1
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Kassem S, McPhee SA, Berisha N, Ulijn RV. Emergence of Cooperative Glucose-Binding Networks in Adaptive Peptide Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9800-9807. [PMID: 37075194 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Minimalistic peptide-based systems that bind sugars in water are challenging to design due to the weakness of interactions and required cooperative contributions from specific amino-acid side chains. Here, we used a bottom-up approach to create peptide-based adaptive glucose-binding networks by mixing glucose with selected sets of input dipeptides (up to 4) in the presence of an amidase to enable in situ reversible peptide elongation, forming mixtures of up to 16 dynamically interacting tetrapeptides. The choice of input dipeptides was based on amino-acid abundance in glucose-binding sites found in the protein data bank, with side chains that can support hydrogen bonding and CH-π interactions. Tetrapeptide sequence amplification patterns, determined through LC-MS analysis, served as a readout for collective interactions and led to the identification of optimized binding networks. Systematic variation of dipeptide input revealed the emergence of two networks of non-covalent hydrogen bonding and CH-π interactions that can co-exist, are cooperative and context-dependent. A cooperative binding mode was determined by studying the binding of the most amplified tetrapeptide (AWAD) with glucose in isolation. Overall, these results demonstrate that the bottom-up design of complex systems can recreate emergent behaviors driven by covalent and non-covalent self-organization that are not observed in reductionist designs and lead to the identification of system-level cooperative binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Kassem
- Nanoscience Initiative at Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Scott A McPhee
- Nanoscience Initiative at Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Naxhije Berisha
- Nanoscience Initiative at Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rein V Ulijn
- Nanoscience Initiative at Advanced Science Research Center of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
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2
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Geertjens NHJ, de Vink PJ, Wezeman T, Markvoort AJ, Brunsveld L. Straightforward model construction and analysis of multicomponent biomolecular systems in equilibrium. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:252-260. [PMID: 37034407 PMCID: PMC10074561 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00211f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modelling of molecular systems can be extremely helpful in elucidating complex phenomena in (bio)chemistry. However, equilibrium conditions in systems consisting of more than two components, such as for molecular glues bound to two proteins, can typically not be analytically determined without assumptions and (semi-)numerical models are not trivial to derive by the non-expert. Here we present a framework for equilibrium models, geared towards molecular glues and other contemporary multicomponent chemical biology challenges. The framework utilizes a general derivation method capable of generating custom mass-balance models for equilibrium conditions of complex molecular systems, based on the simple, reversible biomolecular reactions describing these systems. Several chemical biology concepts are revisited via the framework to demonstrate the simplicity, generality and validity of the approach. The ease of use of the framework and the ability to both analyze systems and gain additional insights in the underlying parameters driving equilibria formation strongly aids the analysis and understanding of biomolecular systems. New directions for research and analysis are brought forward based on the model formation and system and parameter analysis. This conceptual framework severely reduces the time and expertise requirements which currently impede the broad integration of such valuable equilibrium models into molecular glue development and chemical biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick H J Geertjens
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5612 AZ The Netherlands
| | - Pim J de Vink
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5612 AZ The Netherlands
| | - Tim Wezeman
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5612 AZ The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Markvoort
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5612 AZ The Netherlands
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3
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Del Giudice D, Spatola E, Valentini M, Ercolani G, Di Stefano S. Dissipative Dynamic Libraries (DDLs) and Dissipative Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry (DDCC). CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Roma La Sapienza and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma – Meccanismi di Reazione P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Roma Italy
| | - Emanuele Spatola
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Roma La Sapienza and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma – Meccanismi di Reazione P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Roma Italy
| | - Matteo Valentini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Roma La Sapienza and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma – Meccanismi di Reazione P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Roma Italy
| | - Gianfranco Ercolani
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università di Roma Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Roma Italy
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Roma La Sapienza and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma – Meccanismi di Reazione P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Roma Italy
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4
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Zagiel B, Peker T, Marquant R, Cazals G, Webb G, Miclet E, Bich C, Sachon E, Moumné R. Dynamic Amino Acid Side‐Chains Grafting on Folded Peptide Backbone**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200454. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zagiel
- Sorbonne Université École normale supérieure PSL University CNRS Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM 75005 Paris France
| | - Taleen Peker
- Sorbonne Université École normale supérieure PSL University CNRS Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM 75005 Paris France
| | - Rodrigue Marquant
- Sorbonne Université École normale supérieure PSL University CNRS Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM 75005 Paris France
| | - Guillaume Cazals
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) Université de Montpellier 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Gabrielle Webb
- Sorbonne Université École normale supérieure PSL University CNRS Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM 75005 Paris France
