1
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Dang H, O’Callaghan HT, Wymore MM, Suarez J, Martin DBC. Selective C-H Activation of Molecular Nanodiamonds via Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4093-4098. [PMID: 38510665 PMCID: PMC10949193 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
While substituted adamantanes have widespread use in medicinal chemistry, materials science, and ligand design, the use of diamantanes and higher diamondoids is limited to a much smaller number. Selective functionalization beyond adamantane is challenging, as the number of very similar types of C-H bonds (secondary, 2°, and tertiary, 3°) increases rapidly, and H atom transfer does not provide a general solution for site selectivity. We report a method using pyrylium photocatalysts that is effective for nanodiamond functionalization in up to 84% yield with exclusive 3° selectivity and moderate levels of regioselectivity between 3° sites. The proposed mechanism involving photooxidation, deprotonation, and radical C-C bond formation is corroborated through Stern-Volmer luminescence quenching, cyclic voltammetry, and EPR studies. Our photoredox strategy offers a versatile approach for the streamlined synthesis of diamondoid building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang
T. Dang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Henry T. O’Callaghan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Mikayla M. Wymore
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jennifer Suarez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - David B. C. Martin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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2
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Farmani Z, Vetere A, Pfänder N, Lehmann CW, Schrader W. Naturally Occurring Allotropes of Carbon. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38277679 PMCID: PMC10882575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbon is one of the most important chemical elements, forming a wide range of important allotropes, ranging from diamond over graphite to nanostructural materials such as graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Especially these nanomaterials play an important role in technology and are commonly formed in laborious synthetic processes that often are of high energy demand. Recently, fullerenes and their building blocks (buckybowls) have been found in natural fossil materials formed under geological conditions. The question arises of how diverse nature can be in forming different types of natural allotropes of carbon. This is investigated here, using modern analytical methods such as ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy, which facilitate a detailed understanding of the diversity of natural carbon allotropes. Large fullerenes, fullertubes, graphene sheets, and double- and multiwalled CNTs together with single-walled CNTs were detected in natural heavy fossil materials while theoretical calculations on the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory using the ORCA software package support the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farmani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfänder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian W Lehmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Abkar Aras M, Moshtaghi Zonouz A. Synthesis of novel adamantane-containing dihydropyrimidines utilizing Biginelli condensation reaction. J Sulphur Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2023.2166348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Abkar Aras
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adeleh Moshtaghi Zonouz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Fyta M. Functionalized electrodes embedded in nanopores: read-out enhancement? Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202200916. [PMID: 36372991 PMCID: PMC10107472 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, functionalized nanogaps embedded in nanopores are discussed in view of their high biosensitivity in detecting biomolecules, their length, type, and sequence. Specific focus is given on nanoelectrodes functionalized with tiny nanometer-sized diamond-like particles offering vast functionalization possibilities for gold junction electrodes. This choice of the functionalization, in turn, offers nucleotide-specific binding possibilities improving the detection signals arising from such functionalized electrodes potentially embedded in a nanopore. The review sheds light onto the use and enhancement of the tunnelling recognition in functionalized nanogaps towards sensing DNA nucleotides and mutation detection, providing important input for a practical realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fyta
- Computational Biotechnology, RWTH-Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52072, Aachen, Germany
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5
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Mayerhoefer E, Krueger A. Surface Control of Nanodiamond: From Homogeneous Termination to Complex Functional Architectures for Biomedical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3594-3604. [PMID: 36445945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in nanodiamond (ND) has been spurred by its unique properties such as high biocompatibility, versatile surface chemistry, and the possibility to apply it as drug delivery agent, cross-linker, or coating and for sensing applications when luminescent lattice defects such as the NV centers are present in the crystal lattice. Currently, nanodiamond has been used for targeted drug delivery, phototherapeutic applications, and sensing and imaging in cellular environments and in vitro. Furthermore, suitably functionalized nanodiamond is a promising material for tissue engineering applications. However, the application of nanodiamond has long been hampered by a number of obstacles and challenges met with commercially available nanodiamonds of different origins. A major issue is related to the strong agglomeration of the individual particles resulting in covalently linked aggregates with larger sizes and a broad size distribution. Furthermore, the surface termination of typical nanodiamond particles tends to be rather inhomogeneous, containing a multitude of different functional groups. The retention of functionality of immobilized moieties for bioapplications is often not known. And finally, the surface of nanodiamond possesses a strong propensity for nonspecific interaction, especially proteins from serum, cell fluids, or the culture media used for the incubation of cells with nanodiamond. The resulting protein corona influences the possibility to access functional moieties on the diamond surface and leads to a reduced reproducibility of observations in physiological environments and a limited attribution of effects to the presence of the functional moieties on the diamond surface. In this Account, we describe our efforts