1
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Koike T, Yu JK, Hansmann MM. Ph 3PCN 2: A stable reagent for carbon-atom transfer. Science 2024; 385:305-311. [PMID: 39024456 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Precise modification of a chemical site in a molecule at the single-atom level is one of the most elegant yet difficult transformations in chemistry. A reagent specifically designed for chemoselective introduction of monoatomic carbon is a particularly formidable challenge. Here, we report a straightforward, azide-free synthesis of a crystalline and isolable diazophosphorus ylide, Ph3PCN2, a stable compound with a carbon atom bonded to two chemically labile groups, triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and dinitrogen (N2). Without any additives, the diazophosphorus ylide serves as a highly selective transfer reagent for fragments, including Ph3PC, to deliver phosphorus ylide-terminated heterocumulenes and CN2 to produce multisubstituted pyrazoles. Ultimately, even exclusive carbon-atom transfer is possible. In reactions with aldehydes and acyclic and cyclic ketones (R2C=O), the carbon-atom substitution forms a vinylidene (R2C=C:) en route to alkynes or butatrienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jhen-Kuei Yu
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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2
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Krischer F, Gessner VH. Ligand Exchange at Carbon: Synthetic Entry to Elusive Species and Versatile Reagents. JACS AU 2024; 4:1709-1722. [PMID: 38818072 PMCID: PMC11134600 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
How different is carbon compared to other elements in the periodic table? Can carbon compounds be regarded as coordination complexes with carbon as the central element undergoing a facile exchange of its ligands? Although carbon clearly plays a special role among the elements of the periodic table, recent studies have drawn parallels between the bonding situation and the reactivity of carbon compounds to transition metal complexes. This Perspective summarizes recent reports about ylidic and zwitterionic compounds that were shown to exhibit ambiguous bonding situations that can be interpreted as donor-acceptor interactions similar to the bond between a metal and a neutral ligand. Based on this conception, ligand exchange reactions prototypical of transition metal complexes were realized at carbon atoms, enabling new synthetic strategies for the synthesis of reactive species and building blocks. In particular, the exchange of N2, CO, and phosphine ligands led to the development of a mild method for accessing new compounds and reagents with unusual properties, such as vinylidene ketenes or stable ketenyl anions, that open up a diverse but still poorly explored follow-up chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krischer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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3
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Deng CL, Obi AD, Tra BYE, Sarkar SK, Dickie DA, Gilliard RJ. Air- and photo-stable luminescent carbodicarbene-azaboraacenium ions. Nat Chem 2024; 16:437-445. [PMID: 38052948 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of a C=C bond by an isoelectronic B-N bond is a well-established strategy to alter the electronic structure and stability of acenes. BN-substituted acenes that possess narrow energy gaps have attractive optoelectronic properties. However, they are susceptible to air and/or light. Here we present the design, synthesis and molecular structures of fully π-conjugated cationic BN-doped acenes stabilized by carbodicarbene ligands. They are luminescent in the solution and solid states and show high air and moisture stability. Compared with their neutral BN-substituted counterparts as well as the parent all-carbon acenes, these species display improved quantum yields and small optical gaps. The electronic structures of the azabora-anthracene and azabora-tetracene cations resemble higher-order acenes while possessing high photo-oxidative resistance. Investigations using density functional theory suggest that the stability and photo-physics of these conjugated systems may be ascribed to their cationic nature and the electronic properties of the carbodicarbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akachukwu D Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bi Youan E Tra
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Ding C, Pan S, Yan GR, N V T Gorantla SM, Cui ZH, Frenking G. Stabilization of Cyclic C 4 by Four Donor Ligands: A Theoretical Study of (L) 4C 4 (L = Carbene). J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9196-9205. [PMID: 37883781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical studies using density functional theory were carried out for the (L)4C4 complexes with L = cAAC, DAC, NHC, SNHC, MIC1, and MIC2. The results show that the title complexes are highly stable with respect to dissociation, (L)4C4 → C4 + 4L. However, their stability with respect to (L)4C4 → 2(L)2C2 is crucial for the assessment of their experimental viability. The (L)4C4 complexes with L = cAAC and DAC dissociate exergonically at room temperature into two (L)2C2 units. In contrast, the other (L)4C4 complexes with L = NHC, SNHC, MIC1, and MIC2 are thermochemically stable with respect to dissociation, (L)4C4 → 2(L)2C2. The computed adiabatic ionization potentials of (L)4C4 complexes with L = NHC, MIC1, and MIC2 are lower than those for the cesium atom. Particularly, (MIC1)4C4 and (MIC2)4C4 will very easily lose electrons to form cationic complexes. The SNHC ligand is the best for the experimental realization of (L)4C4 complexes, followed by NHC. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods suggests that the (L)3C4-CL bond can be best described as a typical electron-sharing double bond with a strong σ-bond and a weaker π-bond. Therefore, the core bonding pictures in the title complexes resemble a [4]radialene. Larger substituents at the carbene ligands enhance the stability of the complexes (L)4C4 against dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Ding
