1
|
Hirbawi N, Raffman ETA, Pedroarena JR, McGinnis TM, Jarvo ER. Sacrificial Anode-Free Electrochemical Cross-Electrophile Coupling of 1,3-Diol Derivatives to Form Aliphatic and Aryl Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:6556-6561. [PMID: 39082621 PMCID: PMC11320640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions that forge C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds are strategic methods for the synthesis of molecules with high F(sp3), yet very few employ electrochemical conditions as the necessary reductant. Herein, we report an electrochemical intramolecular cross-electrophile coupling reaction of 1,3-diol derivatives to access aliphatic and aryl cyclopropanes, including spirocyclic and fused bicyclic cyclopropanes. The scalable electrochemical cross-electrophile coupling (eXEC) reaction employs a nonsacrificial anode in an undivided cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James R. Pedroarena
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brachi M, El Housseini W, Beaver K, Jadhav R, Dantanarayana A, Boucher DG, Minteer SD. Advanced Electroanalysis for Electrosynthesis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:141-187. [PMID: 38585515 PMCID: PMC10995937 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, environmentally friendly substitute for conventional organic methods. It involves using charge transfer to stimulate chemical reactions through the application of a potential or current between two electrodes. In addition to electrode materials and the type of reactor employed, the strategies for controlling potential and current have an impact on the yields, product distribution, and reaction mechanism. In this Review, recent advances related to electroanalysis applied in electrosynthesis were discussed. The first part of this study acts as a guide that emphasizes the foundations of electrosynthesis. These essentials include instrumentation, electrode selection, cell design, and electrosynthesis methodologies. Then, advances in electroanalytical techniques applied in organic, enzymatic, and microbial electrosynthesis are illustrated with specific cases studied in recent literature. To conclude, a discussion of future possibilities that intend to advance the academic and industrial areas is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brachi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Wassim El Housseini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Rohit Jadhav
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Ashwini Dantanarayana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Dylan G. Boucher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
- Kummer
Institute Center for Resource Sustainability, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rani S, Aslam S, Lal K, Noreen S, Alsader KAM, Hussain R, Shirinfar B, Ahmed N. Electrochemical C-H/C-C Bond Oxygenation: A Potential Technology for Plastic Depolymerization. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300331. [PMID: 38063812 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we provide eco-friendly and safely operated electrocatalytic methods for the selective oxidation directly or with water, air, light, metal catalyst or other mediators serving as the only oxygen supply. Heavy metals, stoichiometric chemical oxidants, or harsh conditions were drawbacks of earlier oxidative cleavage techniques. It has recently come to light that a crucial stage in the deconstruction of plastic waste and the utilization of biomass is the selective activation of inert C(sp3 )-C/H(sp3 ) bonds, which continues to be a significant obstacle in the chemical upcycling of resistant polyolefin waste. An appealing alternative to chemical oxidations using oxygen and catalysts is direct or indirect electrochemical conversion. An essential transition in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries is the electrochemical oxidation of C-H/C-C bonds. In this review, we discuss cutting-edge approaches to chemically recycle commercial plastics and feasible C-C/C-H bonds oxygenation routes for industrial scale-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Lal
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, D.G. Khan Campus, 32200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- West Herts College - University of Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krueger R, Feng E, Barzova P, Lieberman N, Lin S, Moeller KD. Anodic Cyclizations, Densely Functionalized Synthetic Building Blocks, and the Importance of Recent Mechanistic Observations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1927-1940. [PMID: 38231008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Anodic cyclization reactions can provide a versatile method for converting newly obtained chiral lactols to densely functionalized cyclic building blocks. The method works by first converting the lactol into an electron-rich olefin and then oxidatively generating a radical cation that is trapped by a nucleophile. Historically, such reactions have benefited from the use of less polar radical cations when the trapping nucleophile is a heteroatom and more polar radical cations when the reaction forms C-C bonds. This forced one to optimize underperforming reactions by resynthesizing the substrate. Here, we show that by taking advantage of methods that serve to drive a reversible initial cyclization reaction toward the product, this dichotomy and need to manipulate the substrate can be avoided. Two such methods were utilized: a faster second oxidation step and a mediated electrolysis. Both led to successful cyclizations using a polar radical cation and heteroatom nucleophiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Enqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Polina Barzova