to address these challenges using multiple strategies mainly for the example of detonation nanodiamond (DND). First, a homogeneous size distribution of the nanoparticles and an initial surface termination with a unique type of atoms or groups can be achieved using mechanochemical methods and treatments with different reagents in both solution and gas phases. Reactions in liquid media typically lead to more uniform results as the entire surface of the particles becomes equally accessible. We have then worked on the development of different covalent linker strategies to accommodate the grafting needs of different functional moieties and thus to enable the production of orthogonally functionalized ND particles, which can be modified with multiple moieties in a controlled fashion. The noncovalent immobilization of functional units is equally useful as it permits the conservation of functionality for sensitive proteins, which denature upon covalent immobilization. In summary, our work aims to gain full control over the surface properties of diamond nanoparticles and to develop a toolbox of chemical methods to provide functionalized and tailored nanodiamond for a plethora of biomedical applications. Further research in the field of diamond functionalization will cover also the transfer of already existing methods to other types of diamond surfaces, the production of stoichiometrically functionalized particles, the covalent and dynamic self-assembly of nanodiamond particles, and the continuing development of suitable characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke Krueger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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George MAR, Dopfer O. Infrared spectra and structures of protonated amantadine isomers: detection of ammonium and open-cage iminium ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16101-16111. [PMID: 35748364 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01947g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protonated form of amantadine (1-C10H15NH2, Ama), the amino derivative of adamantane (C10H16, Ada), is a wide-spread antiviral and anti-Parkinsonian drug and plays a key role in many pharmaceutical processes. Recent studies reveal that the adamantyl cage (C10H15) of Ama can open upon ionization leading to distonic bicyclic iminium isomers, in addition to the canonical nascent Ama+ isomer. Herein, we study protonation of Ama using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy (IRPD) of Ar-tagged ions and density functional theory calculations to characterize cage and open-cage isomers of AmaH+ and the influence of the electron-donating NH2 group on the cage-opening reaction potential. In addition to the canonical ammonium isomer (AmaH+(I)) with an intact adamantyl cage, we identify at least one slightly less stable protonated bicyclic iminium ion (AmaH+(II)). While the ammonium ion is generated by protonation of the basic NH2 group, AmaH+(II) is formally formed by H addition to a distonic bicyclic iminium ion produced upon ionization of Ama and subsequent cage opening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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7
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George MAR, Dopfer O. Opening of the Diamondoid Cage upon Ionization Probed by Infrared Spectra of the Amantadine Cation Solvated by Ar, N 2 , and H 2 O. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200577. [PMID: 35611807 PMCID: PMC9400954 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radical cations of diamondoids, a fundamental class of very stable cyclic hydrocarbon molecules, play an important role in their functionalization reactions and the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Herein, we characterize the structure, energy, and intermolecular interaction of clusters of the amantadine radical cation (Ama+, 1‐aminoadamantane) with solvent molecules of different interaction strength by infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy of mass‐selected Ama+Ln clusters, with L=Ar (n≤3) and L=N2 and H2O (n=1), and dispersion‐corrected density functional theory calculations (B3LYP−D3/cc‐pVTZ). Three isomers of Ama+ generated by electron ionization are identified by the vibrational properties of their rather different NH2 groups. The ligands bind preferentially to the acidic NH2 protons, and the strength of the NH…L ionic H‐bonds are probed by the solvation‐induced red‐shifts in the NH stretch modes. The three Ama+ isomers include the most abundant canonical cage isomer (I) produced by vertical ionization, which is separated by appreciable barriers from two bicyclic distonic iminium ions obtained from cage‐opening (primary radical II) and subsequent 1,2 H‐shift (tertiary radical III), the latter of which is the global minimum on the Ama+ potential energy surface. The effect of solvation on the energetics of the potential energy profile revealed by the calculations is consistent with the observed relative abundance of the three isomers. Comparison to the adamantane cation indicates that substitution of H by the electron‐donating NH2 group substantially lowers the barriers for the isomerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare PhysikTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 3610623BerlinGermany
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8
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Weigel WK, Dang HT, Feceu A, Martin DBC. Direct radical functionalization methods to access substituted adamantanes and diamondoids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:10-36. [PMID: 34651636 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01916c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adamantane derivatives have diverse applications in the fields of medicinal chemistry, catalyst development and nanomaterials, owing to their unique structural, biological and stimulus-responsive properties, among others. The synthesis of substituted adamantanes and substituted higher diamondoids is frequently achieved via carbocation or radical intermediates that have unique stability and reactivity when compared to simple hydrocarbon derivatives. In this review, we discuss the wide range of radical-based functionalization reactions that directly convert diamondoid C-H bonds to C-C bonds, providing a variety of products incorporating diverse functional groups (alkenes, alkynes, arenes, carbonyl groups, etc.). Recent advances in the area of selective C-H functionalization are highlighted with an emphasis on the H-atom abstracting species and their ability to activate the particularly strong C-H bonds that are characteristic of these caged hydrocarbons, providing insights that can be applied to the C-H functionalization of other substrate classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Weigel
- Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iow City, Iowa, USA.,University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.