| | - Emeric Miclet
- Sorbonne Université École normale supérieure PSL University CNRS Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM 75005 Paris France
| | - Claudia Bich
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) Université de Montpellier 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Emmanuelle Sachon
- Sorbonne Université École normale supérieure PSL University CNRS Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM 75005 Paris France
- MS3 U platform UFR 926 UFR 927 Sorbonne Université 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Roba Moumné
- Sorbonne Université École normale supérieure PSL University CNRS Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM 75005 Paris France
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5
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Casciuc I, Osypenko A, Kozibroda B, Horvath D, Marcou G, Bonachera F, Varnek A, Lehn JM. Toward in Silico Modeling of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:804-813. [PMID: 35756377 PMCID: PMC9228562 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) display adaptive behavior, enabled by the reversible generation of their molecular constituents from building blocks, in response to external effectors, e.g., protein receptors. So far, chemoinformatics has not yet been used for the design of DCLs-which comprise a radically different set of challenges compared to classical library design. Here, we propose a chemoinformatic model for theoretically assessing the composition of DCLs in the presence and the absence of an effector. An imine-based DCL in interaction with the effector human carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) served as a case study. Support vector regression models for the imine formation constants and imine-CA II binding were derived from, respectively, a set of 276 imines synthesized and experimentally studied in this work and 4350 inhibitors of CA II from ChEMBL. These models predict constants for all DCL constituents, to feed software assessing equilibrium concentrations. They are publicly available on the dedicated website. Models rationally selected two amines and two aldehydes predicted to yield stable imines with high affinity for CA II and provided a virtual illustration on how effector affinity regulates DCL members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Casciuc
- Laboratoire
de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel 4, rue B. Pascal 67081 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie
Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Artem Osypenko
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie
Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bohdan Kozibroda
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie
Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 4g
Hlushkova Avenue, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dragos Horvath
- Laboratoire
de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel 4, rue B. Pascal 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Marcou
- Laboratoire
de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel 4, rue B. Pascal 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanny Bonachera
- Laboratoire
de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel 4, rue B. Pascal 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Varnek
- Laboratoire
de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel 4, rue B. Pascal 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie
Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Del Giudice D, Valentini M, Melchiorre G, Spatola E, Di Stefano S. Dissipative Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DDCvC) Based on the Transimination Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200685. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” P.le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Matteo Valentini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” P.le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Gabriele Melchiorre
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” P.le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Emanuele Spatola
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” P.le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” P.le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
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7
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Samuelsen L, Larsen D, Schönbeck C, Beeren SR. pH-Responsive templates modulate the dynamic enzymatic synthesis of cyclodextrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5152-5155. [PMID: 35383788 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06554h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Product selection in the dynamic enzymatic synthesis of cyclodextrins can be controlled by changing the pH. Using cyclodextrin glucanotransferase to make labile the glycosidic linkages in cyclodextrins (CDs), we generate a dynamic combinatorial library of interconverting linear and cyclic α-1,4-glucans. Templates can be employed to favour the selective production of specific CDs and, herein, we show that by using ionisable templates, the synthesis of α-CD or β-CD can be favoured by simply changing the pH. Using 4-nitrophenol as the template, β-CD is the preferred product at low pH, while α-CD is the preferred product at high pH. Furthermore, a new methodology is described for the simulation of product distributions in dynamic combinatorial libraries with ionisable templates at any given pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Samuelsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Christian Schönbeck
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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8
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Erichsen A, Larsen D, Beeren SR. Chaotropic and Kosmotropic Anions Regulate the Outcome of Enzyme-Mediated Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries of Cyclodextrins in Two Different Ways. Front Chem 2021; 9:721942. [PMID: 34414164 PMCID: PMC8370642 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.721942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate how different anions from across the Hofmeister series can influence the behavior of enzyme-mediated dynamic combinatorial libraries of cyclodextrins (CDs). Using cyclodextrin glucanotransferase to catalyze reversible transglycosylation, dynamic mixtures of interconverting cyclodextrins can be formed wherein the relative concentrations of α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD is determined by their intrinsic stabilities and any stabilizing influences of added template (guest) molecules. Here, we find that addition of high concentrations of kosmotropic anions can be used to enhance the effects of added hydrophobic templates, while chaotropic anions can themselves act as templates, causing predictable and significant changes in the cyclodextrin composition due to weak, but specific, binding interactions with α-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erichsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Komáromy D, Tiemersma-Wegman T, Kemmink J, Portale G, Adamski PR, Blokhuis A, Aalbers FS, Marić I, Santiago GM, Ottelé J, Sood A, Saggiomo V, Liu B, van der Meulen P, Otto S. Stoichiometry alone can steer supramolecular systems on complex free energy surfaces with high selectivity. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Larsen D, Beeren SR. Tuning the Outcome of Enzyme-Mediated Dynamic Cyclodextrin Libraries to Enhance Template Effects. Chemistry 2020; 26:11032-11038. [PMID: 32445426 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated dynamic combinatorial chemistry combines the concept of thermodynamically controlled covalent self-assembly with the inherent biological relevance of enzymatic transformations. A system of interconverting cyclodextrins has been explored, in which the glycosidic linkage is rendered dynamic by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). External factors, such as pH, temperature, solvent, and salinity are reported to modulate the composition of the dynamic cyclodextrin library. Dynamic libraries of cyclodextrins (CDs) could be obtained in wide ranges of pH (5.0-9.0), temperature (5-37 °C), and salinity (up to 7.5 m NaNO3 ), and with high organic solvent content (50 % by volume of ethanol), showing that enzyme-mediated dynamic systems can be robust and not limited to physiological conditions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how strategic choice of reaction conditions can enhance template effects, in this case, to achieve highly selective production of α-CD, an otherwise challenging target due to competition from the structurally similar β-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Gianga TM, Pantoș GD. Structurally divergent dynamic combinatorial chemistry on racemic mixtures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3528. [PMID: 32669543 PMCID: PMC7363883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Structurally Divergent Reactions on Racemic Mixtures are atypical processes in Nature. The few examples reported in the literature take place in organic solvents and are driven by the reagents’ interaction with bulky chiral catalysts. Herein, we describe a dynamic combinatorial approach to generate structural divergence from racemic building blocks. The divergence is due to a stereospecific electron-donor – electron-acceptor interaction of diastereomeric macrocycles, leading to structurally distinct pseudorotaxanes. The equilibrated dynamic combinatorial library contains, amongst various macrocycles, two different types of [2]catenanes that are non-isomeric. The formation of these [2]catenanes is due to a spontaneous stereo and structurally divergent assembly of the building blocks. Structurally divergent reactions on racemic mixtures, which produce distinct chemical species from an enantiomeric mixture, are extremely rare in the literature. Here, the authors are able to use a dynamic combinatorial approach to yield structurally divergent, non-isomeric [2]catenanes from an enantiomeric mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiberiu-M Gianga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,Beamline B23, Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - G Dan Pantoș
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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12
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Solà J, Jimeno C, Alfonso I. Exploiting complexity to implement function in chemical systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13273-13286. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This feature article reflects a personal overview of the importance of complexity as an additional parameter to be considered in chemical research, being illustrated with selected examples in molecular recognition and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Solà
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia
- IQAC-CSIC
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Ciril Jimeno
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia
- IQAC-CSIC
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia
- IQAC-CSIC
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
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13
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Larsen D, Bjerre PM, Beeren SR. Light-controlled out-of-equilibrium assembly of cyclodextrins in an enzyme-mediated dynamic system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:15037-15040. [PMID: 31782430 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08452e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We show that the selective enzymatic synthesis of specific cyclodextrins can be modulated using light. We use enzyme-mediated dynamic combinatorial chemistry to generate a mixture of interconverting linear and cyclic α-1,4-glucans, and employ an azobenzene photoswitch as a template. Using UV or blue light to switch between photostationary states with different azobenzene cis/trans isomeric ratios, we can promote the out-of-equilibrium assembly of either α-cyclodextrin or β-cyclodextrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Philip M Bjerre
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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14
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Martinez-Amezaga M, Orrillo AG, Furlan RLE. Engineering multilayer chemical networks. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8338-8347. [PMID: 31803411 PMCID: PMC6844274 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02166c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic multilevel systems emerged in the last few years as new platforms to study thermodynamic systems. In this work, unprecedented fully communicated three-level systems are studied. First, different conditions were screened to selectively activate thiol/dithioacetal, thiol/thioester, and thiol/disulfide exchanges, individually or in pairs. Some of those conditions were applied, sequentially, to build multilayer dynamic systems wherein information, in the form of relative amounts of building blocks, can be directionally transmitted between different exchange pools. As far as we know, this is the first report of one synthetic dynamic chemical system where relationships between layers can be changed through network operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitena Martinez-Amezaga
- Farmacognosia , Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas , Universidad Nacional de Rosario - CONICET , Suipacha 531 , Rosario , S2002SLRK , Argentina .
| | - A Gastón Orrillo
- Farmacognosia , Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas , Universidad Nacional de Rosario - CONICET , Suipacha 531 , Rosario , S2002SLRK , Argentina .
| | - Ricardo L E Furlan
- Farmacognosia , Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas , Universidad Nacional de Rosario - CONICET , Suipacha 531 , Rosario , S2002SLRK , Argentina .
