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Kulsha AV, Ivashkevich OA, Lyakhov DA, Michels D. Strong Bases Design: Key Techniques and Stability Issues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8716. [PMID: 39201404 PMCID: PMC11354936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Theoretical design of molecular superbases has been attracting researchers for more than twenty years. General approaches were developed to make the bases potentially stronger, but less attention was paid to the stability of the predicted structures. Hence, only a small fraction of the theoretical research has led to positive experimental results. Possible stability issues of extremely strong bases are extensively studied in this work using quantum chemical calculations on a high level of theory. Several step-by-step design examples are discussed in detail, and general recommendations are given to avoid the most common stability problems. New potentially stable structures are theoretically studied to demonstrate the future prospects of molecular superbases design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Kulsha
- Chemical Department, Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Str., 220006 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Oleg A. Ivashkevich
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Str., 220006 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dmitry A. Lyakhov
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Dominik Michels
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (D.A.L.); (D.M.)
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2
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Malchau C, Loose F, Mees Y, Duppe J, Sun Y, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Thiel WR. Electronic Properties of a Cationic Triphenylphosphine Ligand Decorated with a (η5-C5H5)Fe Group in Late-Transition-Metal Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Malchau
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Florian Loose
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yannick Mees
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 46, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jens Duppe
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yu Sun
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 46, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Werner R. Thiel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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3
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Zhong C, Qi R, Zheng Y, Cheng Y, Song W, Huang R. The Relationships of Microscopic Evolution to Resistivity Variation of a FIB-Deposited Platinum Interconnector. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E588. [PMID: 32545476 PMCID: PMC7345480 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depositing platinum (Pt) interconnectors during the sample preparation process via a focused ion beam (FIB) system is an inescapable procedure for in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations. To achieve good electrical contact and avoid irreversible damage in practical samples, the microscopic evolution mechanism of FIB-deposited Pt interconnectors need a more comprehensive understanding, though it is known that its resistivity could be affected by thermal annealing. In this work, an electron-beam FIB-deposited Pt interconnector was studied by advanced spherical aberration (Cs)-corrected TEM combined with an in situ heating and biasing system to clarify the relationship of microscopic evolution to resistivity variation. During the heating process, the Pt interconnector underwent crystallization, organic matter decomposition, Pt nanocrystal growth, grain connection, and conductive path formation, which are combined actions to cause several orders of magnitude of resistivity reduction. The comprehensive understanding of the microscopic evolution of FIB-deposited Pt material is beneficial, not only for optimizing the resistance performance of Pt as an interconnector, but also for understanding the role of C impurities with metal materials. For the purpose of wiring, annealed electron-beam (EB)-deposited Pt material can be recommended for use as an interconnector in devices for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaorong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (C.Z.); (R.Q.); (R.H.)
- School of Physical and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Ruijuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (C.Z.); (R.Q.); (R.H.)
| | - Yonghui Zheng
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Science, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (C.Z.); (R.Q.); (R.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Wenxiong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (C.Z.); (R.Q.); (R.H.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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4
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Arnold N, Bertermann R, Bickelhaupt FM, Braunschweig H, Drisch M, Finze M, Hupp F, Poater J, Sprenger JAP. Formation of a Trifluorophosphane Platinum(II) Complex by P−F Bond Activation of Phosphorus Pentafluoride with a Pt0
Complex. Chemistry 2016; 23:5948-5952. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Arnold
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Drisch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Florian Hupp
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jordi Poater
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- ICREA & Universitat de Barcelona; Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòria i Computacional (IQTCUB); Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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5
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Parson TG, Butikofer JL, Houlis JF, Roddick DM. Organometallics in Superacidic Media: Characterization of Remarkably Stable Platinum–Methyl Bonds in HF/SbF5 Solution. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Parson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Box 3838, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Butikofer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Box 3838, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - James F. Houlis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Box 3838, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Dean M. Roddick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Box 3838, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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Abstract
Transition metal hydride complexes are usually amphoteric, not only acting as hydride donors, but also as Brønsted-Lowry acids. A simple additive ligand acidity constant equation (LAC for short) allows the estimation of the acid dissociation constant Ka(LAC) of diamagnetic transition metal hydride and dihydrogen complexes. It is remarkably successful in systematizing diverse reports of over 450 reactions of acids with metal complexes and bases with metal hydrides and dihydrogen complexes, including catalytic cycles where these reactions are proposed or observed. There are links between pKa(LAC) and pKa(THF), pKa(DCM), pKa(MeCN) for neutral and cationic acids. For the groups from chromium to nickel, tables are provided that order the acidity of metal hydride and dihydrogen complexes from most acidic (pKa(LAC) -18) to least acidic (pKa(LAC) 50). Figures are constructed showing metal acids above the solvent pKa scales and organic acids below to summarize a large amount of information. Acid-base features are analyzed for catalysts from chromium to gold for ionic hydrogenations, bifunctional catalysts for hydrogen oxidation and evolution electrocatalysis, H/D exchange, olefin hydrogenation and isomerization, hydrogenation of ketones, aldehydes, imines, and carbon dioxide, hydrogenases and their model complexes, and palladium catalysts with hydride intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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7
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Prototypical metal–oxo bonds: the reactions of Cr(PF3)6, Fe(PF3)5, and Ni(PF3)4 with oxygen. Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Gong S, Luo Q, Li QS, Xie Y, Bruce King R, Schaefer III HF. Major differences between trifluorophosphine and carbonyl ligands in binuclear cyclopentadienyliron complexes. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj02348j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
No low-energy Cp2Fe2(PF3)nstructures have bridging PF3ligands. Bridging μ-PF2groups are found combined with terminal F or PF4ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Qiong Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Qian-shu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| | - R. Bruce King
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Henry F. Schaefer III
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
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Abstract
In coordination chemistry, typical ancillary ligands are anionic or neutral species. Cationic ones are exceptions and, when used, the positively charged groups are normally attached to the periphery and not close to the donating atom. However, this concept article highlights a series of recent experimental, as well as theoretical results, suggesting that the utility in catalysis of cationic phosphines with no spacer between the phosphorus atom and the positively charged group(s) has been largely overlooked. In fact, a growing number of studies indicate that, because of their specific architecture, these cationic ligands depict excellent π-acceptor character that can exceed that of phosphites or polyfluorinated phosphines. This property has been used to increase the Lewis acidity of the metals they coordinate. Specifically, new extreme π-acid catalysts, mainly based on Pt(II) and Au(I) , have been recently prepared and their superior performance demonstrated along several mechanistically distinct transformations. In this concept article the current state of the art is critically assessed and possible future directions of the topic discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alcarazo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 41470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany).