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Gai-Ru Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Sai Manoj N V T Gorantla
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø─The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, Marburg 35032, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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5
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Hansmann MM. Diazoalkenes: From an Elusive Intermediate to a Stable Substance Class in Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304574. [PMID: 37095063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Over decades diazoalkenes (R2 C=C=N2 ) were postulated as reactive intermediates in organic chemistry even though their direct spectroscopic detection proved very challenging. In the 1970/80ies several groups probed their existence mainly indirectly by trapping experiments or directly by matrix-isolation studies. In 2021, our group and the Severin group reported independently the synthesis and characterization of the first room-temperature stable diazoalkenes, which initiated a rapidly expanding research field. Up to now four different classes of N-heterocyclic substituted room-temperature stable diazoalkenes have been reported. Their properties and unique reactivity, such as N2 /CO exchange or utilization as vinylidene precursors in organic and transition metal chemistry are presented. This review summarizes the early discoveries of diazoalkenes from their initial postulation as transient, elusive species up to the recent findings of the room-temperature stable derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund, Germany
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6
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Kooij B, Dong Z, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Synthesis and Reactivity of an Anionic Diazoolefin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308625. [PMID: 37387555 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Bent (hetero)allenes such as carbodicarbenes and carbodiphosphoranes can act as neutral C-donor ligands, and diverse applications in coordination chemistry have been reported. N-Heterocyclic diazoolefins are heterocumulenes, which can function in a similar fashion as L-type ligands. Herein, we describe the synthesis and the reactivity of an anionic diazoolefin. This compound displays distinct reactivity compared to neutral diazoolefins, as evidenced by the preparation of diazo compounds via protonation, alkylation, or silylation. The anionic diazoolefin can be employed as an ambidentate, X-type ligand in salt metathesis reactions with metal halide complexes. Extrusion of dinitrogen was observed in a reaction with PCl(NiPr2 )2 , resulting in a stable phosphinocarbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Kooij
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhaowen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, 610064, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Aweke BS, Yu CH, Shen JS, Wang S, Yap GPA, Chen WC, Ong TG. Binuclear Macrocyclic Silver(I) Complex of a Bis(carbone) Pincer Ligand: Synthesis and Application as a Carbone-Transfer Agent. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12664-12673. [PMID: 37523291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
A facile synthesis of a binuclear AgI complex 2 of a bis(carbone) ligand L and its application as a carbone-transfer agent for the generation of other transition-metal complexes of AuI (3), NiII (4), and PdII (5) is presented. Complex 2 was synthesized through multiple synthetic routes under mild reaction conditions using the tetracationic [LH4][OTf·Cl]2 precursor salt, the dicationic [LH2][OTf]2 ylide salt, and the free ligand L. The first two synthesis routes require no prior isolation of the air-, moisture-, and temperature-sensitive free ligand L, thus affording complex 2 with high yield and purity. Multinuclear NMR techniques, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the identity of complex 2 as a binuclear AgI complex of L with a molecular formula of [L2Ag2][OTf]2 and a 16-membered-ring metallomacrocyclic structure. During the transmetalation reaction with AuI, the binuclear nature of complex 2 remains intact to give analogous complex 3 ([L2Au2][OTf]2). However, the dimeric structure was disrupted upon the carbone-transfer reaction with NiII and PdII, yielding mononuclear C-N-C pincer-type complexes 4 ([LNiCl][OTf]) and 5 ([LPdCl][OTf]), respectively. These results demonstrated the versatile use of complex 2 as a carbone-transfer agent to other transition metals regardless of the type or size of the metals or the geometry they prefer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamlaku Semagne Aweke
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Yu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Shian Shen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Wen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, National Taiwan University 10617 Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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8
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Wang Y, Robinson GH. Counterintuitive Chemistry: Carbene Stabilization of Zero-Oxidation State Main Group Species. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5592-5612. [PMID: 36876997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbenes have evolved from transient laboratory curiosities to a robust, diverse, and surprisingly impactful ligand class. A variety of different carbenes have significantly contributed to the development of low-oxidation state main group chemistry. This Perspective focuses upon advances in the chemistry of carbene complexes containing main group element cores in the formal oxidation state of zero, including their diverse synthetic strategies, unusual bonding and structural motifs, and utility in transition metal coordination chemistry and activation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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9