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15
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Larsen D, Beeren SR. Enzyme-mediated dynamic combinatorial chemistry allows out-of-equilibrium template-directed synthesis of macrocyclic oligosaccharides. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9981-9987. [PMID: 32055354 PMCID: PMC6979337 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03983j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial templates can control out-of-equilibrium self-assembly in an enzyme-mediated dynamic system of cyclodextrins, even allowing access to products not selected in Nature.
We show that the outcome of enzymatic reactions can be manipulated and controlled by using artificial template molecules to direct the self-assembly of specific products in an enzyme-mediated dynamic system. Specifically, we utilize a glycosyltransferase to generate a complex dynamic mixture of interconverting linear and macrocyclic α-1,4-d-glucans (cyclodextrins). We find that the native cyclodextrins (α, β and γ) are formed out-of-equilibrium as part of a kinetically trapped subsystem, that surprisingly operates transiently like a Dynamic Combinatorial Library (DCL) under thermodynamic control. By addition of different templates, we can promote the synthesis of each of the native cyclodextrins with 89–99% selectivity, or alternatively, we can amplify the synthesis of unusual large-ring cyclodextrins (δ and ε) with 9 and 10 glucose units per macrocycle. In the absence of templates, the transient DCL lasts less than a day, and cyclodextrins convert rapidly to short maltooligosaccharides. Templates stabilize the kinetically trapped subsystem enabling robust selective synthesis of cyclodextrins, as demonstrated by the high-yielding sequential interconversion of cyclodextrins in a single reaction vessel. Our results show that given the right balance between thermodynamic and kinetic control, templates can direct out-of-equilibrium self-assembly, and be used to manipulate enzymatic transformations to favor specific and/or alternative products to those selected in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207 , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark .
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207 , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark .
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16
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Beierle JM, Ura Y, Ghadiri MR, Leman LJ. Templated Self-Assembly of Dynamic Peptide Nucleic Acids. Biochemistry 2017; 57:160-172. [PMID: 28832127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Template-directed macromolecule synthesis is a hallmark of living systems. Inspired by this natural process, several fundamentally novel mechanisms for template-directed assembly of nucleic acid analogues have been developed. Although these approaches have broad significance, including potential applications in biotechnology and implications for the origins of life, there are unresolved challenges in how to characterize in detail the complex assembly equilibria associated with dynamic templated reactions. Here we describe mechanistic studies of template-directed dynamic assembly for thioester peptide nucleic acid (tPNA), an informational polymer that responds to selection pressures under enzyme-free conditions. To overcome some of the inherent challenges of mechanistic studies of dynamic oligomers, we designed, synthesized, and implemented tPNA-DNA conjugates. The DNA primer region affords a high level of control over the location and register of the tPNA backbone in relation to the template strand. We characterized the degree and kinetics of dynamic nucleobase mismatch correction at defined backbone positions. Furthermore, we report the fidelity of dynamic assembly in tPNA as a function of position along the peptide backbone. Finally, we present theoretical studies that explore the level of fidelity that can be expected for an oligomer having a given hybridization affinity in dynamic templated reactions and provide guidance for the future development of sequence self-editing polymers and materials. As our results demonstrate, the use of molecular conjugates of constitutionally static and dynamic polymers establishes a new methodology for expediting the characterization of the complex chemical equilibria that underlie the assembly of dynamic informational polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Beierle
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Ura
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - M Reza Ghadiri
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Luke J Leman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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17
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Valdivielso AM, Puig-Castellví F, Atcher J, Solà J, Tauler R, Alfonso I. Unraveling the Multistimuli Responses of a Complex Dynamic System of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles. Chemistry 2017; 23:10789-10799. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel M. Valdivielso
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Joan Atcher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Solà
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry; IDAEA-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
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18
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Komáromy D, Stuart MCA, Monreal Santiago G, Tezcan M, Krasnikov VV, Otto S. Self-Assembly Can Direct Dynamic Covalent Bond Formation toward Diversity or Specificity. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6234-6241. [PMID: 28398730 PMCID: PMC5423079 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
With
the advent of reversible covalent chemistry the study of the
interplay between covalent bond formation and noncovalent interactions
has become increasingly relevant. Here we report that the interplay
between reversible disulfide chemistry and self-assembly can give
rise either to molecular diversity, i.e., the emergence of a unprecedentedly
large range of macrocycles or to molecular specificity, i.e., the
autocatalytic emergence of a single species. The two phenomena are
the result of two different modes of self-assembly, demonstrating
that control over self-assembly pathways can enable control over covalent
bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Komáromy
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Monreal Santiago
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meniz Tezcan
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor V Krasnikov
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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20