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10
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Carreras J, Gopakumar G, Gu L, Gimeno A, Linowski P, Petuškova J, Thiel W, Alcarazo M. Polycationic Ligands in Gold Catalysis: Synthesis and Applications of Extremely π-Acidic Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18815-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411146x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carreras
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | | | - Liangu Gu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Ana Gimeno
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Pawel Linowski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Jekaterina Petuškova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
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11
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Martínez-Salvador S, Falvello LR, Martín A, Menjón B. Gold(I) and Gold(III) Trifluoromethyl Derivatives. Chemistry 2013; 19:14540-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Friedemann R, Seppelt K. Volatile Methylplatinum Complexes - Formation and Reactions in Anhydrous HF. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Brennessel WW, Ellis JE. Naphthalene and Anthracene Cobaltates(1−): Useful Storable Sources of an Atomic Cobalt Anion. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:9076-94. [PMID: 22877417 DOI: 10.1021/ic301240u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William W. Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John E. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
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14
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Gong S, Wang C, Li QS, Xie Y, King RB. Unsaturation in binuclear iron trifluorophosphine carbonyl derivatives: comparison with binary iron carbonyls. J COORD CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2012.696108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shida Gong
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , P.R. China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , P.R. China
| | - Qian-Shu Li
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , P.R. China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- b Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA 30602 , USA
| | - R. Bruce King
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , P.R. China
- b Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA 30602 , USA
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15
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Yang HQ, Li QS, Xie Y, Bruce King R, Schaefer HF. The quest for trifluorophosphine as a bridging ligand in homoleptic binuclear and tetranuclear cobalt complexes. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2010.505214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Qing Yang
- a Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , P.R. China
| | - Qian-Shu Li
- a Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , P.R. China
- b Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P.R. China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- c Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA
| | - R. Bruce King
- a Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , P.R. China
- c Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- c Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA
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Zou R, Li QS, Xie Y, King RB, Schaefer HF. Unexpected direct iron-fluorine bonds in trifluorophosphane iron complexes: an alternative to bridging trifluorophosphane and difluorophosphido groups. Chemistry 2008; 14:11149-57. [PMID: 18956396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The iron trifluorophosphane complexes [Fe(PF(3))(n)] (n=4, 5), [Fe(2)(PF(3))(n)] (n=8, 9), [H(2)Fe(PF(3))(4)], and [Fe(2)(PF(2))(2)(PF(3))(6)] have been studied by density functional theory. The lowest energy structures of [Fe(PF(3))(4)] and [Fe(PF(3))(5)] are a triplet tetrahedron and a singlet trigonal bipyramid, respectively. Both cis and trans octahedral structures were found for [H(2)Fe(PF(3))(4)] with the cis isomer lying lower in energy by approximately 10 kcal mol(-1). The lowest energy structure for [Fe(2)(PF(3))(8)] has two [Fe(PF(3))(4)] units linked only by an iron-iron bond of length 2.505 A consistent with the formal Fe=Fe double bond required to give both iron atoms the favored 18-electron configuration. In the lowest energy structure for [Fe(2)(PF(3))(9)] one of the iron atoms has inserted into a P-F bond of one of the PF(3) ligands to give a structure [(F(3)P)(4)Fe<--PF(2)Fe(F)(PF(3))(4)] with a bridging PF(2) group and a direct Fe-F bond. A bridging PF(3) group is found in a considerably higher energy [Fe(2)(PF(3))(9)] structure at approximately 30 kcal mol(-1) above the global minimum. However, this bridging PF(3) group keeps the two iron atoms too far apart (approximately 4 A) for the direct iron-iron bond required to give the iron atoms the favored 18-electron configuration. The preferred structure for [Fe(2)(PF(2))(2)(PF(3))(6)] has a bridging PF(2) group, as expected. However, this bridging PF(2) group bonds to one of the iron atoms through an P-Fe covalent bond and to the other iron through an F-->Fe dative bond, leaving an uncomplexed phosphorus lone pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zou
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 51063, PR China
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