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Noah Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bieniek JC, Mashtakov B, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrogenative Electrochemical Synthesis of N-Aryl-3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2-ones by Iodine(III)-Mediated Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303388. [PMID: 38018461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically generated hypervalent iodine(III) species are powerful reagents for oxidative C-N coupling reactions, providing access to valuable N-heterocycles. A new electrocatalytic hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated in-cell synthesis of 1H-N-aryl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones by dehydrogenative C-N bond formation is presented. Catalytic amounts of the redox mediator, a low supporting electrolyte concentration and recycling of the solvent used make this method a sustainable alternative to electrochemical ex-cell or conventional approaches. Furthermore, inexpensive, readily available electrode materials and a simple galvanostatic set-up are applied. The broad functional group tolerance could be demonstrated by synthesizing 23 examples in yields up to 96 %, with one reaction being performed on a 10-fold higher scale. Based on the obtained results a sound reaction mechanism could be proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Bieniek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Mashtakov
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rein J, Zacate SB, Mao K, Lin S. A tutorial on asymmetric electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8106-8125. [PMID: 37910160 PMCID: PMC10842033 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful means to enable redox transformations in modern chemical synthesis. This tutorial review delves into the unique advantages of electrochemistry in the context of asymmetric catalysis. While electrochemistry has historically been used as a green and mild alternative for established enantioselective transformations, in recent years asymmetric electrocatalysis has been increasingly employed in the discovery of novel asymmetric methodologies based on reaction mechanisms unique to electrochemistry. This tutorial review first provides a brief tutorial introduction to electrosynthesis, then explores case studies on homogenous small molecule asymmetric electrocatalysis. Each case study serves to highlight a key advance in the field, starting with the historic electrification of known asymmetric transformations and culminating with modern methods relying on unique electrochemical mechanistic sequences. Finally, we highlight case studies in the emerging reasearch areas at the interface of asymmetric electrocatalysis with biocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kaining Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Malviya BK, Hansen EC, Kong CJ, Imbrogno J, Verghese J, Guinness SM, Salazar CA, Desrosiers JN, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Metal-Free Electrochemical Reduction of Disulfides in an Undivided Cell under Mass Transfer Control. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302664. [PMID: 37608784 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroorganic synthesis is generally considered to be a green alternative to conventional redox reactions. Electrochemical reductions, however, are less advantageous in terms of sustainability, as sacrificial metal anodes are often employed. Divided cell operation avoids contact of the reduction products with the anode and allows for convenient solvent oxidation, enabling metal free greener electrochemical reductions. However, the ion exchange membranes required for divided cell operation on a commercial scale are not amenable to organic solvents, which hinders their applicability. Herein, we demonstrate that electrochemical reduction of oxidatively sensitive compounds can be carried out in an undivided cell without sacrificial metal anodes by controlling the mass transport to a small surface area electrode. The concept is showcased by an electrochemical method for the reductive cleavage of aryl disulfides. Fine tuning of the electrode surface area and current density has enabled the preparation of a wide variety of thiols without formation of any oxidation side products. This strategy is anticipated to encourage further research on greener, metal free electrochemical reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhanwar K Malviya
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Eric C Hansen
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Caleb J Kong
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Jenson Verghese
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Steven M Guinness
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Chase A Salazar
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Jean-Nicolas Desrosiers
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Salinas G, Arnaboldi S, Garrigue P, Bonetti G, Cirilli R, Benincori T, Kuhn A. Magnetic field-enhanced redox chemistry on-the-fly for enantioselective synthesis. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:34-44. [PMID: 37470179 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemistry on-the-fly is an interesting concept, extensively studied in recent years due to its potential use for recognition, quantification and conversion of chemical species in solution. In this context, chemistry on-the-fly for asymmetric synthesis is a promising field of investigation, since it can help to overcome mass transport limitations, present for example in conventional organic electrosynthesis. Herein, the synergy between a magnetic field-enhanced self-electrophoretic propulsion mechanism and enantioselective redox chemistry on-the-fly is proposed as an efficient method to boost stereoselective conversion. We employ Janus swimmers as redox-active elements, exhibiting a well-controlled clockwise or anticlockwise motion with a speed that can be increased by one order of magnitude in the presence of an external magnetic field. While moving, these bifunctional objects convert spontaneously on-the-fly a prochiral molecule into a specific enantiomer with high enantiomeric excess. The magnetic field-enhanced self-mixing of the swimmers, based on the formation of local magnetohydrodynamic vortices, leads to a significant improvement of the reaction yield and the conversion rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255, 33607 Pessac, France.
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dip. Di Chimica, Univ. degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255, 33607 Pessac, France.
