systems, putting emphasis on both the COF and the metal co-catalyst.
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26
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Wei Q, Yao X, Zhang Q, Yan P, Ru C, Li C, Tao C, Wang W, Han D, Han D, Niu L, Qin D, Pan X. Nanostructured Lateral Boryl Substitution Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Oligomers for Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Production. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100132. [PMID: 33891808 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poor charge separation is the main factor that limits the photocatalytic hydrogen generation efficiency of organic conjugated polymers. In this work, a series of linear donor-acceptor (D-A) type oligomers are synthesized by a palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling of electron-deficient diborane unit and different dihalide substitution sulfur functionalized monomers. Such diborane-based A unit exerts great impact on the resulting oligomers, including distinct semiconductor characters with isolated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) orbits locating in diborane-containing fragment, and elevated LUMO level higher than water reduction potential. Relative to A-A type counterpart, the enhanced dipole polarization effect in D-A oligomers facilitates separation of photogenerated charge carriers, as evidenced by notably prolonged electron lifetime. Owing to π-π stacking of rigid backbone, the oligomers can aggregate into an interesting 2D semicrystalline nanosheet (≈2.74 nm), which is rarely reported in linear polymeric photocatalysts prepared by similar carbon-carbon coupling reaction. Despite low surface area (30.3 m2 g-1 ), such ultrathin nanosheet D-A oligomer offers outstanding visible light (λ > 420 nm) hydrogen evolution rate of 833 µmol g-1 h-1 , 14 times greater than its A-A analogue (61 µmol g-1 h-1 ). The study highlights the great potential of using boron element to construct D-A type oligomers for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Wei
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Pengji Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Universities, Hexi University, Zhangye, 734000, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chunlan Tao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongfang Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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27
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El-Bery HM, Salah MR, Ahmed SM, Soliman SA. Efficient non-metal based conducting polymers for photocatalytic hydrogen production: comparative study between polyaniline, polypyrrole and PEDOT. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13229-13244. [PMID: 35423845 PMCID: PMC8697333 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01218e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of conducting polymers (CPs) with TiO2 is considered a promising pathway toward the fabrication of highly efficient non-metal based photocatalysts. Herein, we report the fabrication of TiO2@polyaniline, TiO2@polypyrrole, and TiO2@poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) photocatalyst heterostructures via the facile wet incipient impregnation method. The mass ratios of CPs in the composites were optimized. The structure, morphology, optical and surface texture of the samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, TGA, DRS, and N2-physisorption techniques. The TiO2@2PEDOT, TiO2@2PPy, and TiO2@5PAn composites were found to exhibit the highest H2 evolution rate (HER) of 1.37, 2.09, and 3.1 mmol h-1 g-1, respectively. Compared to bare TiO2, the HER was significantly enhanced by 16, 24, and 36-fold, respectively. Photoelectrochemical measurements (CV, CA and EIS) were conducted, to evaluate the photoelectric properties of the synthesized composites and assist in understanding the photocatalytic mechanism. The deposition method plays a key-role in forming the photocatalyst/CP interface. This simple impregnation route was found to provide an excellent interface for charge transfer between composite components compared to chemisorption and in situ polymerization methods. This study sheds light on the promising effect of CP incorporation with semiconductor photocatalysts, as a cheap and efficient matrix, on photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham M El-Bery
- Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University Assiut 71515 Egypt
| | - Mahmoud R Salah
- Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University Assiut 71515 Egypt
| | - Seddique M Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University Assiut 71515 Egypt
| | - Soliman A Soliman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University Assiut 71515 Egypt
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28
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Huang X, Zhang YB. Covalent Organic Frameworks for Sunlight-driven Hydrogen Evolution. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
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29
