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Garnes-Portolés F, Lloret V, Vidal-Moya JA, Löffler M, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cerón-Carrasco JP, Abellán G, Leyva-Pérez A. Few-layer black phosphorus enables nitrogen fixation under ambient conditions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4742-4747. [PMID: 38318612 PMCID: PMC10839751 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N2) fixation is a key reaction in biological and industrial chemistry, which does not occur spontaneously under ambient conditions but often depends on very specific catalysts and harsh reaction processes. Here we show that exposing exfoliated black phosphorus to the open air triggers, concomitantly, the oxidation of the two-dimensional (2D) material and the fixation of up to 100 parts per million (0.01%) of N2 on the surface. The fixation also occurs in pristine non-exfoliated material. Besides, other allotropic forms of phosphorus, like red P, also fixes N2 during ambient oxidation, suggesting that the N2 fixation process is intrinsic with phosphorus oxidation and does not depend on the chemical structure or the dimensionality of the solid. Despite the low amounts of N2 fixed, this serendipitous discovery could have fundamental implications on the chemistry and environmental stability of phosphorous and the design of related catalysts for N2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Garnes-Portolés
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain +34 9638 77809 +34 963877800
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany +49 91165078-65015 +49 91165078-65031
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - José Alejandro Vidal-Moya
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain +34 9638 77809 +34 963877800
| | - Mario Löffler
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jose Pedro Cerón-Carrasco
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Academia General del Aire, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena C/ Coronel López Peña S/N, Santiago de La Ribera 30720 Murcia Spain
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain +34 9638 77809 +34 963877800
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Lucherelli MA, Oestreicher V, Alcaraz M, Abellán G. Chemistry of two-dimensional pnictogens: emerging post-graphene materials for advanced applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6453-6474. [PMID: 37084083 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06337a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The layered allotropes of group 15 (P, As, Sb and Bi), also called two-dimensional (2D) pnictogens, have emerged as one of the most promising families of post-graphene 2D-materials. This is mainly due to the great variety of properties they exhibit, including layer-dependent bandgap, high charge-carrier mobility and current on/off ratios, strong spin-orbit coupling, wide allotropic diversity and pronounced chemical reactivity. These are key ingredients for exciting applications in (opto)electronics, heterogeneous catalysis, nanomedicine or energy storage and conversion, to name a few. However, there are still many challenges to overcome in order to fully understand their properties and bring them to real applications. As a matter of fact, due to their strong interlayer interactions, the mechanical exfoliation (top-down) of heavy pnictogens (Sb & Bi) is unsatisfactory, requiring the development of new methodologies for the isolation of single layers and the scalable production of high-quality flakes. Moreover, due to their pronounced chemical reactivity, it is necessary to develop passivation strategies, thus preventing environmental degradation, as in the case of bP, or controlling surface oxidation, with the corresponding modification of the interfacial and electronic properties. In this Feature Article we will discuss, among others, the most important contributions carried out in our group, including new liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) processes, bottom-up colloidal approaches, the preparation of intercalation compounds, innovative non-covalent and covalent functionalization protocols or novel concepts for potential applications in catalysis, electronics, photonics, biomedicine or energy storage and conversion. The past years have seen the birth of the chemistry of pnictogens at the nanoscale, and this review intends to highlight the importance of the chemical approach in the successful development of routes to synthesise, passivate, modify, or process these materials, paving the way for their use in applications of great societal impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Andrea Lucherelli
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Víctor Oestreicher
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marta Alcaraz
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Nene A, Geng S, Zhou W, Yu XF, Luo H, Ramakrishna S. Black Phosphorous Aptamer-based Platform for Biomarker Detection. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:935-952. [PMID: 35220933 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220225110302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Black phosphorus nanostructures (nano-BPs) mainly include BP nanosheets (BP NSs), BP quantum dots (BPQDs), and other nano-BPs-based particles at nanoscale. Firstly discovered in 2014, nano-BPs are one of the most popular nanomaterials. Different synthesis methods are discussed in short to understand the basic concepts and developments in synthesis. Exfoliated nano-BPs, i.e. nano-BPs possess high surface area, high photothermal conversion efficacy, excellent biocompatibility, high charge carrier mobility (~1000 cm-2V-1s-1), thermal conductivity of 86 Wm-1K-1; and these properties make it a highly potential candidate for fabrication of biosensing platform. These properties enable nano-BPs to be promising photothermal/drug delivery agents as well as in electrochemical data storage devices and sensing devices; and in super capacitors, photodetectors, photovoltaics and solar cells, LEDs, super-conductors, etc. Early diagnosis is very critical in the health sector scenarios. This review attempts to highlight the attempts made towards attaining stable BP, BP-aptamer conjugates for successful biosensing applications. BP-aptamer- based platforms are reviewed to highlight the significance of BP in detecting biological and physiological markers of cardiovascular diseases and cancer; to be useful in disease diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya Nene
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengyong Geng
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongrong Luo
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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Mitrović A, Abellán G, Hirsch A. Covalent and non-covalent chemistry of 2D black phosphorus. RSC Adv 2021; 11:26093-26101. [PMID: 34381597 PMCID: PMC8320089 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04416h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-graphene era is undoubtedly marked by two-dimensional (2D) sheet polymers, such as black phosphorus (BP). This emerging material has a fascinating structure and outstanding electronic properties and has been postulated for a plethora of applications. The need to circumvent the pronounced oxophilicity of P atoms has dominated the research on this material in recent years, with the objective of finding the most effective method to improve its environmental stability. When it comes to chemical functionalization, the few approaches reported so far involve some drawbacks such as low degree of addition and low production ability. This review presents the concepts and strategies of our studies on the chemical functionalization of BP, both non-covalent and covalent, emphazising the current synthetic challenges. Moreover, we also provide some effective pathways for the chemical activation of the unreactive basal plane, the identification of the effective binding strategies, and the concept to overcome hurdles associated with characterization tools. This work will provide fundamental insights into the controlled chemical functionalization and characterization of BP, fostering the research on this appealing 2D material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mitrović
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry Studentski trg 12-16 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Jellett C, Plutnar J, Pumera M. Prospects for Functionalizing Elemental 2D Pnictogens: A Study of Molecular Models. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7722-7733. [PMID: 32578421 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the intense amount of attention and huge potential of 2D-layered pnictogens for applications in chemistry, physics, and materials science, there has yet to be a robust strategy developed to systematically functionalize them to tailor their properties. This is due to a number of factors, including practical instability toward ambient conditions, difficulty in characterizing modified materials, and also more inherent reactivity issues. Here, avenues for functionalization are discussed using examples of molecular models from the wider literature, along with their possible advantages and likely pitfalls. Finally, a critical appraisal of the current field and its future is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Jellett
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Plutnar
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno 616 00, Czech Republic
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