| | - Hoang T Dang
- Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iow City, Iowa, USA
| | - Abigail Feceu
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.
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9
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Alić J, Messner R, Lackner F, Ernst WE, Šekutor M. London dispersion dominating diamantane packing in helium nanodroplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21833-21839. [PMID: 34554159 PMCID: PMC8494270 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diamantane clusters formed inside superfluid helium nanodroplets were analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Distinct cluster sizes were identified as "magic numbers" and the corresponding feasible structures for clusters consisting of up to 19 diamantane molecules were derived from meta-dynamics simulations and subsequent DFT computations. The obtained interaction energies were attributed to London dispersion attraction. Our findings demonstrate that diamantane units readily form assemblies even at low pressures and near-zero Kelvin temperatures, confirming the importance of the intermolecular dispersion effect for condensation of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Alić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Roman Messner
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Florian Lackner
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang E Ernst
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Marina Šekutor
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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10
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Klimochkin YN, Ivleva EA. Reaction of 1,3,5,7-Tetramethyladamantane with Nitric Acid. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Khusnutdinov RI, Shchadneva NA, Mayakova YY, Kashfetdinova GZ, Khazipova AN. Amidation of Diamantane with Carboxylic Acid Amides and Carbon Tetrachloride in the Presence of Binder-Free Ni-HY Zeolite. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Klimochkin YN, Ivleva EA, Zaborskaya MS. Synthesis of Diamantane Derivatives in Nitric Acid Media. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Zieliński A, Marset X, Golz C, Wolf LM, Alcarazo M. Two‐Step Synthesis of Heptacyclo[6.6.0.0
2,6
.0
3,13
.0
4,11
.0
5,9
.0
10,14
] tetradecane from Norbornadiene: Mechanism of the Cage Assembly and Post‐synthetic Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zieliński
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Xavier Marset
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lawrence M. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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14
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Zieliński A, Marset X, Golz C, Wolf LM, Alcarazo M. Two-Step Synthesis of Heptacyclo[6.6.0.0 2,6 .0 3,13 .0 4,11 .0 5,9 .0 10,14 ] tetradecane from Norbornadiene: Mechanism of the Cage Assembly and Post-synthetic Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23299-23305. [PMID: 32881255 PMCID: PMC7756769 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A selective and scalable two-step approach to the dimerization of norbornadiene (NBD) into its thermodynamically most stable dimer, heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6 .03,13 .04,11 .05,9 .010,14 ] tetradecane, (HCTD) is reported. Calculations indicate that the reaction starts with the Rh-catalyzed stepwise homo Diels-Alder cyclisation of NBD into its exo-cis-endo dimer. Treatment of this compound with acid promotes its evolution to HCTD via a [1,2]-sigmatropic rearrangement. The assemblies of 7,12-disubstituted cages from 7-(alkyl/aryl) NBDs, as well as the selective post-synthetic C-H functionalization of the core HCTD scaffold at position C1, or positions C1 and C4 are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zieliński
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg August Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Xavier Marset
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg August Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg August Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lawrence M. Wolf
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Massachusetts LowellLowellMA01854USA
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg August Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
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15
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Dou M, Maier FC, Fyta M. The influence of a solvent on the electronic transport across diamondoid-functionalized biosensing electrodes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14216-14225. [PMID: 31317158 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03235e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrodes embedded in nanopores have the potential to detect the identity of biomolecules, such as DNA. This identification is typically being done through electronic current measurements across the electrodes in a solvent. In this work, using quantum-mechanical calculations, we qualitatively present the influence of this solvent on the current signals. For this, we model electrodes functionalized with a small diamond-like molecule known as diamondoid and place a DNA nucleotide within the electrode gap. The influence of an aqueous solvent is taken explicitly into account through Quantum-Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) simulations. From these, we could clearly reveal that at the (111) surface of the Au electrode, water molecules form an adlayer-like structure through hydrogen bond networks. From the temporal evolution of the hydrogen bond between a nucleotide and the functionalizing diamondoid, we could extract information on the conductance across the device. In order to evaluate the influence of the solvent, we compare these results with ground-state electronic structure calculations in combination with the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) approach. These allow access to the electronic transport across the electrodes and show a difference in the detection signals with and without the aqueous solution. We analyze the results with respect to the density of states in the device. In the end, we demonstrate that the presence of water does not hinder the detection of a mutation over a healthy DNA nucleotide. We discuss these results in view of sequencing DNA with nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Dou
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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16