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Hsu CW, Miljanić OŠ. Kinetically controlled simplification of a multiresponsive [10 × 10] dynamic imine library. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12357-12359. [PMID: 27711334 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06772g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetically controlled self-sorting processes in complex synthetic mixtures represent an important model for behaviours of biological networks, which operate far from equilibrium and without interference among simultaneous metabolic pathways. However, most of the previously reported kinetic self-sorting protocols dealt with small dynamic libraries and a single external stimulus. Here, we report the iterative simplification of a large imine dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) constructed from 10 aldehydes and 10 anilines, under the sequential influence of an oxidant, an adsorbent, and an increase in temperature. Six components of this initial DCL are mechanically isolated and amplified at least three-fold relative to their equilibrium distributions at the outset of the sorting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3583 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Ognjen Š Miljanić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3583 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
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21
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Chung MK, Lee SJ, Waters ML, Gagné MR. Tetrameric psuedo-peptide receptors with allosteric properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8103-6. [PMID: 27265568 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03296f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the binding properties of tetrameric pseudo-peptide receptors for protonated cytidines. The receptors, which were isolated from a dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) experiment, bind the analytes with affinities that depend on the presence or absence of excess acid, and with a stoichiometry that is both concentration and temperature dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Kyung Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Stephen J Lee
- U.S. Army Research Office, P. O. Box 12211, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - Marcey L Waters
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Michel R Gagné
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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22
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Sadownik JW, Philp D. A recognition-mediated reaction drives amplification within a dynamic library. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10392-401. [PMID: 26324766 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01621e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A single, appropriately designed, recognition event targets and transforms one of two reactive members of an exchanging pool of compounds through a recognition-mediated irreversible cycloaddition reaction, altering dramatically the final composition and kinetic behaviour of the dynamic library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Sadownik
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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23
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Iterative design of a helically folded aromatic oligoamide sequence for the selective encapsulation of fructose. Nat Chem 2015; 7:334-41. [PMID: 25803472 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ab initio design of synthetic molecular receptors for a specific biomolecular guest remains an elusive objective, particularly for targets such as monosaccharides, which have very close structural analogues. Here we report a powerful approach to produce receptors with very high selectivity for specific monosaccharides and, as a demonstration, we develop a foldamer that selectively encapsulates fructose. The approach uses an iterative design process that exploits the modular structure of folded synthetic oligomer sequences in conjunction with molecular modelling and structural characterization to inform subsequent refinements. Starting from a first-principles design taking size, shape and hydrogen-bonding ability into account and using the high predictability of aromatic oligoamide foldamer conformations and their propensity to crystallize, a sequence that binds to β-D-fructopyranose in organic solvents with atomic-scale complementarity was obtained in just a few iterative modifications. This scheme, which mimics the adaptable construction of biopolymers from a limited number of monomer units, provides a general protocol for the development of selective receptors.
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24
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Atcher J, Moure A, Bujons J, Alfonso I. Salt-Induced Adaptation of a Dynamic Combinatorial Library of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles: Unraveling the Electrostatic Effects in Mixed Aqueous Media. Chemistry 2015; 21:6869-78. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Atcher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
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25
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Ulatowski F, Lichosyt D, Jurczak J. Introducing a static receptor to compete with a dynamic combinatorial library in template binding. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10451-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Association constants can be obtained from HPLC analysis of a system comprising a dynamic combinatorial library and a static host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ulatowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Dawid Lichosyt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
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26
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Ciaccia M, Tosi I, Baldini L, Cacciapaglia R, Mandolini L, Di Stefano S, Hunter CA. Applications of dynamic combinatorial chemistry for the determination of effective molarity. Chem Sci 2015; 6:144-151. [PMID: 28553463 PMCID: PMC5424495 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new strategy for determining thermodynamic effective molarities (EM) for macrocylisation reactions using dynamic combinatorial chemistry under dilute conditions is presented. At low concentrations, below the critical value, Dynamic Libraries (DLs) of bifunctional building blocks contain only cyclic species, so it is not possible to quantify the equilibria between linear and cyclic species. However, addition of a monofunctional chain stopper can be used to promote the formation of linear oligomers allowing measurement of EM for all cyclic species present in the DL. The effectiveness of this approach was demonstrated for DLs generated from mixtures of 1,3-diimine calix[4]arenes, linear diaminoalkanes and monoaminoalkanes. For macrocycles deriving from one bifunctional calixarene and one diamine, there is an alternating pattern of EM values with the number of methylene units in the diamine: odd numbers give significantly higher EMs than even numbers. For odd numbers of methylene units, the alkyl chain can adopt an extended all anti conformation, whereas for even numbers of methylene units, gauche conformations are required for cyclisation, and the associated strain reduces EM. The value of EM for the five-carbon linker indicates that this macrocycle is a strainless ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ciaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica and IMC/CNR , Università La Sapienza , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK
| | - Irene Tosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A , 43124 , Parma , Italy
| | - Laura Baldini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A , 43124 , Parma , Italy
| | - Roberta Cacciapaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica and IMC/CNR , Università La Sapienza , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy .
