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Ritter MT, Padilla I, Lobo-Recio MÁ, Romero M, López-Delgado A. Waste Symbiosis through the Synthesis of Highly Crystalline LTA and SOD Zeolites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4310. [PMID: 39274699 PMCID: PMC11395988 DOI: 10.3390/ma17174310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for natural and synthetic zeolites has surged due to their distinctive properties and myriad industrial applications. This research aims to synthesise crystalline zeolites by co-recycling two industrial wastes: salt slag (SS) and rice husk ash (RHA). Salt slag, a problematic by-product of secondary aluminium smelting, is classified as hazardous waste due to its reactive and leachable nature, though it is rich in aluminium. Conversely, RHA, an abundant and cost-effective by-product of the agro-food sector, boasts a high silicon content. These wastes were utilised as aluminium and silicon sources for synthesising various zeolites. This study examined the effects of temperature, ageing time, and sodium concentration on the formation of different zeolite phases and their crystallinity. Results indicated that increased Na+ concentration favoured sodalite (SOD) zeolite formation, whereas Linde type-A (LTA) zeolite formation was promoted at higher temperatures and extended ageing times. The formation range of the different zeolites was defined and supported by crystallographic, microstructural, and morphological analyses. Additionally, the thermal behaviour of the zeolites was investigated. This work underscores the potential to transform industrial waste, including hazardous materials like salt slag, into sustainable, high-value materials, fostering efficient waste co-recycling and promoting clean, sustainable industrial production through cross-sectoral industrial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Teresinha Ritter
- Department of Materials, Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences (IETcc-CSIC), Serrano Galvache Street, 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabel Padilla
- Department of Materials, Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences (IETcc-CSIC), Serrano Galvache Street, 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Lobo-Recio
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Energy and Sustainability, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Araranguá, Rodovia Governador Jorge Lacerda, 3201, Jardim das Avenidas, Araranguá 88906-072, SC, Brazil
| | - Maximina Romero
- Department of Materials, Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences (IETcc-CSIC), Serrano Galvache Street, 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora López-Delgado
- Department of Materials, Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences (IETcc-CSIC), Serrano Galvache Street, 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
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Eren S, Türk FN, Arslanoğlu H. Synthesis of zeolite from industrial wastes: a review on characterization and heavy metal and dye removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41791-41823. [PMID: 38861062 PMCID: PMC11219454 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Increasing world population, urbanization, and industrialization have led to an increase in demand in production and consumption, resulting in an increase in industrial solid wastes and pollutant levels in water. These two main consequences have become global problems. The high Si and Al content of solid wastes suggests that they can be used as raw materials for the synthesis of zeolites. In this context, when the literature studies conducted to obtain synthetic zeolites are evaluated, it is seen that hydrothermal synthesis method is generally used. In order to improve the performance of the hydrothermal synthesis method in terms of energy cost, synthesis time, and even product quality, additional methods such as alkaline fusion, ultrasonic effect, and microwave support have been developed. The zeolites synthesized by different techniques exhibit superior properties such as high surface area and well-defined pore sizes, thermal stability, high cation exchange capacity, high regeneration ability, and catalytic activity. Due to these specific properties, zeolites are recognized as one of the most effective methods for the removal of pollutants. The toxic properties of heavy metals and dyes in water and their carcinogenic effects in long-term exposure pose a serious risk to living organisms. Therefore, they should be treated at specified levels before discharge to the environment. In this review study, processes including different methods developed for the production of zeolites from industrial solid wastes were evaluated. Studies using synthetic zeolites for the removal of high levels of health and environmental risks such as heavy metals and dyes are reviewed. In addition, EPMA, SEM, EDX, FTIR, BET, AFM, and 29Si and 27Al NMR techniques, which are characterization methods of synthetic zeolites, are presented and the cation exchange capacity, thermodynamics of adsorption, effect of temperature, and pH are investigated. It is expected that energy consumption can be reduced by large-scale applications of alternative techniques developed for zeolite synthesis and their introduction into the industry. It is envisaged that zeolites synthesized by utilizing wastes will be effective in obtaining a green technology. The use of synthesized zeolites in a wide variety of applications, especially in environmental problems, holds great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Eren