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255, 33607 Pessac, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moeller KD. Concluding remarks: A summary of the Faraday Discussion on electrosynthesis. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:342-359. [PMID: 37747692 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00148b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A summary of the Faraday Discussion presented in this issue and a perspective on that discussion is presented. The work highlights the specific science contributions made and the key conclusions associated with those findings so that readers can identify papers that they would like to explore in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang H, Liu R, Sun Q, Xu K. Direct alkylation of quinoxalinones with electron-deficient alkenes enabled by a sequential paired electrolysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12763-12766. [PMID: 37812023 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The metal-free alkylation of N-heterocycles with alkenes has remained a synthetic challenge. We report here the successful implementation of metal-free alkylation of quinoxalinones with electron-deficient alkenes enabled by a sequential paired electrolysis. This protocol provides a mechanistically distinct approach to prepare a variety of C-3 alkylated quinoxalinones that are otherwise quite difficult to synthesize by other means.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Ruoyu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garrido-Castro AF, Hioki Y, Kusumoto Y, Hayashi K, Griffin J, Harper KC, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Scalable Electrochemical Decarboxylative Olefination Driven by Alternating Polarity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309157. [PMID: 37656907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
A mild, scalable (kg) metal-free electrochemical decarboxylation of alkyl carboxylic acids to olefins is disclosed. Numerous applications are presented wherein this transformation can simplify alkene synthesis and provide alternative synthetic access to valuable olefins from simple carboxylic acid feedstocks. This robust method relies on alternating polarity to maintain the quality of the electrode surface and local pH, providing a deeper understanding of the Hofer-Moest process with unprecedented chemoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto F Garrido-Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yuta Hioki
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Science and Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kusumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kyohei Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy Griffin
- AbbVie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Kaid C Harper
- AbbVie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar R, Banerjee N, Kumar P, Banerjee P. Electrochemical Synthesis and Reactivity of Three-Membered Strained Carbo- and Heterocycles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301594. [PMID: 37436418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic ring structures are versatile synthetic building blocks in organic synthesis with biological importance. Moreover, the inherent strain of these three-membered rings leads to their ring-opening functionalization through C->C, C->N, and C-O bond cleavage. Traditional synthesis and ring-opening methods for these molecules require the use of acid catalysts or transition metals. Recently, electro-organic synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool for initiating new chemical transformations. In this review, the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of electro-mediated synthesis and ring-opening functionalization of three-membered carbo- and heterocycles are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Nakshatra Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodrigo S, Hazra A, Mahajan JP, Nguyen HM, Luo L. Overcoming the Potential Window-Limited Functional Group Compatibility by Alternating Current Electrolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21851-21859. [PMID: 37747918 PMCID: PMC10774024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The functional group compatibility of an electrosynthetic method is typically limited by its potential reaction window. Here, we report that alternating current (AC) electrolysis can overcome such potential window-limited functional group compatibility. Using alkene heterodifunctionalization as a model system, we design and demonstrate a series of AC-driven reactions that add two functional groups sequentially and separately under the cathodic and anodic pulses, including chloro- and bromotrilfuoromethylation as well as chlorosulfonylation. We discovered that the oscillating redox environment during AC electrolysis allows the regeneration of the redox-active functional groups after their oxidation or reduction in the preceding step. As a result, even though redox labile functional groups such as pyrrole, quinone, and aryl thioether fall in the reaction potential window, they are tolerated under AC electrolysis conditions, leading to synthetically useful yields. The cyclic voltammetric study has confirmed that the product yield is limited by the extent of starting material regeneration during the redox cycling. Our findings open a new avenue for improving functional group compatibility in electrosynthesis and show the possibility of predicting the product yield under AC electrolysis from voltammogram features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachini Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Atanu Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jyoti P Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Murtaza A, Ulhaq Z, Shirinfar B, Rani S, Aslam S, Martins GM, Ahmed N. Arenes and Heteroarenes C-H Functionalization Under Enabling Conditions: Electrochemistry, Photoelectrochemistry & Flow Technology. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300119. [PMID: 37255348 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
C-H bond functionalization generates molecular complexity in single-step transformation. However, the activation of C-H bonds requires expensive metals or stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species. In many cases, they often require pre-functionalization of starting molecules. Such pre-activating measures cause waste generation and their separation from the final product is also troublesome. In such a scenario, reactions activating elements generating from renewable energy resources such as electricity and light would be more efficient, green, and cost-effective. Further, incorporation of growing flow technology in chemical transformation processes will accelerate the safer accesses of valuable products. Arenes & heteroarenes are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, natural products, medicinal compounds, and other biologically important molecules. Herein, we discussed enabling tools and technologies used for the recent C-H bonds functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ulhaq
- Chemical Engineering Department, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, Bath, United Kingdom
- West Herts College, Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos - UFS Car, 13565-905, São Carlos -SP, Brazil