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Zbiri M, Aitchison CM, Sprick RS, Cooper AI, Guilbert AAY. Probing Dynamics of Water Mass Transfer in Organic Porous Photocatalyst Water-Splitting Materials by Neutron Spectroscopy. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:1363-1372. [PMID: 33840892 PMCID: PMC8025674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quest for efficient and economically accessible cleaner methods to develop sustainable carbon-free energy sources induced a keen interest in the production of hydrogen fuel. This can be achieved via the water-splitting process and by exploiting solar energy. However, the use of adequate photocatalysts is required to reach this goal. Covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) are potential target photocatalysts for water splitting. Both electronic and structural characteristics of CTFs, particularly energy levels, optical band gaps, and porosities are directly relevant to water splitting and can be engineered through chemical design. Porosity can, in principle, be beneficial to water splitting by providing a larger surface area for the catalytic reactions to take place. However, porosity can also affect both charge transport within the photocatalyst and mass transfer of both reactants and products, thus impacting the overall kinetics of the reaction. Here, we focus on the link between chemical design and water (reactant) mass transfer, which plays a key role in the water uptake process and the subsequent hydrogen generation in practice. We use neutron spectroscopy to study the mass transfer of water in two porous CTFs, CTF-CN and CTF-2, that differ in the polarity of their struts. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering is used to quantify the amount of bound water and the translational diffusion of water. Inelastic neutron scattering measurements complement the quasi-elastic neutron scattering study and provide insights into the softness of the CTF structures and the changes in librational degrees of freedom of water in the porous CTFs. We show that two different types of interaction between water and CTFs take place in CTF-CN and CTF-2. CTF-CN exhibits a smaller surface area and lower water uptake due to its softer structure than CTF-2. However, the polar cyano group interacts locally with water leading to a large amount of bound water and a strong rearrangement of the water hydration monolayer, while water diffusion in CTF-2 is principally impacted by microporosity. The current study leads to new insights into the structure-dynamics-property relationship of CTF photocatalysts that pave the road for a better understanding of the guest-host interaction on the basis of water-splitting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zbiri
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Cedex 9, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Anne A. Y. Guilbert
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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30
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Guilbert AAY, Bai Y, Aitchison CM, Sprick RS, Zbiri M. Impact of Chemical Structure on the Dynamics of Mass Transfer of Water in Conjugated Microporous Polymers: A Neutron Spectroscopy Study. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:765-776. [PMID: 33615231 PMCID: PMC7887872 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel can contribute as a masterpiece in conceiving a robust carbon-free economic puzzle if cleaner methods to produce hydrogen become technically efficient and economically viable. Organic photocatalytic materials such as conjugated microporous materials (CMPs) are potential attractive candidates for water splitting as their energy levels and optical band gap as well as porosity are tunable through chemical synthesis. The performances of CMPs depend also on the mass transfer of reactants, intermediates, and products. Here, we study the mass transfer of water (H2O and D2O) and of triethylamine, which is used as a hole scavenger for hydrogen evolution, by means of neutron spectroscopy. We find that the stiffness of the nodes of the CMPs is correlated with an increase in trapped water, reflected by motions too slow to be quantified by quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS). Our study highlights that the addition of the polar sulfone group results in additional interactions between water and the CMP, as evidenced by inelastic neutron scattering (INS), leading to changes in the translational diffusion of water, as determined from the QENS measurements. No changes in triethylamine motions could be observed within the CMPs from the present investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A. Y. Guilbert
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yang Bai
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Mohamed Zbiri
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex
9 38042, France
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31
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Aitchison CM, Sprick RS. Conjugated nanomaterials for solar fuel production. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:634-646. [PMID: 33393561 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07533g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water has the potential to fulfil future energy needs by producing a clean and storable fuel. In recent years polymer photocatalysts have attracted significant interest in an attempt to address these challenges. One reason organic photocatalysts have been considered an attractive target is their synthetic modularity, therefore, the ability to tune their opto-electronic properties by incorporating different building blocks. A wide range of factors has been investigated and in particular nano-sized particles have found to be highly efficient due to the size effect resulting from the ability of these to increase the number of charges reaching catalytic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Aitchison
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, UK.