| | - Luigi Mandolini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and IMC/CNR , Università La Sapienza , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy .
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica and IMC/CNR , Università La Sapienza , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy .
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
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27
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Herrmann A. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry: a tool to read, generate and modulate the bioactivity of compounds and compound mixtures. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1899-933. [PMID: 24296754 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible covalent bond formation under thermodynamic control adds reactivity to self-assembled supramolecular systems, and is therefore an ideal tool to assess complexity of chemical and biological systems. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry (DCC) has been used to read structural information by selectively assembling receptors with the optimum molecular fit around a given template from a mixture of reversibly reacting building blocks. This technique allows access to efficient sensing devices and the generation of new biomolecules, such as small molecule receptor binders for drug discovery, but also larger biomimetic polymers and macromolecules with particular three-dimensional structural architectures. Adding a kinetic factor to a thermodynamically controlled equilibrium results in dynamic resolution and in self-sorting and self-replicating systems, all of which are of major importance in biological systems. Furthermore, the temporary modification of bioactive compounds by reversible combinatorial/covalent derivatisation allows control of their release and facilitates their transport across amphiphilic self-assembled systems such as artificial membranes or cell walls. The goal of this review is to give a conceptual overview of how the impact of DCC on supramolecular assemblies at different levels can allow us to understand, predict and modulate the complexity of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herrmann
- Firmenich SA, Division Recherche et Développement, Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239, CH-1211 Genève 8, Switzerland.
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28
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Mahon CS, Fulton DA. Mimicking nature with synthetic macromolecules capable of recognition. Nat Chem 2014; 6:665-72. [PMID: 25054935 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nature has, through billions of years of evolution, assembled a multitude of polymeric macromolecules capable of exquisite molecular recognition. This functionality arises from the precise control exerted over their biosynthesis that results in key residues being anchored in the appropriate positions to interact with target substrates. Developing 'wholly synthetic' macromolecular analogues that can mimic this behaviour presents a considerable challenge to chemists, who lack the 'biological machinery' used in nature to assemble polymers with such precision. In addressing this challenge, familiar chemical concepts, such as combinatorial methods and supramolecular interactions, have been adapted for application in the macromolecular arena. Working from a limited set of residues, synthetic macromolecules have been produced that display surprisingly high binding affinities towards target proteins, even possessing useful in vivo activities. These observations are all the more surprising when one considers the heterogeneity inherent within these synthetic macromolecular receptors, and provoke intriguing questions regarding our assumptions about the design of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare S Mahon
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David A Fulton
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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29
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Misuraca MC, Moulin E, Ruff Y, Giuseppone N. Experimental and theoretical methods for the analyses of dynamic combinatorial libraries. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Progresses in spatial and temporal analytical tools open new avenues for the study and control of increasingly complex chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Misuraca
- SAMS research group – University of Strasbourg – Institut Charles Sadron
- CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS research group – University of Strasbourg – Institut Charles Sadron
- CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Yves Ruff
- SAMS research group – University of Strasbourg – Institut Charles Sadron
- CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS research group – University of Strasbourg – Institut Charles Sadron
- CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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30
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Ulrich S, Dumy P. Probing secondary interactions in biomolecular recognition by dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5810-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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31
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Hamieh S, Saggiomo V, Nowak P, Mattia E, Ludlow RF, Otto S. A “Dial-A-Receptor” Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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32
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Hamieh S, Saggiomo V, Nowak P, Mattia E, Ludlow RF, Otto S. A “Dial-A-Receptor” Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12368-72. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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33