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Yang HB, Feceu A, Martin DBC. Catalyst-Controlled C–H Functionalization of Adamantanes Using Selective H-Atom Transfer. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Abigail Feceu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David B. C. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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17
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Enthalpies of formation of diamantanes in the gas and crystalline phase: comparison of theory and experiment. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Khusnutdinov RI, Shchadneva NA, Mayakova YY, Yulamanova AA, Khazipova AN, Kutepov BI. Halogenation of Diamantane by Halomethanes Under the Action of Zeolites. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Khusnutdinov RI, Shchadneda NА, Mayakova YY, Yulamanova АА, Khazipova АN, Kutepov BI. Amidation of Diamantane with Organic Nitriles and CBr4 Under the Action of Granulated Zeolite FeHY. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Xiong T, Włodarczyk R, Gallandi L, Körzdörfer T, Saalfrank P. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra of lower diamondoids: A time-dependent approach. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044310. [PMID: 29390801 DOI: 10.1063/1.5012131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Radosław Włodarczyk
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Lukas Gallandi
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Körzdörfer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
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21
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Rander T, Bischoff T, Knecht A, Wolter D, Richter R, Merli A, Möller T. Electronic and Optical Properties of Methylated Adamantanes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11132-11137. [PMID: 28737388 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent theoretical work has identified functionalized diamondoids as promising candidates for the tailoring of fluorescent nanomaterials. However, experiments confirming that optical gap tuning can be achieved through functionalization have, up until now, found only systems where fluorescence is quenched. We address this shortcoming by investigating a series of methylated adamantanes. For the first time, a class of functionalized diamondoids is shown to fluoresce in the gas phase. In order to understand the evolution of the optical and electronic structure properties with degree of functionalization, photoelectron spectroscopy was used to map the occupied valence electronic structure, while absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies yielded information about the unoccupied electronic structure and postexcitation relaxation behavior. The resulting spectra were modeled by (time-dependent) density functional theory. These results show that it is possible to overcome fluorescence quenching when functionalizing diamondoids and represent a significant step toward tailoring the electronic structure of these and other semiconductor particles in a manner suitable to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjörn Rander
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Bischoff
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Knecht
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Wolter
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Richter
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Merli
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Teunissen JL, De Proft F, De Vleeschouwer F. Tuning the HOMO-LUMO Energy Gap of Small Diamondoids Using Inverse Molecular Design. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:1351-1365. [PMID: 28218844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized diamondoids show great potential as building blocks for various new optoelectronic applications. However, until now, only simple mono and double substitutions were investigated. In this work, we considered up to 10 and 6 sites for functionalization of the two smallest diamondoids, adamantane and diamantane, respectively, in search for diamondoid derivatives with a minimal and maximal HOMO-LUMO energy gap. To this end, the energy gap was optimized systematically using an inverse molecular design methodology based on the best-first search algorithm combined with a Monte Carlo component to escape local optima. Adamantane derivatives were found with HOMO-LUMO gaps ranging from 2.42 to 10.63 eV, with 9.45 eV being the energy gap of pure adamantane. For diamantane, similar values were obtained. The structures with the lowest HOMO-LUMO gaps showed apparent push-pull character. The push character is mainly formed by sulfur or nitrogen dopants and thiol groups, whereas the pull character is predominantly determined by the presence of electron-withdrawing nitro or carbonyl groups assisted by amino and hydroxyl groups via the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In contrast, maximal HOMO-LUMO gaps were obtained by introducing numerous electronegative groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos L Teunissen
- Research Group of General Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Research Group of General Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Research Group of General Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Sivaraman G, Amorim RG, Scheicher RH, Fyta M. Insights into the detection of mutations and epigenetic markers using diamondoid-functionalized sensors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06889a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the detection of mutations and epigenetic markers using devices based on nanogaps functionalized with diamondoids. Quantum mechanical simulations, allow us to provide deeper insight into the inherent differences when detecting modified nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Sivaraman
- Institute for Computational Physics
- Universität Stuttgart
- Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Rodrigo G. Amorim
- Division of Materials Theory
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
- Departamento de Física
| | - Ralph H. Scheicher
- Division of Materials Theory
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
| | - Maria Fyta
- Institute for Computational Physics
- Universität Stuttgart
- Stuttgart
- Germany
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24