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32
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Lin C, Han C, Gong L, Chen X, Deng J, Qi D, Bian Y, Wang K, Jiang J. Donor–acceptor covalent organic framework/g-C 3N 4 hybrids for efficient visible light photocatalytic H 2 production. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02330b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A donor–acceptor type covalent organic framework (COF) was used to construct TBTA/g-C3N4 hybrids for photocatalytic H2 evolution. Under visible light irradiation, the hybrids exhibited an optimized H2 evolution rate of 11.73 mmol g−1 h−1 without Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiang Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, and
- Daxing Research Institute
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Chaozheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, and
- Daxing Research Institute
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Lei Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, and
- Daxing Research Institute
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Xin Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, and
- Daxing Research Institute
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Jinxia Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, and
- Daxing Research Institute
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Dongdong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, and
- Daxing Research Institute
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Yongzhong Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, and
- Daxing Research Institute
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Kang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, and
- Daxing Research Institute
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, and
- Daxing Research Institute
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
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33
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Han S, Huang T, Pan Y, Zhao J, Lin H, Lin H, Ding Z, Xi H, Long J. Tunable linear donor–π–acceptor conjugated polymers with a vinylene linkage for visible-light driven hydrogen evolution. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00535a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extending the in-plane conjugation or/and increasing the electron push–pull interaction of linear D–π–A polymers with a vinylene linkage could broaden the visible-light absorption band, promote the charge separation and transfer and the photocatalytic hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitong Han
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
- Beijing
- 102205 P. R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- 350116 P. R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- 350116 P. R. China
| | - Jiwu Zhao
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- 350116 P. R. China
| | - Huan Lin
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- 350116 P. R. China
| | - Huaxiang Lin
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- 350116 P. R. China
| | - Zhengxin Ding
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- 350116 P. R. China
| | - Hailing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian
- Beijing
- 102205 P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Long
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- 350116 P. R. China
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34
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Han C, Dong P, Tang H, Zheng P, Zhang C, Wang F, Huang F, Jiang JX. Realizing high hydrogen evolution activity under visible light using narrow band gap organic photocatalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1796-1802. [PMID: 34163942 PMCID: PMC8179323 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05866a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of conjugated semiconducting polymers for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution have engendered intense recent interest. However, most reported organic polymer photocatalysts show a relatively broad band gap with weak light absorption ability in the visible light region, which commonly leads to a low photocatalytic activity under visible light. Herein, we synthesize three novel dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene-S,S-dioxide (DTDO) containing conjugated polymer photocatalysts by a facile C-H arylation coupling polymerization reaction. The resulting polymers show a broad visible light absorption range up to 700 nm and a narrow band gap down to 1.81 eV due to the introduction of the DTDO unit. Benefiting from the donor-acceptor polymer structure and the high content of the DTDO unit, the three-dimensional polymer PyDTDO-3 without the addition of a Pt co-catalyst shows an attractive photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 16.32 mmol h-1 g-1 under visible light irradiation, which is much higher than that of most reported organic polymer photocatalysts under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Han
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
| | - Peihua Dong
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Peiyun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Jia-Xing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710062 P. R. China
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35
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Cullen AA, Heintz K, O'Reilly L, Long C, Heise A, Murphy R, Karlsson J, Gibson E, Greetham GM, Towrie M, Pryce MT. A Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Investigation of a Novel BODIPY Copolymer and Its Potential Use as a Photosensitiser for Hydrogen Evolution. Front Chem 2020; 8:584060. [PMID: 33195076 PMCID: PMC7604388 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.584060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel 4,4-difuoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) copolymer with diethynylbenzene has been synthesised, and its ability to act as a photosensitiser for the photocatalytic generation of hydrogen was investigated by time-resolved spectroscopic techniques spanning the ps- to ns-timescales. Both transient absorption and time-resolved infrared spectroscopy were used to probe the excited state dynamics of this photosensitising unit in a variety of solvents. These studies indicated how environmental factors can influence the photophysics of the BODIPY polymer. A homogeneous photocatalytic hydrogen evolution system has been developed using the BODIPY copolymer and cobaloxime which provides hydrogen evolution rates of 319 μmol h−1 g−1 after 24 h of visible irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoibhín A Cullen
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katharina Heintz
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura O'Reilly
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Long
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joshua Karlsson
- Energy Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Gibson
- Energy Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary T Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Mechanistic Studies of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10207017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymer catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has shown great promise because of the tunability of such catalysts to have desired properties. Herein, we synthesized two polymer catalysts: poly[4,4′-(9-(4-aminophenyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diamine-alt-5-oxido-5-phenylbenzo[b]phosphindole-3,7-diyl)dibenzaldehyde] (PCzPO) and poly[N1,N1-bis(4-amino-2-fluorophenyl)-2-fluorobenzene-1,4-diamine-alt-5-oxido-5-phenylbenzo[b]phosphindole-3,7-diyl)dibenzaldehyde] (PNoFPO). The UV-vis absorption spectra showed that the less planar structure and the presence of electronegative fluorine atoms in the donor group of PNoFPO led to a higher optical gap compared to PCzPO, leading to almost five times faster HER rate using PCzPO compared to PNoFPO. However, density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the frontier orbitals and the highest occupied molecular orbitals – lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) gaps of PCzPO and PNoFPO D-A moiety models are very similar, such that, during light absorption, electrons move from donor to acceptor group where proton binding is preferred to happen thereafter. For both PCzPO and PNoFPO D-A moieties, H2 formation through an intramolecular reaction with a barrier of 0.6–0.7 eV, likely occurs at the acceptor group atoms where protons bind through electrostatic interaction. The intermolecular reaction has nearly zero activation energy but is expected to occur only when the repulsion is low between separate polymers chains. Finally, experimental and DFT results reveal the importance of extended configurations of D-A polymers on HER rate.