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Muhasina PV, Parameswaran P. σ versus π-radical: Tuning the electronic nature of neutral carbon (I) compounds with three non-bonding electrons. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:422-431. [PMID: 35802539 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bonding and reactivity of the hypo-coordinated compounds with one, two, and four non-bonding electrons namely, carbon-centered free radical, carbenes, and carbones were well earlier established. Here, we report stability, bonding and reactivity of compounds RCL, where R is one-electron donor group (R = CH3 (a), CHO (b), and NO2 (c)) and L is two-electron donor ligand (L = cAAC (1), CO (2), NHC (3) and PMe3 (4)), having three non-bonding electrons. The ground states of molecules exist in a doublet with a lone pair of electrons and an unpaired electron at the central carbon atom (C1). The spin hops over from π- to σ-type orbitals is observed as the π-acceptor strength of the donor ligand increases. The replacement of the methyl group by CHO and NO2 indicate that the cAAC and CHO substituted compounds gives a σ-radical except in compound 2c. These molecules show very high proton affinity and exothermic reaction energy for the hydrogen atom addition indicating dual reactivity namely, radical and lone pair reactivity.
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10
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Wanjari PJ, Saha N, Dubey G, Bharatam PV. Metal-free methods for the generation of benzimidazoles and 2-aminobenzimidazoles. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Breitwieser K, Bahmann H, Weiss R, Munz D. Gauging Radical Stabilization with Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206390. [PMID: 35796423 PMCID: PMC9545232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbenes, including N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, are used extensively to stabilize open‐shell transition metal complexes and organic radicals. Yet, it remains unknown, which carbene stabilizes a radical well and, thus, how to design radical‐stabilizing C‐donor ligands. With the large variety of C‐donor ligands experimentally investigated and their electronic properties established, we report herein their radical‐stabilizing effect. We show that radical stabilization can be understood by a captodative frontier orbital description involving π‐donation to‐ and π‐donation from the carbenes. This picture sheds a new perspective on NHC chemistry, where π‐donor effects usually are assumed to be negligible. Further, it allows for the intuitive prediction of the thermodynamic stability of covalent radicals of main group‐ and transition metal carbene complexes, and the quantification of redox non‐innocence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Breitwieser
- Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Hilke Bahmann
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Saarland University Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Robert Weiss
- Organische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestr. 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Inorganic and General Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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12
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Demirer T, Morgenstern B, Andrada DM. Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding Analysis of Lewis Base and Lewis Acid/Base‐Stabilized Phosphanylgallanes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.Ilgin Demirer
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Chemistry Department Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken GERMANY
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Chemistry Department Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken GERMANY
| | - Diego Marcelo Andrada
- Universitat des Saarlandes Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultat Fachberei Chemie Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken GERMANY
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13
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Breitwieser K, Bahmann H, Weiss R, Munz D. Gauging Radical Stabilization with Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Breitwieser
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Coordination Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Hilke Bahmann
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Theoretical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Robert Weiss
- FAU Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Dominik Munz
- Universitat des Saarlandes Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Campus C 4.1 66123 Saarbrücken GERMANY
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14
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Tian J, Cordier M, Bour C, Auffrant A, Gandon V. A cyclic divalent N(I) species isoelectronic to carbodiphosphoranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5741-5744. [PMID: 35466973 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01637k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a rare type of diphosphazenium cation is described. Its synthesis features a unique oxidative dealkylation of an iminophosphorane-phosphole by a silver(I) salt. DFT study of this compound reveals the low valent character of the N(I) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Tian
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Marie Cordier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168 Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Audrey Auffrant
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168 Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France. .,Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168 Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