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen SJ, Zhong WQ, Huang JM. Electrochemical Trifluoromethylation and Sulfonylation of N-Allylamides: Synthesis of Oxazoline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12630-12640. [PMID: 37579302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a new method for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated and sulfonylated oxazolines by electrochemical radical cascade cyclizations of N-allylamides with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate or sulfonylhydrazines. This protocol provides a green and useful strategy to synthesize trifluoromethylated and sulfonylated oxazolines with a broad substrate scope under ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Radtke V, Priester D, Heering A, Müller C, Koslowski T, Leito I, Krossing I. The Unified Redox Scale for All Solvents: Consistency and Gibbs Transfer Energies of Electrolytes from their Constituent Single Ions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300609. [PMID: 37191477 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have devised the unified redox scale Eabs H2O , which is valid for all solvents. The necessary single ion Gibbs transfer energy between two different solvents, which only can be determined with extra-thermodynamic assumptions so far, must clearly satisfy two essential conditions: First, the sum of the independent cation and anion values must give the Gibbs transfer energy of the salt they form. The latter is an observable and measurable without extra-thermodynamic assumptions. Second, the values must be consistent for different solvent combinations. With this work, potentiometric measurements on silver ions and on chloride ions show that both conditions are fulfilled using a salt bridge filled with the ionic liquid [N2225 ][NTf2 ]: if compared to the values resulting from known pKL values, the silver and chloride single ion magnitudes combine within a uncertainty of 1.5 kJ mol-1 to the directly measurable transfer magnitudes of the salt AgCl from water to the solvents acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, dimethylformamide, ethanol, and methanol. The resulting values are used to further develop the consistent unified redox potential scale Eabs H2O that now allows to assess and compare redox potentials in and over six different solvents. We elaborate on its implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und, Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Denis Priester
- Institut für Anorganische und, Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Heering
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carina Müller
- Institut für Anorganische und, Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und, Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hatch CE, Chain WJ. Electrochemically Enabled Total Syntheses of Natural Products. ChemElectroChem 2023; 10:e202300140. [PMID: 38106361 PMCID: PMC10723087 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques have helped to enable the total synthesis of natural products since the pioneering work of Kolbe in the mid 1800's. The electrochemical toolset grows every day and these new possibilities change the way chemists look at and think about natural products. This review provides a perspective on total syntheses wherein electrochemical techniques enabled the carbon─carbon bond formations in the skeletal assembly of important natural products, discussion of mechanistic details, and representative examples of the bond formations enabled over the last several decades. These bond formations are often distinctly different from those possible with conventional chemistries and allow assemblies complementary to other techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hatch
- Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 E. 68 St., New York, NY, 10065 (United States)
| | - William J Chain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 163 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716 (United States)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Koleda O, Prenzel T, Winter J, Hirohata T, de Jesús Gálvez-Vázquez M, Schollmeyer D, Inagi S, Suna E, Waldvogel SR. Simple and scalable electrosynthesis of 1 H-1-hydroxy-quinazolin-4-ones. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2669-2675. [PMID: 36908965 PMCID: PMC9993888 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00266g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathodic synthesis provides sustainable access to 1-hydroxy- and 1-oxy-quinazolin-4-ones from easily accessible nitro starting materials. Mild reaction conditions, inexpensive and reusable carbon-based electrode materials, an undivided electrochemical setup, and constant current conditions characterise this method. Sulphuric acid is used as a simple supporting electrolyte as well as a catalyst for cyclisation. The broad applicability of this protocol is demonstrated in 27 differently substituted derivatives in high yields of up to 92%. Moreover, mechanistic studies based on cyclic voltammetry measurements highlight a selective reduction of the nitro substrate to hydroxylamine as a key step. The relevance for preparative applications is demonstrated by a 100-fold scale-up for gram-scale electrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Koleda
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 LV-1006 Riga Latvia
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Tomoki Hirohata
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - María de Jesús Gálvez-Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 LV-1006 Riga Latvia
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems -Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cui JF, Zhong WQ, Huang JM. Annulation Reaction of Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones Initiated by Electrochemical Decarboxylation of N-Arylglycines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1147-1154. [PMID: 36630409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A new methodology for the synthesis of tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalin-4(5H)-ones has been accomplished through annulation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones initiated by electrochemical decarboxylation of N-arylglycines catalyzed by ferrocene. With a pair of oxidative and reductive processes occurring among the substrates and intermediates instead of on the electrodes, the electricity consumption was decreased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Masoumi H, Khazalpour S, Jamshidi M. Electrochemical study of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole in the absence and presence of p-benzoquinone: an efficient strategy for the electrosynthesis of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3083-3094. [PMID: 36756426 PMCID: PMC9850745 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07250e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, first, the electrochemical behavior of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (AMT) was fully investigated in the absence and presence of electrochemically generated p-benzoquinone (p-BQ, which is the oxidized form of hydroquinone), as an electrophile, via cyclic voltammetry (CV) at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and in an acetic acid buffer (0.2 M)/ethanol solution mixture. Then, an E-pH diagram was proposed for different structures of AMT at various pH values. The obtained voltammograms also exhibited an "electron transfer + chemical reaction" (EC) mechanism. Besides the voltammetric exploration, electrosynthesis of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives was conducted by constant current electrolysis (CCE) as a facile and cost-effective method for the formation of S-S and S-C bonds. Finally, the biological activity of products was also analyzed via an in silico method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Masoumi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 65178-38683 Iran
| | - Sadegh Khazalpour
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 65178-38683 Iran