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Feride N Türk
- Çankırı Karatekin University, Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Hasan Arslanoğlu
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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Rouchalová K, Rouchalová D, Čablík V, Matýsek D. Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Pure-Phase Sodalite (>99 wt.%) in Suspension: Methodology Design and Verification. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:269. [PMID: 38204121 PMCID: PMC10780149 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies focused on the hydrothermal (HT) synthesis of fly ash zeolites (FAZs), this method still has many limitations, the main of which is the low yield of zeolites. Hydrothermally synthesized zeolites are typically multiphase and exhibit low purity, which limits their applicability. Pure-phase zeolites have been primarily prepared from filtrates after alkaline mineralization of fly ashes, not directly in suspension. In addition, the published methodologies have not been tested in a wider set of samples, and thus their reproducibility is not confirmed. The aim of the study is to propose a reproducible methodology that overcomes the mentioned limitations. The influence of the Si/Al ratio (1.3:1-1:2), the type and concentration of the activator (2/4 M NaOH/KOH/LiOH), the reagent (30% LiCl), the duration (24-168 h), and the temperature (50-180 °C) of the synthesis phases were studied. The sequence of the synthesis phases was also optimized, depending on the type of heat transfer. The fly ashes were analyzed by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD XRF), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The energy intensity of the synthesis was reduced through the application of unique microwave digestion technology. Both microwave and combined (microwave and convection) syntheses were conducted. FAZs were identified and quantified by XRD analysis. This study presents a three-stage (TS) hydrothermal synthesis of pure-phase sodalite in suspension. Sodalite (>99 wt.%) was prepared from nine fly ashes under the following conditions: I. microwave phase: 120 °C, 150 min, solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L) 1:5, Si/Al ratio 1:1.5, and 4 M NaOH; II. convection phase: 120 °C, 24 h, S/L 1:40, and the addition of 30 mL of 30% LiCl; and III. crystallization: 70 °C for 24 h. The formation of rhombododecahedral sodalite crystals was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Rouchalová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; (D.R.); (V.Č.)
| | - Dana Rouchalová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; (D.R.); (V.Č.)
| | - Vladimír Čablík
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; (D.R.); (V.Č.)
| | - Dalibor Matýsek
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic;
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Lin S, Jiang X, Zhao Y, Yan J. Zeolite greenly synthesized from fly ash and its resource utilization: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158182. [PMID: 35995162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fly ash is an incineration byproduct of thermal power plants. Due to the complex composition of fly ash, improper disposal will seriously harm the ecological environment. Therefore, how to effectively use fly ash to safely and environmentally replace landfills is a worldwide concern. Considering the high silicon and aluminum contents in fly ash, it has the potential to synthesize zeolite, which has a wide range of applications in sewage treatment, gas adsorption, etc. Therefore, the synthesis of zeolites from fly ash is consistent with the theme of sustainable development. The synthesis mechanism of zeolite, various synthetic methods of zeolite from fly ash and their advantages and disadvantages was introduced in detail. In addition, combined with the current research hotspots, the application of synthetic zeolite from fly ash in the fields of sewage treatment and gas adsorption was introduced. Finally, the future development prospects and research directions of synthetic zeolite from fly ash to improve the utilization rate of fly ash were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunda Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang University, Qingshanhu Energy Research Center, Lina, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang University, Qingshanhu Energy Research Center, Lina, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- Power China Hebei Electric Power Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. D, No. 6 Jianhua North St., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang University, Qingshanhu Energy Research Center, Lina, Hangzhou, China