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15
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Hollister KK, Molino A, Breiner G, Walley JE, Wentz KE, Conley AM, Dickie DA, Wilson DJD, Gilliard RJ. Air-Stable Thermoluminescent Carbodicarbene-Borafluorenium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:590-598. [PMID: 35016509 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Borenium ions, originally synthesized as fundamentally important laboratory curiosities, have attracted significant attention due to their applications in catalysis and frustrated Lewis pair chemistry. However, investigations of the materials properties of these types of compounds are exceptionally rare. Herein, we report the synthesis, molecular structures, and optical properties of a new class of air-stable borenium ions, stabilized by the strongly donating carbodicarbene (CDC) ligand (2, 3, 6). Notably, CDC-borafluorenium ions exhibit thermoluminescence in solution, a result of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer process. The temperature responsiveness, which is observable by the naked eye, is assessed over a 20 to -60 °C range. Significantly, compound 2 emits white light at lower temperatures. In the solid state, these borocations exhibit increased quantum yields due to aggregation-induced emission. CDC-borafluorenium ions with two different counteranions (Br-, BPh4-) were investigated to evaluate the effect of anion size on the solution and solid-state optical properties. In addition, CDCs containing both symmetrical and unsymmetrical N-heterocycles (bis(1-isopropyl-3-methylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene)methane and bis(1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylidene)methane) were tested to understand the implications of free rotation about the CDC ligand carbon-carbon bonds. The experimental work is complemented by a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the excited-state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Hollister
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grace Breiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jacob E Walley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kelsie E Wentz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Ashley M Conley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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16
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Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands: Electronic structure and application as chemically- and redox-non-innocent ligands and chromophores. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Gimferrer M, Danés S, Andrada DM, Salvador P. Unveiling the Electronic Structure of the Bi(+1)/Bi(+3) Redox Couple on NCN and NNN Pincer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17657-17668. [PMID: 34766771 PMCID: PMC8653152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Low-valent group
15 compounds stabilized by pincer ligands have
gained particular interest, given their direct access to fine-tune
their reactivity by the coordination pattern. Recently, bismuth has
been employed in a variety of catalytic transformations by taking
advantage of the (+1/+3) redox couple. In this work, we present a
detailed quantum–chemical study on the electronic structure
of bismuth pincer complexes from two different families, namely, bis(ketimine)phenyl
(NCN) and triamide bismuthinidene (NNN). The use of the so-called
effective oxidation state analysis allows the unambiguous assignation
of the bismuth oxidation state. In contrast to previous studies, our
calculations suggest a Bi(+1) assignation for NCN pincer ligands,
while Bi(+3) character is found for NNN pincer complexes. Notably,
regardless of its oxidation state, the central bismuth atom disposes
of up to two lone pairs for coordinating Lewis acids, as indicated
by very high first and second proton affinity values. Besides, the
Bi–NNN systems can also accommodate two Lewis base ligands,
indicating also ambiphilic behavior. The effective fragment orbital
analysis of Bi and the ligand allows monitoring of the intricate electron
flow of these processes, revealing the noninnocent nature of the NNN
ligand, in contrast with the NCN one. By the dissection of the electron
density into effective fragment orbitals, we are able to quantify
and rationalize the Lewis base/acid character. Effective oxidation state analysis sheds
light on the electronic
structure of chemical systems. The oxidation state of bismuthinidene
pincer complexes can be assigned as Bi(+1) or Bi(+3) depending on
the nature of the ligands. Despite this assignation, the reactivity
pattern as Lewis base or acid is similar. The occupation of the effective
fragment orbitals gives a straightforward method to quantify the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Danés
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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18
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Deb R, Balakrishna P, Majumdar M. Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Pn(I) (Pn=N, P, As, Sb, Bi) Cations. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101133. [PMID: 34786856 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Group 15 Pn(I) cations (Pn=N, P, As, Sb and Bi), which are isoelectronic with the donor-stabilized carbones, have emerged recently. Despite the presence of two lone pair of electrons, the Pn(I) cations are weakly nucleophilic due to their inherent positive charge. Strongly electron-donating supporting ligands including zwitterionic forms have been used to enhance their Lewis basicity. Furthermore, the chelating effect of cyclic ligand systems proved effective in increasing their nucleophilicity. The strategies involved in successfully isolating the fleeting Sb(I) and Bi(I) cations as the recent most achievements in this field have been discussed. The syntheses, structure, bonding situations and reactivity of the Pn(I) cations are discussed. An outlook on the periodic trends and future applications of these electronically unique electron-rich cationic moieties have been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Balakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