| | - Mahdi Jamshidi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 65178-38683 Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lodh J, Paul S, Sun H, Song L, Schöfberger W, Roy S. Electrochemical organic reactions: A tutorial review. Front Chem 2023; 10:956502. [PMID: 36704620 PMCID: PMC9871948 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.956502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the core of electrochemistry involves simple oxidation and reduction reactions, it can be complicated in real electrochemical organic reactions. The principles used in electrochemical reactions have been derived using physical organic chemistry, which drives other organic/inorganic reactions. This review mainly comprises two themes: the first discusses the factors that help optimize an electrochemical reaction, including electrodes, supporting electrolytes, and electrochemical cell design, and the second outlines studies conducted in the field over a period of 10 years. Electrochemical reactions can be used as a versatile tool for synthetically important reactions by modifying the constant electrolysis current.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Lodh
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shounik Paul
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - He Sun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis (LSusCat), Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria
| | - Luyang Song
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis (LSusCat), Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöfberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis (LSusCat), Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Schöfberger, ; Soumyajit Roy,
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Schöfberger, ; Soumyajit Roy,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Michael KH, Su ZM, Wang R, Sheng H, Li W, Wang F, Stahl SS, Jin S. Pairing of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Electrosynthetic Reactions Enabled by a Redox Reservoir Electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22641-22650. [PMID: 36451553 PMCID: PMC9900757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Paired electrolysis methods are appealing for chemical synthesis because they generate valuable products at both electrodes; however, development of such reactions is complicated by the need for both half-reactions to proceed under mutually compatible conditions. Here, a modular electrochemical synthesis (ModES) strategy bypasses these constraints using a "redox reservoir" (RR) to pair electrochemical half-reactions across aqueous and nonaqueous solvents. Electrochemical oxidation reactions in organic solvents, the conversion of 4-t-butyltoluene to benzylic dimethyl acetal and aldehyde in methanol or the oxidative C-H amination of naphthalene in acetonitrile, and the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide in water were paired using nickel hexacyanoferrate as an RR that can selectively store and release protons (and electrons) while serving as the counter electrode for these reactions. Selective proton transport through the RR is optimized and confirmed to enable the ion balance, and thus the successful pairing, between redox half-reactions that proceed with different rates, on different scales, and in different solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, and water).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn H. Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Hongyuan Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The synergism of sequential paired electrosynthesis with halogen bonding activation for the cyclization of organochlorides with olefins. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
25
|
Chantarojsiri T, Soisuwan T, Kongkiatkrai P. Toward green syntheses of carboxylates: Considerations of mechanisms and reactions at the electrodes for electrocarboxylation of organohalides and alkenes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
26
|
Liu D, Liu ZR, Wang ZH, Ma C, Herbert S, Schirok H, Mei TS. Paired electrolysis-enabled nickel-catalyzed enantioselective reductive cross-coupling between α-chloroesters and aryl bromides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7318. [PMID: 36443306 PMCID: PMC9705544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical asymmetric catalysis has emerged as a sustainable and promising approach to the production of chiral compounds and the utilization of both the anode and cathode as working electrodes would provide a unique approach for organic synthesis. However, precise matching of the rate and electric potential of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction make such idealized electrolysis difficult to achieve. Herein, asymmetric cross-coupling between α-chloroesters and aryl bromides is probed as a model reaction, wherein alkyl radicals are generated from the α-chloroesters through a sequential oxidative electron transfer process at the anode, while the nickel catalyst is reduced to a lower oxidation state at the cathode. Radical clock studies, cyclic voltammetry analysis, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments support the synergistic involvement of anodic and cathodic redox events. This electrolytic method provides an alternative avenue for asymmetric catalysis that could find significant utility in organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon Herbert
- Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schirok
- Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Counter Electrode Reactions-Important Stumbling Blocks on the Way to a Working Electro-organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204140. [PMID: 35668714 PMCID: PMC9828107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, electro-organic synthesis has gained significant interest, both in technical and academic research as well as in terms of applications. The omission of stoichiometric oxidizers or reducing agents enables a more sustainable route for redox reactions in organic chemistry. Even if it is well-known that every electrochemical oxidation is only viable with an associated reduction reaction and vice versa, the relevance of the counter reaction is often less addressed. In this Review, the importance of the corresponding counter reaction in electro-organic synthesis is highlighted and how it can affect the performance and selectivity of the electrolytic conversion. A selection of common strategies and unique concepts to tackle this issue are surveyed to provide a guide to select appropriate counter reactions for electro-organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Arnaboldi S, Salinas G, Bonetti G, Garrigue P, Cirilli R, Benincori T, Kuhn A. Autonomous Chiral Microswimmers with Self‐mixing Capabilities for Highly Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209098. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
- Dip. Di Chimica Univ. degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria 22100 Como Italy
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria 22100 Como Italy
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
De R, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B. A Happy Get-Together - Probing Electrochemical Interfaces by Non-Linear Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200407. [PMID: 35730530 PMCID: PMC9796775 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces are key structures in energy storage and catalysis. Hence, a molecular understanding of the active sites at these interfaces, their solvation, the structure of adsorbates, and the formation of solid-electrolyte interfaces are crucial for an in-depth mechanistic understanding of their function. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy has emerged as an operando spectroscopic technique to monitor complex electrochemical interfaces due to its intrinsic interface sensitivity and chemical specificity. Thus, this review discusses the happy get-together between VSFG spectroscopy and electrochemical interfaces. Methodological approaches for answering core issues associated with the behavior of adsorbates on electrodes, the structure of solvent adlayers, the transient formation of reaction intermediates, and the emergence of solid electrolyte interphase in battery research are assessed to provide a critical inventory of highly promising avenues to bring optical spectroscopy to use in modern material research in energy conversion and storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratnadip De