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Xiao J, Liu X, Pan L, Shi C, Zhang X, Zou JJ. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Organic Transformation Reactions Using Conjugated Polymers-Based Materials. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xianlong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chengxiang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ji-Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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Wadsworth A, Hamid Z, Kosco J, Gasparini N, McCulloch I. The Bulk Heterojunction in Organic Photovoltaic, Photodetector, and Photocatalytic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001763. [PMID: 32754970 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors require an energetic offset in order to photogenerate free charge carriers efficiently, owing to their inability to effectively screen charges. This is vitally important in order to achieve high power conversion efficiencies in organic solar cells. Early heterojunction-based solar cells were limited to relatively modest efficiencies (<4%) owing to limitations such as poor exciton dissociation, limited photon harvesting, and high recombination losses. The development of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) has significantly overcome these issues, resulting in dramatic improvements in organic photovoltaic performance, now exceeding 18% power conversion efficiencies. Here, the design and engineering strategies used to develop the optimal bulk heterojunction for solar-cell, photodetector, and photocatalytic applications are discussed. Additionally, the thermodynamic driving forces in the creation and stability of the bulk heterojunction are presented, along with underlying photophysics in these blends. Finally, new opportunities to apply the knowledge accrued from BHJ solar cells to generate free charges for use in promising new applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Zeinab Hamid
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jan Kosco
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Bashta B, Hašková A, Faukner T, Elsawy MA, Šorm D, Brus J, Sedláček J. Microporous hyper-cross-linked polyacetylene networks: Covalent structure and texture modification by reversible Schiff-base chemistry. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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López-Calixto CG, Barawi M, Gomez-Mendoza M, Oropeza FE, Fresno F, Liras M, de la Peña O'Shea VA. Hybrids Based on BOPHY-Conjugated Porous Polymers as Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production: Insight into the Charge Transfer Pathway. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen G. López-Calixto
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariam Barawi
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Gomez-Mendoza
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Freddy E. Oropeza
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fresno
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Liras
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Bai Y, Hu Z, Jiang JX, Huang F. Hydrophilic Conjugated Materials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1780-1790. [PMID: 32293789 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is viewed as a promising green strategy to utilize the inexhaustible solar energy and provide clean hydrogen fuels with zero-emission characteristic. The nature of semiconductor-based photocatalysts is the key point to achieve efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Conjugated materials have been recently emerging as a novel class of photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and photocatalytic reactions due to their electronic properties can be well controlled via tailor-made chemical structures. Hydrophilic conjugated materials, a subgroup of conjugated materials, possess multiple advantages for photocatalytic applications, thus spurring remarkable progress on both material realm and photocatalytic applications. This minireview aims to provide a brief review of the recent developments of hydrophilic conjugated polymers/small molecules for photocatalytic applications, and special concern on the rational molecular design and their impact on photocatalytic performance will be reviewed. Perspectives on the hydrophilic conjugated materials and challenges to their applications in the photocatalytic field are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Bai
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
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