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Khusnutdinov RI, Oshnyakova TM, Khalilov LM, Baibuldina AR, Dzhemilev UM. Selective hydroxylation of diamantane with 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoroperbenzoic acid in the presence of molibdenum complexes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428016080054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Larrosa M, Heiles S, Becker J, Spengler B, Hrdina R. CH Bond Arylation of Diamondoids Catalyzed by Palladium(II) Acetate. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Electron-vibration coupling induced renormalization in the photoemission spectrum of diamondoids. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11327. [PMID: 27103340 PMCID: PMC4844694 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of theories and methods devoted to the accurate calculation of the electronic quasi-particle states and levels of molecules, clusters and solids is of prime importance to interpret the experimental data. These quantum systems are often modelled by using the Born–Oppenheimer approximation where the coupling between the electrons and vibrational modes is not fully taken into account, and the electrons are treated as pure quasi-particles. Here, we show that in small diamond cages, called diamondoids, the electron–vibration coupling leads to the breakdown of the electron quasi-particle picture. More importantly, we demonstrate that the strong electron–vibration coupling is essential to properly describe the overall lineshape of the experimental photoemission spectrum. This cannot be obtained by methods within Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Moreover, we deduce a link between the vibronic states found by our many-body perturbation theory approach and the well-known Jahn–Teller effect. The electron–vibration coupling is essential to describe the photoelectron properties of molecules. Here, the authors show theoretically and experimentally that the electron–vibration coupling is very large in diamonoids, and link the deduced vibronic states to the well-known Jahn–Teller effect.
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27
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Narasimha KT, Ge C, Fabbri JD, Clay W, Tkachenko BA, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Shen ZX, Melosh NA. Ultralow effective work function surfaces using diamondoid monolayers. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:267-272. [PMID: 26641529 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electron emission is critical for a host of modern fabrication and analysis applications including mass spectrometry, electron imaging and nanopatterning. Here, we report that monolayers of diamondoids effectively confer dramatically enhanced field emission properties to metal surfaces. We attribute the improved emission to a significant reduction of the work function rather than a geometric enhancement. This effect depends on the particular diamondoid isomer, with [121]tetramantane-2-thiol reducing gold's work function from ∼ 5.1 eV to 1.60 ± 0.3 eV, corresponding to an increase in current by a factor of over 13,000. This reduction in work function is the largest reported for any organic species and also the largest for any air-stable compound. This effect was not observed for sp(3)-hybridized alkanes, nor for smaller diamondoid molecules. The magnitude of the enhancement, molecule specificity and elimination of gold metal rearrangement precludes geometric factors as the dominant contribution. Instead, we attribute this effect to the stable radical cation of diamondoids. Our computed enhancement due to a positively charged radical cation was in agreement with the measured work functions to within ± 0.3 eV, suggesting a new paradigm for low-work-function coatings based on the design of nanoparticles with stable radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Thimmavajjula Narasimha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Chenhao Ge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jason D Fabbri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William Clay
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Boryslav A Tkachenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Andrey A Fokin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, Kiev 03056, Ukraine
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Jeremy E Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z X Shen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nicholas A Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Hrdina R, Metz FM, Larrosa M, Berndt JP, Zhygadlo YY, Becker S, Becker J. Intramolecular C-H Amination Reaction Provides Direct Access to 1,2-Disubstituted Diamondoids. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Nakanishi Y, Omachi H, Fokina NA, Schreiner PR, Kitaura R, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Shinohara H. Template Synthesis of Linear-Chain Nanodiamonds Inside Carbon Nanotubes from Bridgehead-Halogenated Diamantane Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Nakanishi Y, Omachi H, Fokina NA, Schreiner PR, Kitaura R, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Shinohara H. Template Synthesis of Linear-Chain Nanodiamonds Inside Carbon Nanotubes from Bridgehead-Halogenated Diamantane Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10802-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Zhuk TS, Koso T, Pashenko AE, Hoc NT, Rodionov VN, Serafin M, Schreiner PR, Fokin AA. Toward an Understanding of Diamond sp2-Defects with Unsaturated Diamondoid Oligomer Models. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6577-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S. Zhuk
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Tatyana Koso
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander E. Pashenko
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Ngo Trung Hoc
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir N. Rodionov
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Michael Serafin
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrey A. Fokin
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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32
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Gunchenko PA, Novikovskii AA, Byk MV, Fokin AA. Structure and transformations of diamantane radical cation: Theory and experiment. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428014120057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Richter R, Röhr MIS, Zimmermann T, Petersen J, Heidrich C, Rahner R, Möller T, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Mitric R, Rander T, Merli A. Laser-induced fluorescence of free diamondoid molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4739-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the laser-induced fluorescence of diamondoids in the gas phase. The spectra show well defined vibrational structure, whose complex nature is assigned with the help of TDDFT computations.