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19
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Feuerstein W, Varava P, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Synthesis, structural characterization, and coordination chemistry of imidazole-based alkylidene ketenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11509-11512. [PMID: 34652353 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkylidene ketenes typically display high intrinsic reactivity, impeding isolation on a preparative scale. Herein, we report the synthesis of alkylidene ketenes by reaction of imidazole-based diazoolefins with carbon monoxide. The good thermal stability of these heterocumulenes allows for characterization by single crystal X-ray diffraction. N-Heterocyclic alkylidene ketenes can be used as C-donor ligands for transition and main group metals, as evidenced by the isolation of complexes with AuCl, RhCl(CO)2, PdCl(C3H5) and GaCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Varava
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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20
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More details on diazoolefins. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1030-1032. [PMID: 34707234 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Varava P, Dong Z, Scopelliti R, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Isolation and characterization of diazoolefins. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1055-1060. [PMID: 34621076 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diazoolefins tend to be highly reactive compounds that rapidly lose dinitrogen. So far, most experimental evidence for diazoolefins is indirect, via trapping experiments. Here we show that diazoolefins are observed to form in reactions of N-heterocyclic olefins with nitrous oxide. The products benefit from resonance stabilization, which enables isolation on a preparative scale, and comprehensive characterization, which includes crystallographic analyses. N-heterocyclic diazoolefins show a strong ylidic character, with a high charge density at the carbon atom next to the diazo group. Despite the presence of terminal N2 groups, N-heterocyclic diazoolefins display a good thermal stability, which surpasses that observed for most diazoalkanes. N-heterocyclic diazoolefins can bind transition and main group metal complexes without the liberation of dinitrogen, and spectroscopic data show that they are strong electron donors. They can also undergo reactions that involve the N2 group, as evidenced by cycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Varava
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhaowen Dong
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Antoni PW, Reitz J, Hansmann MM. N 2/CO Exchange at a Vinylidene Carbon Center: Stable Alkylidene Ketenes and Alkylidene Thioketenes from 1,2,3-Triazole Derived Diazoalkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12878-12885. [PMID: 34348463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a new class of room-temperature stable diazoalkenes featuring a 1,2,3-triazole backbone. Dinitrogen of the diazoalkene moiety can be thermally displaced by an isocyanide and carbon monoxide. The latter alkylidene ketenes are typically considered as highly reactive compounds, traditionally only accessible by flash vacuum pyrolysis. We present a new and mild synthetic approach to the first structurally characterized alkylidene ketenes by a substitution reaction. Density functional theory calculations suggest the substitution with isocyanides to take place via a stepwise addition/elimination mechanism. In the case of carbon monoxide, the reaction proceeds through an unusual concerted exchange at a vinylidene carbon center. The vinylidene ketenes react with carbon disulfide via a four-membered thiete intermediate to give vinylidene thioketenes under release of COS. We present spectroscopic as well as structural data for the complete isoelectronic series (R2C═C═X; X = N2, CO, CNR, CS) including 1J(13C-13C) data. As N2, CO, and isocyanides belong to the archetypical ligands in transition-metal chemistry, this process can be interpreted in analogy to coordination chemistry as a ligand exchange reaction at a vinylidene carbon center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Justus Reitz
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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23
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Sanyal S, Esterhuysen C. Nature of halogen bond adducts of carbones with XCF3 (X = Cl, Br, I) species. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Isolation and reactivity of an elusive diazoalkene. Nat Chem 2021; 13:587-593. [PMID: 33927373 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most functional groups, especially those consisting of the abundant elements of organic matter-carbon, nitrogen and oxygen-have been extensively studied and only very few remain speculative due to their high intrinsic reactivity. In contrast to the well-explored chemistry of diazoalkanes (R2C=N2), diazoalkenes (R2C=C=N2) have been postulated in several organic transformations, but remain elusive long-sought intermediates. Here, we present a room-temperature stable diazoalkene, utilizing a dinitrogen transfer from nitrous oxide. This functional group shows dual-site nucleophilicity (C and N atoms) and features a bent C-C-N entity (124°) and a long N-N bond together with a remarkable low infrared absorption (1,944 cm-1). Substitution of N2 by an isocyanide leads to a vinylidene ketenimine. Furthermore, photochemically triggered loss of dinitrogen might proceed through a transient triplet vinylidene. We anticipate the existence of a stable diazoalkene functional group to pave an exciting avenue into the chemistry of low-valent carbon and unsaturated carbenes.