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jakóbczyk P, Skowierzak G, Kaczmarzyk I, Nadolska M, Wcisło A, Lota K, Bogdanowicz R, Ossowski T, Rostkowski P, Lota G, Ryl J. Electrocatalytic performance of oxygen-activated carbon fibre felt anodes mediating degradation mechanism of acetaminophen in aqueous environments. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135381. [PMID: 35716709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon felts are flexible and scalable, have high specific areas, and are highly conductive materials that fit the requirements for both anodes and cathodes in advanced electrocatalytic processes. Advanced oxidative modification processes (thermal, chemical, and plasma-chemical) were applied to carbon felt anodes to enhance their efficiency towards electro-oxidation. The modification of the porous anodes results in increased kinetics of acetaminophen degradation in aqueous environments. The utilised oxidation techniques deliver single-step, straightforward, eco-friendly, and stable physiochemical reformation of carbon felt surfaces. The modifications caused minor changes in both the specific surface area and total pore volume corresponding with the surface morphology. A pristine carbon felt electrode was capable of decomposing up to 70% of the acetaminophen in a 240 min electrolysis process, while the oxygen-plasma treated electrode achieved a removal yield of 99.9% estimated utilising HPLC-UV-Vis. Here, the electro-induced incineration kinetics of acetaminophen resulted in a rate constant of 1.54 h-1, with the second-best result of 0.59 h-1 after oxidation in 30% H2O2. The kinetics of acetaminophen removal was synergistically studied by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques, revealing various reaction pathways attributed to the formation of intermediate compounds such as p-aminophenol and others. The enhancement of the electrochemical oxidation rates towards acetaminophen was attributed to the appearance of surface carbonyl species. Our results indicate that the best-performing plasma-chemical treated CFE follows a heterogeneous mechanism with only approx. 40% removal due to direct electro-oxidation. The degradation mechanism of acetaminophen at the treated carbon felt anodes was proposed based on the detected intermediate products. Estimation of the cost-effectiveness of removal processes, in terms of energy consumption, was also elaborated. Although the study was focussed on acetaminophen, the achieved results could be adapted to also process emerging, hazardous pollutant groups such as anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jakóbczyk
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland; Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Skowierzak
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 8, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Kaczmarzyk
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Nadolska
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Wcisło
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 8, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lota
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals Division in Poznan, Central Laboratory of Batteries and Cells, Forteczna 12, 61-362, Poznan, Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ossowski
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 8, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Rostkowski
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Grzegorz Lota
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals Division in Poznan, Central Laboratory of Batteries and Cells, Forteczna 12, 61-362, Poznan, Poland; Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Teuten AE, Salam‐Perez M, Pearce JE, Denuault G, Pletcher D, Parsons PJ, Harrowven DC, Brown RCD. Cathodic Radical Cyclisation of Aryl Halides Using a Strongly-Reducing Catalytic Mediator in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203694. [PMID: 35790060 PMCID: PMC9543573 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electro-reductive radical cyclisation of aryl halides affords the corresponding hetero- and carbo-cycles in an undivided flow reactor equipped with steel and carbon electrodes using an organic mediator. A dissolving metal anode is not needed, and the mediator can be employed in a sub-stoichiometric amount (0.05 equiv), increasing the practical utility of cathodic radical cyclisation. The methodology is applied to O-, N-, and C-tethers, yielding tricyclic fused and spiro systems. In the absence of mediator, the major pathway is hydrogenolysis of the C-X bond, a 2 e- process occurring at the cathode. Predominance of the radical pathway in presence of a strongly reducing mediator (M) is consistent with homogeneous electron-transfer in a reaction layer detached from the cathode surface, where the flux of M.- leaving the electrode is such that little aryl halide reaches the cathode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mateo Salam‐Perez
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - James E. Pearce
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Guy Denuault
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Derek Pletcher
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Philip J. Parsons
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - David C. Harrowven
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang S, Findlater M. Progress in Convergent Paired Electrolysis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201152. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P. R. China
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Merced CA 95343 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yamamoto K, Arita K, Shiota M, Kuriyama M, Onomura O. Electrochemical formal homocoupling of sec-alcohols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1062-1069. [PMID: 36105731 PMCID: PMC9443307 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical pinacol coupling of carbonyl compounds in an undivided cell with a sacrificial anode would be a promising approach toward synthetically valuable vic-1,2-diol scaffolds without using low-valent metal reductants. However, sacrificial anodes produce an equimolar amount of metal waste, which may be a major issue in terms of sustainable chemistry. Herein, we report a sacrificial anode-free electrochemical protocol for the synthesis of pinacol-type vic-1,2-diols from sec-alcohols, namely benzyl alcohol derivatives and ethyl lactate. The corresponding vic-1,2-diols are obtained in moderate to good yields, and good to high levels of stereoselectivity are observed for sec-benzyl alcohol derivatives. The present transformations smoothly proceed in a simple undivided cell under constant current conditions without the use of external chemical oxidants/reductants, and transition-metal catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Arita
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiota
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Senboku H, Hayama M, Matsuno H. Electrochemical Friedel–Crafts-type amidomethylation of arenes by a novel electrochemical oxidation system using a quasi-divided cell and trialkylammonium tetrafluoroborate. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1040-1046. [PMID: 36105724 PMCID: PMC9443422 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical Friedel–Crafts-type amidomethylation was successfully carried out by a novel electrochemical oxidation system using a quasi-divided cell and trialkylammonium tetrafluoroborates, such as iPr2NHEtBF4. Constant current electrolysis of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene or indoles in DMA containing 0.1 M iPr2NHEtBF4 using an undivided cell equipped with a Pt plate cathode and a Pt wire anode (a quasi-divided cell) resulted in selective formation of N-acyliminium ions of DMA at the anode, which reacted with arenes to give the corresponding amidomethylated products in good to high yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Senboku
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hayama