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34
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Clay WA, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Melosh NA, Shen ZX. Physical properties of materials derived from diamondoid molecules. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:016501. [PMID: 25551840 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/1/016501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diamondoids are small hydrocarbon molecules which have the same rigid cage structure as bulk diamond. They can be considered the smallest nanoparticles of diamond. They exhibit a mixture of properties inherited from bulk cubic diamond as well as a number of unique properties related to their size and structure. Diamondoids with different sizes and shapes can be separated and purified, enabling detailed studies of the effects of size and structure on the diamondoids' properties and also allowing the creation of chemically functionalized diamondoids which can be used to create new materials. Most notable among these new materials are self-assembled monolayers of diamondoid-thiols, which exhibit a number of unique electron emission properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Clay
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, CA 94305
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35
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Barnard AS, Per MC. Size and shape dependent deprotonation potential and proton affinity of nanodiamond. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:445702. [PMID: 25302774 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/44/445702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many important reactions in biology and medicine involve proton abstraction and transfer, and it is integral to applications such as drug delivery. Unlike electrons, which are quantum mechanically delocalized, protons are instantaneously localized on specific residues in these reactions, which can be a distinct advantage. However, the introduction of nanoparticles, such as non-toxic nanodiamonds, to this field complicates matters, as the number of possible sites increases as the inverse radius of the particle. In this paper we present > 10(4) simulations that map the size- and shape-dependence of the deprotonation potential and proton affinity of nanodiamonds in the range 1.8-2.7 nm in average diameter. We find that while the average deprotonation potential and proton affinities decrease with size, the site-specific values are inhomogeneous over the surface of the particles, exhibiting strong shape-dependence. The proton affinity is strongly facet-dependent, whereas the deprotonation potential is edge/corner-dependent, which creates a type of spatial hysteresis in the transfer of protons to and from the nanodiamond, and provides new opportunities for selective functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Barnard
- CSIRO Virtual Nanoscience Laboratory, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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36
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Fokin AA, Zhuk TS, Pashenko AE, Osipov VV, Gunchenko PA, Serafin M, Schreiner PR. Functionalization of homodiamantane: oxygen insertion reactions without rearrangement with dimethyldioxirane. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1861-6. [PMID: 24433143 DOI: 10.1021/jo4026594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Homodiamantane bromination and nitroxylation are accompanied by contraction of the seven-membered ring to give the corresponding substituted 1-diamantylmethyl derivatives. In contrast, CH-bond hydroxylations with dimethyldioxirane retain the cage and give both apically and medially substituted homodiamantanes. The product ratios are in accord with the barriers for the oxygen insertion computed with density functional theory methods only if solvation is included through a polarizable continuum model. B3LYP-D3 and M06-2X computations with a 6-31G(d,p) basis set on the oligomeric van der Waals complexes predict the potential of homodiamantane derivatives for surface modifications with conformationally slightly flexible diamondoid homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Fokin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute , pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
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37
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Havel J, Peña-Méndez EM, Amato F, Panyala NR, Buršíková V. Laser ablation synthesis of new gold carbides. From gold-diamond nano-composite as a precursor to gold-doped diamonds. Time-of-flight mass spectrometric study. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:297-304. [PMID: 24375881 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gold carbides can be produced via laser ablation synthesis (LAS) from mixtures of nano-gold (NG) and various carbonaceous materials. The nano-composite of nano-gold (NG) and nano-diamond (ND) might represent a promising precursor for the generation of new gold carbides. METHODS Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used. The stoichiometry of clusters was determined via modelling of the isotopic patterns and MS(n) analysis. RESULTS A simple procedure for the preparation of ND-NG nano-composite was developed using NG and ND. The formation of AuCn(+) (n = 1-11, 18), Au2Cn(+) (n = 1-16) and Au3Cn(+) (n = 1-10) clusters during LAS of the nano-composite was proved. Structures of gold carbides are proposed and discussed. Diamonds-containing AumCn(+) (m = 1-3, n = 10, 14, 18, 22) clusters might be not carbides but endohedral supramolecular complexes Aum@Cn(+) i.e., 'gold-doped' diamonds. CONCLUSIONS TOF MS was shown to be a useful technique for following the formation of gold carbides in the gas phase. Clusters and 'gold-doped' diamonds generated might inspire synthesis of new Au-C materials with hardly predictable, unusual properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kampus Bohunice, Kamenice 5/A14, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; CEPLANT, R&D Centre for Low-cost Plasma and Nanotechnology Surface Modifications, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Gunawan MA, Hierso JC, Poinsot D, Fokin AA, Fokina NA, Tkachenko BA, Schreiner PR. Diamondoids: functionalization and subsequent applications of perfectly defined molecular cage hydrocarbons. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00535f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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Li FH, Fabbri JD, Yurchenko RI, Mileshkin AN, Hohman JN, Yan H, Yuan H, Tran IC, Willey TM, Bagge-Hansen M, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Shen ZX, Melosh NA. Covalent attachment of diamondoid phosphonic acid dichlorides to tungsten oxide surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:9790-9797. [PMID: 23855923 DOI: 10.1021/la401781e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diamondoids (nanometer-sized diamond-like hydrocarbons) are a novel class of carbon nanomaterials that exhibit negative electron affinity (NEA) and strong electron-phonon scattering. Surface-bound diamondoid monolayers exhibit monochromatic photoemission, a unique property that makes them ideal electron sources for electron-beam lithography and high-resolution electron microscopy. However, these applications are limited by the stability of the chemical bonding of diamondoids on surfaces. Here we demonstrate the stable covalent attachment of diamantane phosphonic dichloride on tungsten/tungsten oxide surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that diamondoid-functionalized tungsten oxide films were stable up to 300-350 °C, a substantial improvement over conventional diamondoid thiolate monolayers on gold, which dissociate at 100-200 °C. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light stimulated photoemission from these diamondoid phosphonate monolayers exhibited a characteristic monochromatic NEA peak with 0.2 eV full width at half-maximum (fwhm) at room temperature, showing that the unique monochromatization property of diamondoids remained intact after attachment. Our results demonstrate that phosphonic dichloride functionality is a promising approach for forming stable diamondoid monolayers for elevated temperature and high-current applications such as electron emission and coatings in micro/nano electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hua Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Wanka L, Iqbal K, Schreiner PR. The lipophilic bullet hits the targets: medicinal chemistry of adamantane derivatives. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3516-604. [PMID: 23432396 PMCID: PMC3650105 DOI: 10.1021/cr100264t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
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Rander T, Staiger M, Richter R, Zimmermann T, Landt L, Wolter D, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Tkachenko BA, Fokina NA, Schreiner PR, Möller T, Bostedt C. Electronic structure tuning of diamondoids through functionalization. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:024310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4774268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Mendes RG, Bachmatiuk A, Büchner B, Cuniberti G, Rümmeli MH. Carbon nanostructures as multi-functional drug delivery platforms. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:401-428. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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43
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Fokin AA, Butova ED, Barabash AV, Huu NN, Tkachenko BA, Fokina NA, Schreiner PR. Preparative Synthesis of Vinyl Diamondoids. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2012.667491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Balaban AT. Partitioned-formula periodic tables for diamond hydrocarbons (diamondoids). J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:2856-63. [PMID: 23046064 DOI: 10.1021/ci300406b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isomeric diamond hydrocarbons (diamondoids or polymantanes) with the same number n of adamantane units share the same molecular formula C(Q)(CH)(T)(CH(2))(S) and can be divided into valence isomers (denoted as Q-T-S) by partitioning the number C = Q + T + S of their carbon atoms according to whether they are quaternary, tertiary, or secondary. Vertices of dualists are the centers of adamantane units, and dualist edges connect vertices of adjacent adamantane units (sharing a chair-shaped hexagon). Dualists of diamondoids are hydrogen-depleted skeletons of staggered alkane or cycloalkane rotamers. Diamondoids with acyclic dualists can be classified as catamantanes, those having dualists with chair-shaped six-membered rings as perimantanes, and those having dualists with higher-membered rings that are not perimeters of hexagon-aggregates as coronamantanes. Diamondoids with n adamantane units may be classified into regular catamantanes when the molecular formula is C(4n+6)H(4n+12), and irregular polymantanes (catamantanes or perimantanes) when the number of carbon atoms is lower than 4n + 6. The derivation is presented of formula-periodic tables of regular and irregular diamondoids that allow a better understanding of the shapes and properties of these hydrocarbons for which many applications are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru T Balaban
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, Texas 77553, USA.