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25
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Walley JE, Warring LS, Wang G, Dickie DA, Pan S, Frenking G, Gilliard RJ. Carbodicarbene Bismaalkene Cations: Unravelling the Complexities of Carbene versus Carbone in Heavy Pnictogen Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6682-6690. [PMID: 33290596 PMCID: PMC7986408 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and theoretical study on the first examples of carbodicarbene (CDC)-stabilized bismuth complexes, which feature low-coordinate cationic bismuth centers with C=Bi multiple-bond character. Monocations [(CDC)Bi(Ph)Cl][SbF6 ] (8) and [(CDC)BiBr2 (THF)2 ][SbF6 ] (11), dications [(CDC)Bi(Ph)][SbF6 ]2 (9) and [(CDC)BiBr(THF)3 ][NTf2 ]2 (12), and trication [(CDC)2 Bi][NTf2 ]3 (13) have been synthesized via sequential halide abstractions from (CDC)Bi(Ph)Cl2 (7) and (CDC)BiBr3 (10). Notably, the dications and trication exhibit C ⇉ Bi double dative bonds and thus represent unprecedented bismaalkene cations. The synthesis of these species highlights a unique non-reductive route to C-Bi π-bonding character. The CDC-[Bi] complexes (7-13) were compared with related NHC-[Bi] complexes (1, 3-6) and show substantially different structural properties. Indeed, the CDC ligand has a remarkable influence on the overall stability of the resulting low-coordinate Bi complexes, suggesting that CDC is a superior ligand to NHC in heavy pnictogen chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Walley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Levi S. Warring
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Guocang Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universitt MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35043MarburgGermany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universitt MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35043MarburgGermany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
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26
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Gorantla SMNVT, Mondal KC. Bonding and Stability of C
6
F
4
Bridged by Bis‐Carbenes: EDA‐NOCV Analysis of (L)
2
C
6
F
4
[L = SNHC
Dip
, cAAC
Me
]. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Münzer JE, Sieg GH, Vehlies R, Fuzon PA, Xie X, Neumüller B, Kuzu I. Cationic group 1 carbodiphosphorane complexes. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Walley JE, Warring LS, Wang G, Dickie DA, Pan S, Frenking G, Gilliard RJ. Carbodicarbene Bismaalkene Cations: Unravelling the Complexities of Carbene versus Carbone in Heavy Pnictogen Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Walley
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Levi S. Warring
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Guocang Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
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29
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Gorantla SMNVT, Francis M, Roy S, Mondal KC. Bonding and stability of donor ligand-supported heavier analogues of cyanogen halides (L')PSi(X)(L). RSC Adv 2021; 11:6586-6603. [PMID: 35423226 PMCID: PMC8694932 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoro- and chloro-phosphasilynes [X-Si[triple bond, length as m-dash]P (X = F, Cl)] belong to a class of illusive chemical species which are expected to have Si[triple bond, length as m-dash]P multiple bonds. Theoretical investigations of the bonding and stability of the corresponding Lewis base-stabilized species (L')PSi(X)(L) [L' = cAACMe (cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene); L = cAACMe, NHCMe (N-heterocyclic carbene), PMe3, aAAC (acyclic alkyl(amino) carbene); X = Cl, F] have been studied using the energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) method. The variation of the ligands (L) on the Si-atom leads to different bonding scenarios depending on their σ-donation and π-back acceptance properties. The ligands with higher lying HOMOs prefer profoundly different bonding scenarios than the ligands with lower lying HOMOs. The type of halogen (Cl or F) on the Si-atom was also found to have a significant influence on the overall bonding scenario. The reasonably higher value and endergonic nature of the dissociation energies along with the appreciable HOMO-LUMO energy gap may corroborate to the synthetic viability of the homo and heteroleptic ligand-stabilized elusive PSi(Cl/F) species in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Francis
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati 517507 India
| | - Sudipta Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati 517507 India
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30
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Havenith RWA, Cunha AV, Klein JEMN, Perolari F, Feng X. The electronic structure of carbones revealed: insights from valence bond theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3327-3334. [PMID: 33501481 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05007e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we studied the OC-C bond in carbon suboxide and related allene compounds using the valence bond method. The nature of this bond has been the subject of debate, whether it is a regular, electron sharing bond or a dative bond. We compared the nature of this bond in carbon suboxide with the gold-CO bond in Au(CO)2+, which is a typical dative bond, and we studied its charge-shift bond character. We found that the C-CO bond in carbon suboxide is unique in the sense that it cannot be assigned as either a dative or electron sharing bond, but it is an admixture of electron sharing and dative components, together with a high contribution of ionic character. These findings provide a clear basis for distinguishing the commonly found dative bonds between ligands and transition metals and the present case of what may be described as coordinative bonding to carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco W A Havenith