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Heavy metal stabilization in MSWI fly ash using an additive-assisted microwave hydrothermal method. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yu X, Zhou K, Zhang T, Bian B, Chen S. Reduced Utilization Process Leaching Toxicity by Stabilizing Heavy Metals in Fly Ash from MSW Incineration Based on Hydrothermal Oxidation. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:542-547. [PMID: 35635562 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal oxidation is an effective approach to reduce leaching toxicity of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration during utilization process. Herein, the effects of temperature, time, pH and Ce-Mn catalyst dosage on the stabilization of heavy metals in fly ash during hydrothermal oxidation were studied. The temperature of hydrothermal oxidation was positively correlated to the stabilization effect. However, the reaction time and pH emerged unstable effect. The amount of Ce-Mn catalyst had a slightly positive effect on the stabilizing at low doses, but it can be inhibited by excessive dose. The leaching concentrations of all heavy metals accorded with National Wastewater Discharge Standard of China (GB 8978-1996) under the optimal parameters, especially for Pb, Ni and Cu. The heavy metals were transformed from unstable fractions to residue fractions during hydrothermal process, among which the proportion of Cu and Zn residue fractions significantly increased and further reduced leaching toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Yu
- Nanjing Research Institute of Ecological and Environmental Protection, 175 Huju Road, Nanjing, 210013, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bo Bian
- Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sen Chen
- Nanjing Research Institute of Ecological and Environmental Protection, 175 Huju Road, Nanjing, 210013, China.
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Synthesis and catalytic performance of Linde-type A zeolite (LTA) from coal fly ash utilizing microwave and ultrasound collaborative activation method. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Optimization of Parameters and Methodology for the Synthesis of LTA-Type Zeolite Using Light Coal Ash. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10207332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of zeolites using waste as a source of Si and Al is well known, and light coal ash has been studied to minimize the problems of waste management and mitigate environmental effects. The residue used in this work was supplied by Coal Workers Assistance Society (SATC) Criciúma–SC/Brazil, and had 24.09% Al2O3 and 54.25% SiO2 in its chemical composition. Synthesis studies using this residue with the objective of obtaining LTA zeolites were carried out by hydrothermal means, alkaline fusion, and the combination of the two methods, varying parameters such as crystallization time, Na/T ratio, OH/ratio, ultrasound exposure, gel agitation temperature, and the alkaline melting temperature of the residue. The results were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG). It was possible to obtain 70% crystalline zeolite type LTA for the first time at mild conditions with temperatures below 200 °C by alkaline fusion with smaller amounts of NaOH and short times (2 h). Thus, suitable parameters were determined for future scaling.
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Makgabutlane B, Nthunya LN, Nxumalo EN, Musyoka NM, Mhlanga SD. Microwave Irradiation-Assisted Synthesis of Zeolites from Coal Fly Ash: An Optimization Study for a Sustainable and Efficient Production Process. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25000-25008. [PMID: 33043177 PMCID: PMC7542601 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Class F South African coal fly ash was used as a precursor for the synthesis of zeolite A via complete microwave irradiation. To attain optimal conditions for the synthesis of zeolite A with minimum impurities, the microwave synthesis time, irradiation power, and Si/Al ratio were varied. Sodalite with fly ash phases were obtained when the Si/Al ratio in the coal fly ash was not adjusted and when the microwave irradiated coal fly ash slurry was used instead of the extract solution. Increased microwave irradiation time power and time favored the crystallization of zeolite A phase due to sufficient energy needed to ensure the dissolution of Al and Si from coal fly ash. A Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 29.54 m2/g and a cation exchange capacity of 3.10 mequiv/g were achieved for zeolite A, suggesting its potential application as an adsorbent and cation exchange material for environmental remediation. Complete microwave irradiation offers a greener approach toward zeolite synthesis from coal fly ash compared to conventional hydrothermal and fusion methods that consume a lot of energy and require longer reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo Makgabutlane
- Nanotechnology
and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering
and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa
- SabiNano
Research and Innovation and the DSI/MINTEK Nanotechnology Innovation
Centre, Mintek, 200 Malibongwe
Drive, Strijdom Park, Randburg, 2194 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lebea N. Nthunya
- Department
of Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag x680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Edward N. Nxumalo
- Nanotechnology