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsuno
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Arnaboldi S, Salinas G, Bonetti G, Garrigue P, Cirilli R, Benincori T, Kuhn A. Autonomous Chiral Microswimmers with Self‐mixing Capabilities for Highly Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- University of Milan–Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Di Chimica ITALY
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- University of Bordeaux: Universite de Bordeaux Institute of Molecular Science FRANCE
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Insubria University - Como Campus: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria - Sede di Como di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia ITALY
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- University of Bordeaux: Universite de Bordeaux Institute of Molecular Science FRANCE
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Instituto superiore di santa Centro nazionale per il controlo e la valutazione dei Farmaci ITALY
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Insubria University - Como Campus: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria - Sede di Como di chimica ITALY
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Bordeaux INP Chemistry ENSCBP 16 avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac FRANCE
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Long H, Chen TS, Song J, Zhu S, Xu HC. Electrochemical aromatic C-H hydroxylation in continuous flow. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3945. [PMID: 35803941 PMCID: PMC9270493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct hydroxylation of arene C-H bonds is a highly sought-after transformation but remains an unsolved challenge due to the difficulty in efficient and regioselective C-H oxygenation and high reactivity of the phenolic products leading to overoxidation. Herein we report electrochemical C-H hydroxylation of arenes in continuous flow for the synthesis of phenols. The method is characterized by broad scope (compatible with arenes of diverse electronic properties), mild conditions without any catalysts or chemical oxidants, and excellent scalability as demonstrated by the continuous production of 1 mol (204 grams) of one of the phenol products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- NanoFCM INC., Xiamen Pioneering Park for Overseas Chinese Scholars, 361006, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Folgueiras-Amador A, Teuten A, Salam-Perez M, Pearce J, Denuault G, Pletcher D, Parsons P, Harrowven D, Brown RCD. Cathodic Radical Cyclisation of Aryl Halides Using a Strongly‐Reducing Catalytic Mediator in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Pearce
- University of Southampton School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Guy Denuault
- University of Southampton School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Derek Pletcher
- University of Southampton School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Philip Parsons
- Imperial College London Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - David Harrowven
- University of Southampton School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cai CY, Zheng YT, Li JF, Xu HC. Cu-Electrocatalytic Diazidation of Alkenes at ppm Catalyst Loading. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11980-11985. [PMID: 35772000 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2-diamine motif is prevalent in natural products, small-molecule pharmaceuticals, and catalysts for asymmetric synthesis. Transition metal catalyzed alkene diazidation has evolved to be an attractive strategy to access vicinal primary diamines but remains challenging, especially for practical applications, due to the restriction to a certain type of olefins, the frequent use of chemical oxidants, and the requirement for high loadings of metal catalysts (1 mol % or above). Herein we report a scalable Cu-electrocatalytic alkene diazidation reaction with 0.02 mol % (200 ppm) of copper(II) acetylacetonate as the precatalyst without exogenous ligands. In addition to its use of low catalyst loading, the electrocatalytic method is scalable, compatible with a broad range of functional groups, and applicable to the diazidation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted unactivated alkenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Tao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kaeffer N, Leitner W. Electrocatalysis with Molecular Transition-Metal Complexes for Reductive Organic Synthesis. JACS AU 2022; 2:1266-1289. [PMID: 35783173 PMCID: PMC9241009 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis enables the formation or cleavage of chemical bonds by a genuine use of electrons or holes from an electrical energy input. As such, electrocatalysis offers resource-economical alternative pathways that bypass sacrificial, waste-generating reagents often required in classical thermal redox reactions. In this Perspective, we showcase the exploitation of molecular electrocatalysts for electrosynthesis, in particular for reductive conversion of organic substrates. Selected case studies illustrate that efficient molecular electrocatalysts not only are appropriate redox shuttles but also embrace the features of organometallic catalysis to facilitate and control chemical steps. From these examples, guidelines are proposed for the design of molecular electrocatalysts suited to the reduction of organic substrates. We finally expose opportunities brought by catalyzed electrosynthesis to functionalize organic backbones, namely using sustainable building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kaeffer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical
Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical
Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wan JL, Huang JM. Bromide‐catalyzed electrochemical Csp<sup>3</sup>‐H oxidation of acetonitrile: Stereoselective synthesis of heteroaryl vinyl sulfides. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
41
|
Gunasekera D, Mahajan JP, Wanzi Y, Rodrigo S, Liu W, Tan T, Luo L. Controlling One- or Two-Electron Oxidation for Selective Amine Functionalization by Alternating Current Frequency. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9874-9882. [PMID: 35622985 PMCID: PMC9199481 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a unique electrosynthetic method that enables the selective one-electron oxidation of tertiary amines to generate α-amino radical intermediates over two-electron oxidation to iminium cations, providing easy access to arylation products by simply applying an optimal alternating current (AC) frequency. More importantly, we have discovered an electrochemical descriptor from cyclic voltammetry studies to predict the optimal AC frequency for various amine substrates, circumventing the time-consuming trial-and-error methods for optimizing reaction conditions. This new development in AC electrolysis provides an alternative strategy to solving challenging chemoselectivity problems in synthetic organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Disni Gunasekera
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jyoti P Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Yanick Wanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sachini Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ting Tan
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xiong Z, Weidlich F, Sanchez C, Wirth T. Biomimetic total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine via intramolecular anodic aryl-phenol coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4123-4127. [PMID: 35537211 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00669c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Galanthamine as a drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease has attracted synthetic chemists for decades. However, previous total synthetic and biomimetic approaches often use stoichiometric oxidants (metal oxidants or hypervalent iodine) to prepare the target product. Anodic oxidative coupling offers a sustainable alternative method which is, for the first time, successfully applied to the total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine. We report a new asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine by using an anodic aryl-phenol coupling as the key synthetic step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Xiong