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Fokin AA, Chernish LV, Gunchenko PA, Tikhonchuk EY, Hausmann H, Serafin M, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Schreiner PR. Stable alkanes containing very long carbon-carbon bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13641-50. [PMID: 22835264 DOI: 10.1021/ja302258q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The metal-induced coupling of tertiary diamondoid bromides gave highly sterically congested hydrocarbon (hetero)dimers with exceptionally long central C-C bonds of up to 1.71 Å in 2-(1-diamantyl)[121]tetramantane. Yet, these dimers are thermally very stable even at temperatures above 200 °C, which is not in line with common C-C bond length versus bond strengths correlations. We suggest that the extraordinary stabilization arises from numerous intramolecular van der Waals attractions between the neighboring H-terminated diamond-like surfaces. The C-C bond rotational dynamics of 1-(1-adamantyl)diamantane, 1-(1-diamantyl)diamantane, 2-(1-adamantyl)triamantane, 2-(1-diamantyl)triamantane, and 2-(1-diamantyl)[121]tetramantane were studied through variable-temperature (1)H- and (13)C NMR spectroscopies. The shapes of the inward (endo) CH surfaces determine the dynamic behavior, changing the central C-C bond rotation barriers from 7 to 33 kcal mol(-1). We probe the ability of popular density functional theory (DFT) approaches (including BLYP, B3LYP, B98, B3LYP-Dn, B97D, B3PW91, BHandHLYP, B3P86, PBE1PBE, wB97XD, and M06-2X) with 6-31G(d,p) and cc-pVDZ basis sets to describe such an unusual bonding situation. Only functionals accounting for dispersion are able to reproduce the experimental geometries, while most DFT functionals are able to reproduce the experimental rotational barriers due to error cancellations. Computations on larger diamondoids reveal that the interplay between the shapes and the sizes of the CH surfaces may even allow the preparation of open-shell alkyl radical dimers (and possibly polymers) that are strongly held together exclusively by dispersion forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Fokin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine.
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Gunchenko PA, Fokin AA. Mechanisms of activation of C—H bonds in framework compounds: theory and experiment. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-012-9226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fokin AA, Gerbig D, Schreiner PR. σ/σ- and π/π-Interactions Are Equally Important: Multilayered Graphanes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20036-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Fokin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, 37 Pobeda Avenue, Kiev 03056, Ukraine
| | - Dennis Gerbig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
We prepared novel C5-modified triphosphates and phosphoramidites with a diamondoid functionally linked to the nucleobase. Using primer extension experiments with different length templates we investigated whether the modified triphosphates were enzymatically incorporated into DNA and whether they were further extended. We found that all three modified nucleotides can be incorporated into DNA using a single-nucleotide incorporation experiment, but only partially using two templates that demand for multiple incorporation of the modified nucleotides. The modified phosphoramidites were introduced into oligonucleotides utilizing DNA synthesizer technology. The occurring oligonucleotide structures were examined by circular dichroism (CD) and melting temperature (T(m)) measurements and were found to adapt similar helix conformations as their unmodified counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Shubina TE, Fokin AA. Hydrocarbon σ‐radical cations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana E. Shubina
- Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Kiev, Ukraine
- Computer‐Chemie‐Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität, Erlangen, Germany
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Alabugin IV, Gilmore KM, Peterson PW. Hyperconjugation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kerry M. Gilmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Paul W. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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