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Li J, Nowak P, Otto S. Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: From Exploring Molecular Recognition to Systems Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9222-39. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402586c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Atcher J, Moure A, Alfonso I. The emergence of halophilic evolutionary patterns from a dynamic combinatorial library of macrocyclic pseudopeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Mahon CS, Jackson AW, Murray BS, Fulton DA. Investigating templating within Polymer-Scaffolded Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20600e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Since its inception in the mid-1990s, dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC), the chemistry of complex systems under thermodynamic control, has proved valuable in identifying unexpected molecules with remarkable binding properties and in providing effective synthetic routes to complex species. Essentially, in this approach, one designs the experiment rather than the molecule. DCC has also provided us with insights into how some chemical systems respond to external stimuli. Using examples from the work of our laboratory and others, this Account shows how the concept of DCC, inspired by the evolution of living systems, has found an increasing range of applications in diverse areas and has evolved conceptually and experimentally. A dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) is a thermodynamically controlled mixture of interconverting species that can respond to various stimuli. The Cambridge version of dynamic combinatorial chemistry was initially inspired by the mammalian immune system and was conceived as a way to create and identify new unpredictable receptors. For example, an added template can select and stabilize a strongly binding member of the library which is then amplified at the expense of the unsuccessful library members, minimizing the free energy of the system. But researchers have exploited DCC in a variety of other ways: over the past two decades, this technique has contributed to the evolution of chemistry and to applications in the diverse fields of catalysis, fragrance release, and responsive materials. Among these applications, researchers have built intricate and well-defined architectures such as catenanes or hydrogen-bonded nanotubes, using the ability of complex chemical systems to reach a high level of organization. In addition, DCC has proved a powerful tool for the study of complex molecular networks and systems. The use of DCC is improving our understanding of chemical and biological systems. The study of folding or self-replicating macrocycles in DCLs has served as a model for appreciating how complex organisations such as life can emerge from a pool of simple chemicals. Today, DCC is no longer restricted to thermodynamic control, and new systems have recently appeared in which kinetic and thermodynamic control coexist. Expanding the realm of DCC to unexplored and promising new territories, these hybrid systems show that the concept of dynamic combinatorial chemistry continues to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B. L. Cougnon
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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37
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Otto S. Dynamic molecular networks: from synthetic receptors to self-replicators. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:2200-10. [PMID: 22264201 DOI: 10.1021/ar200246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) are molecular networks in which the network members exchange building blocks. The resulting product distribution is initially under thermodynamic control. Addition of a guest or template molecule tends to shift the equilibrium towards compounds that are receptors for the guest. This Account gives an overview of our work in this area. We have demonstrated the template-induced amplification of synthetic receptors, which has given rise to several high-affinity binders for cationic and anionic guests in highly competitive aqueous solution. The dynamic combinatorial approach allows for the identification of new receptors unlikely to be obtained through rational design. Receptor discovery is possible and more efficient in larger libraries. The dynamic combinatorial approach has the attractive characteristic of revealing interesting structures, such as catenanes, even when they are not specifically targeted. Using a transition-state analogue as a guest we can identify receptors with catalytic activity. Although DCLs were initially used with the reductionistic view of identifying new synthetic receptors or catalysts, it is becoming increasingly apparent that DCLs are also of interest in their own right. We performed detailed computational studies of the effect of templates on the product distributions of DCLs using DCLSim software. Template effects can be rationalized by considering the entire network: the system tends to maximize global host-guest binding energy. A data-fitting analysis of the response of the global position of the DCLs to the addition of the template using DCLFit software allowed us to disentangle individual host-guest binding constants. This powerful procedure eliminates the need for isolation and purification of the various individual receptors. Furthermore, local network binding events tend to propagate through the entire network and may be harnessed for transmitting and processing of information. We demonstrated this possibility in silico through a simple dynamic molecular network that can perform AND logic with input and output in the form of molecules. Not only are dynamic molecular networks responsive to externally added templates, but they also adjust to internal template effects, giving rise to self-replication. Recently we have started to explore scenarios where library members recognize copies of themselves, resulting in a self-assembly process that drives the synthesis of the very molecules that self-assemble. We have developed a system that shows unprecedented mechanosensitive self-replication behavior: depending on whether the solution is shaken, stirred or not agitated, we have obtained a hexameric replicator, a heptameric replicator or no replication, respectively. We rationalize this behavior through a mechanism in which replication is promoted by mechanically-induced fragmentation of self-assembled replicator fibers. These results represent a new mode of self-replication in which mechanical energy liberates replicators from a self-inhibited state. These systems may also be viewed as self-synthesizing, self-assembling materials. These materials can be captured photochemically, converting a free-flowing fiber solution into a hydrogel through photo-induced homolytic disulfide exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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38