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Frauke Weidlich
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Camille Sanchez
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang D, Jiang T, Wan H, Chen Z, Qi J, Yang A, Huang Z, Yuan Y, Lei A. Alternating Current Electrolysis Enabled Formal C-O/O-H Cross-Metathesis of 4-Alkoxy Anilines with Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201543. [PMID: 35201639 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While multiple bond metathesis reactions, for example olefin metathesis, have seen considerable recent progress, direct metathesis of traditionally inert C-O single bonds is extremely rare and particularly challenging. Undoubtedly, metathesis reaction of C-O bonds is one of the most ideal routes for the value-added upgrading of molecules involving C-O bonds. Reported here is a new protocol to achieve the formal C-O/O-H cross-metathesis via alternating current electrolysis. Featuring mild reaction conditions, the protocol allows readily available 4-alkoxy anilines and alcohols to be converted into a wide range of valuable products in highly regioselective and chemoselective manner. Moreover, the present strategy can be used in the late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals as well as biologically active compounds, which demonstrated the potential application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daoxin Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Jiang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Ziyue Chen
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Junchao Qi
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Yang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhou HJ, Huang JM. Hydropyridylation of α,β-Unsaturated Esters through Electroreduction of 4-Cyanopyridine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5328-5338. [PMID: 35385272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild and highly efficient method for the hydropyridylation of α,β-unsaturated esters has been developed. This protocol provides the products smoothly with a wide substrate scope in an undivided cell under ambient conditions. Moreover, studies showed that the scope could be extended to other unsaturated compounds, including enones and aldehydes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang D, Jiang T, Wan H, Chen Z, Qi J, Yang A, Huang Z, Yuan Y, Lei A. Alternating Current Electrolysis Enabled Formal C−O/O−H Cross‐Metathesis of 4‐Alkoxy Anilines with Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daoxin Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Jiang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Hao Wan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Ziyue Chen
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Junchao Qi
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Anqi Yang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yong Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Feng E, Jing Q, Moeller KD. Lessons from an Array: Using an Electrode Surface to Control the Selectivity of a Solution-Phase Chemical Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116351. [PMID: 34982848 PMCID: PMC8863644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry offers a variety of novel means by which selectivity can be introduced into synthetic organic transformations. In the work reported, it is shown how methods used to confine chemical reactions to specific sites on a microelectrode array can also be used to confine a preparative reaction to the surface of an electrode inserted into a bulk reaction solution. In so doing, the surface of a modified electrode can be used to introduce new selectivity into a preparative reaction that is not observed in the absence of either the modified electrode surface or the effort to confine the reaction to that surface. The observed selectivity can be optimized in the same way that confinement is optimized on an array and is dependent on the nature of the functionalized surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Qiwei Jing
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130,
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Feng E, Jing Q, Moeller KD. Lessons from an Array: Using an Electrode Surface to Control the Selectivity of a Solution‐Phase Chemical Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Qiwei Jing
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cantillo D. Synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients using electrochemical methods: keys to improve sustainability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:619-628. [PMID: 34951414 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry is receiving renewed attention as a green and cost-efficient synthetic technology. Electrochemical methods promote redox transformations by electron exchange between electrodes and species in solution, thus avoiding the use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing or reducing agents. The rapid development of electroorganic synthesis over the past decades has enabled the preparation of molecules of increasing complexity. Redox steps that involve hazardous or waste-generating reagents during the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates can be substituted by electrochemical procedures. In addition to enhance sustainability, increased selectivity toward the target compound has been achieved in some cases. Electroorganic synthesis can be safely and readily scaled up to production quantities. For this pupose, utilization of flow electrolysis cells is fundamental. Despite these advantages, the application of electrochemical methods does not guarantee superior sustainability when compared with conventional protocols. The utilization of large amounts of supporting electrolytes, enviromentally unfriendly solvents or sacrificial electrodes may turn electrochemistry unfavorable in some cases. It is therefore crucial to carefully select and optimize the electrolysis conditions and carry out green metrics analysis of the process to ensure that turning a process electrochemical is advantageous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mackay AS, Payne RJ, Malins LR. Electrochemistry for the Chemoselective Modification of Peptides and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23-41. [PMID: 34968405 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although electrochemical strategies for small-molecule synthesis are flourishing, this technology has yet to be fully exploited for the mild and chemoselective modification of peptides and proteins. With the growing number of diverse peptide natural products being identified and the emergence of modified proteins as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, methods for electrochemical modification stand as alluring prospects for harnessing the reactivity of polypeptides to build molecular complexity. As a mild and inherently tunable reaction platform, electrochemistry is arguably well-suited to overcome the chemo- and regioselectivity issues which limit existing bioconjugation strategies. This Perspective will showcase recently developed electrochemical approaches to peptide and protein modification. The article also highlights the wealth of untapped opportunities for the production of homogeneously modified biomolecules, with an eye toward realizing the enormous potential of electrochemistry for chemoselective bioconjugation chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus S Mackay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|