and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering
and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicholas M. Musyoka
- HySA
Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Centre for Nanostructures and
Advanced Materials (CeNAM), Chemicals cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sabelo D. Mhlanga
- SabiNano
Research and Innovation and the DSI/MINTEK Nanotechnology Innovation
Centre, Mintek, 200 Malibongwe
Drive, Strijdom Park, Randburg, 2194 Johannesburg, South Africa
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Synthesis of Zeolite from Electrolytic Manganese Residue: Investigation on the Variation of the Propert of Zeolite during the Conversion Process. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6939101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the cation exchange capacity (CEC); phosphate immobilization capacity (PIC); and chemical, mineralogical, and morphological characteristics of the synthesized electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) based zeolite (EMRZ) were systematically investigated during the synthesis process. By varying synthesis conditions, different zeolites with different purity were generated, and it was proven that a lower Si/Al ratio, relatively higher temperature, and relatively longer time favored the synthesis of zeolite. Besides, the decrease in Si/Al ratio and variation within a narrow range contributed to the forming of Al rich zeolite. Meanwhile, the discrepancy of CEC and PIC of EMRZ contributed to the case in which various elements in EMRZ do have an impact on CEC (Na2O element and type of zeolite) and PIC (calcium and iron components). Moreover, the synthesis conditions were optimized and evaluated in terms of their CEC, specific surface area (SSA), and crystallinity. According to the analyses using XRD, FE-SEM, and XRF and the SSA analysis, the EMRZ (mainly zeolite A, LTA) synthesized under the optimum conditions (initial Si/Al ratio of 1.5, at 100°C, for 1.5 h) was found to be mainly composed of highly ordered cubic zeolites A crystals with a Si/Al ratio of 1.02 and a CEC of 3.45 meq/g.
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12
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Liu Y, Wang G, Wang L, Li X, Luo Q, Na P. Zeolite P synthesis based on fly ash and its removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Qiu Q, Jiang X, Lv G, Chen Z, Lu S, Ni M, Yan J, Deng X. Evolution of Heavy Metal Speciation in MSWI Fly Ash after Microwave-assisted Hydrothermal Treatment. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qili Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xuguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Guojun Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Mingjiang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Hangzhou Lijia Environmental Services Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311101, P. R. China
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Qiu Q, Jiang X, Lv G, Chen Z, Lu S, Ni M, Yan J, Deng X. Adsorption of heavy metal ions using zeolite materials of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash modified by microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Aldahri T, Behin J, Kazemian H, Rohani S. Effect of microwave irradiation on crystal growth of zeolitized coal fly ash with different solid/liquid ratios. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Behin J, Shahryarifar A, Kazemian H. Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Cu and Cu/Ni Nanoparticles on NaP Zeolite Support as Antibacterial Agents. Chem Eng Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Behin J, Kazemian H, Rohani S. Sonochemical synthesis of zeolite NaP from clinoptilolite. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 28:400-408. [PMID: 26341462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, natural clinoptilolite was converted to zeolite NaP using ultrasonic energy, in which the transformation time shortened remarkably. The effect of post-synthesis treatment using conventional hydrothermal was also investigated. The synthesized powders were characterized by XRD, TGA/DTA, SEM, and PSD analysis. The results showed that, increasing the sonication time (energy) has no significant effect on the product's morphology. The crystallinity of the synthesized samples increased slightly with increasing sonication time, but their yield remained relatively unchanged. Furthermore, post-synthesis hydrothermal treatment showed very little influence on properties of the final product. Because the ultrasonic irradiation creates acoustic cavitation cracks on the surface structure of clinoptilolite particulates and increases the concentration of soluble alumino-silicate species, which favors the prevailing super-saturation, crystallization and crystal growth of zeolite NaP happen faster. The particles of zeolite NaP synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation consist of small crystallites of uniform size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Behin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hossein Kazemian
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sohrab Rohani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, Ontario, Canada.
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