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Clipson AJ, Bhat VT, McNae I, Caniard AM, Campopiano DJ, Greaney MF. Bivalent enzyme inhibitors discovered using dynamic covalent chemistry. Chemistry 2012; 18:10562-70. [PMID: 22782854 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A bivalent dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) system has been designed to selectively target members of the homodimeric glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme family. The dynamic covalent libraries (DCLs) use aniline-catalysed acylhydrazone exchange between bivalent hydrazides and glutathione-conjugated aldehydes and the bis-hydrazides act as linkers to bridge between each glutathione binding site. The resultant DCLs were found to be compatible and highly responsive to templating with different GST isozymes, with the best results coming from the M and Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) class of GSTs, targets in cancer and tropical disease, respectively. The approach yielded compounds with selective, nanomolar affinity (K(i) =61 nM for mGSTM1-1) and demonstrates that DCC can be used to simultaneously interrogate binding sites on different subunits of a dimeric protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Clipson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh, UK
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Berrocal JA, Cacciapaglia R, Stefano SD, Mandolini L. Target-induced amplification in a dynamic library of macrocycles. A quantitative study. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20801b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Klein JM, Saggiomo V, Reck L, Lüning U, Sanders JKM. Dynamic combinatorial libraries for the recognition of heavy metal ions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:60-6. [PMID: 22028051 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present the use of hydrazone dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) to identify macrocyclic receptors that are selective for alkaline earth metal ions over alkali metal ions. In particular, the toxic heavy metal ions Sr(2+) and Ba(2+) induce characteristic changes in the DCLs. Four macrocycles were isolated and characterised by LCMS, HRMS, NMR and X-ray crystallography; binding studies by UV-Vis spectroscopy confirm the selectivity observed in the DCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Klein
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW
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42
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Roy L, Case MA. Recursively Enriched Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries for the Self-Selection of Optimally Stable Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2454-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111652n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liton Roy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405,
United States
| | - Martin A. Case
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405,
United States
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Hunt RAR, Otto S. Dynamic combinatorial libraries: new opportunities in systems chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:847-58. [PMID: 21116521 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A R Hunt
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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Chung MK, Severin K, Lee SJ, Waters ML, Gagné MR. Constitutionally selective amplification of multicomponent 84-membered macrocyclic hosts for (−)-cytidine•H+. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00548g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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45
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del Amo V, Philp D. Integrating Replication-Based Selection Strategies in Dynamic Covalent Systems. Chemistry 2010; 16:13304-18. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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46
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Martin M, Gasparini G, Graziani M, Prins LJ, Scrimin P. The Advantage of Covalent Capture in the Combinatorial Screening of a Dynamic Library for the Detection of Weak Interactions. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Gasparini G, Dal Molin M, Prins LJ. Dynamic Approaches towards Catalyst Discovery. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gasparini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy, Fax: +39‐049‐8275239
| | - Marta Dal Molin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy, Fax: +39‐049‐8275239
| | - Leonard J. Prins
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy, Fax: +39‐049‐8275239
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Ludlow RF, Otto S. The Impact of the Size of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries on the Detectability of Molecular Recognition Induced Amplification. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5984-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1013689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Frederick Ludlow
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Besenius P, Cormack PAG, Ludlow RF, Otto S, Sherrington DC. Affinity chromatography in dynamic combinatorial libraries: one-pot amplification and isolation of a strongly binding receptor. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2414-8. [PMID: 20448900 DOI: 10.1039/c000333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the one-pot amplification and isolation of a nanomolar receptor in a multibuilding block aqueous dynamic combinatorial library using a polymer-bound template. By appropriate choice of a poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-based support, nonselective ion-exchange type behaviour between the oppositely charged cationic guest and polyanionic hosts was overcome, such that the selective molecular recognition arising in aqueous solution reactions is manifest also in the analogous templated solid phase DCL syntheses. The ability of a polymer bound template to identify and isolate a synthetic receptor via dynamic combinatorial chemistry was not compromised by the large size of the library, consisting of well over 140 theoretical members, demonstrating the practical advantages of a polymer-supported DCL methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Besenius
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, UK G1 1XL
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Orrillo AG, Furlan RLE. Supramolecular interactions between library members modulate the behavior of dynamic combinatorial libraries. J Org Chem 2010; 75:211-4. [PMID: 19957964 DOI: 10.1021/jo902296h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a supramolecular network of interactions between library members can lead to very different responses when libraries with identical molecular composition are exposed to the same template. Numerical simulations demonstrate that supramolecular interactions between library members of covalent dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) can affect both degree and selectivity of the response of the library when a template molecule is added.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gastón Orrillo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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