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Mondal KC, Frenking G. Revisiting the Bonding Scenario of Two Donor Ligand Stabilized C 2 Species. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:291-301. [PMID: 33369414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations using density functional methods were performed for complexes of type L2C2 with L = NHCMe (1), SNHCMe (2) (S = saturated), cAACMe (3), and diamidocarbene (DACMe) (4). The equilibrium structures of 1-4 possess almost linear C4 cores. A high thermochemical stability of the complexes with respect to dissociation, L2C2 → C2 + 2L, is indicated by the large bond dissociation energy following the order 3 > 4 > 2 > 1. The results show that the use of SNHCMe and DACMe as ligands is preferable over NHCMe. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods reveals that (cAACMe)2C2 and (DACMe)2C2 possess genuine cumulene C4 moieties, which results from the electron-sharing bonding between quintet L2 and quintet C2 fragments. In contrast, the bonding in (NHCMe)2C2 and (SNHCMe)2C2 comes from a combination of dative and electron-sharing interactions between doublet L2+ and doublet C2- fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Manoj N V T Gorantla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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32
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Liu SK, Chen WC, Yap GPA, Ong TG. Synthesis of Carbophosphinocarbene and Their Donating Ability: Expansion of the Carbone Class. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-kai Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-chu, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-chu,Taiwan
| | | | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-chu, Taiwan
- The Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Mondal KC, Frenking G. Stabilization of Linear C 3 by Two Donor Ligands: A Theoretical Study of L-C 3 -L (L=PPh 3 , NHC Me , cAAC Me )*. Chemistry 2020; 26:14211-14220. [PMID: 32743817 PMCID: PMC7702110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical studies using density functional theory and ab initio methods have been carried out for the molecules L-C3 -L with L=PPh3 (1), NHCMe (2, NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene), and cAACMe (3, cAAC=cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene). The calculations predict that 1 and 2 have equilibrium geometries where the ligands are bonded with rather acute bonding angles at the linear C3 moiety. The phosphine adduct 1 has a synclinal (gauche) conformation whereas 2 exhibits a trans conformation of the ligands. In contrast, the compound 3 possesses a nearly linear arrangement of the carbene ligands at the C3 fragment. The bond dissociation energies of the ligands have the order 1<2<3. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods suggests that 3 is best described as a cumulene with electron-sharing double bonds between neutral fragments (cAACMe )2 and C3 in the respective electronic quintet state yielding (cAACMe )=C3 =(cAACMe ). In contrast, 1 and 2 possess electron-sharing and dative bonds between positively charged ligands [(PPh3 )2 ]+ or [(NHCMe )2 ]+ and negatively charged [C3 ]- fragments in the respective doublet state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
| | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
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34
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Kalita AJ, Rohman SS, Kashyap C, Ullah SS, Mazumder LJ, Guha AK. Theoretical Prediction of a Neutral Zero‐Valent Beryllium Compound Isoelectronic with Singlet Carbenes. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amlan J. Kalita
- Advanced Computational Chemistry CentreDepartment of ChemistryCotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Shahnaz S. Rohman
- Advanced Computational Chemistry CentreDepartment of ChemistryCotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Chayanika Kashyap
- Advanced Computational Chemistry CentreDepartment of ChemistryCotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Sabnam S. Ullah
- Advanced Computational Chemistry CentreDepartment of ChemistryCotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Lakhya J. Mazumder
- Advanced Computational Chemistry CentreDepartment of ChemistryCotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Ankur K. Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry CentreDepartment of ChemistryCotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati Assam INDIA- 781001
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35
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Kleinpeter E, Koch A. Bent Allenes or Di-1,3-betaines-An Answer Given on the Magnetic Criterion. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3180-3190. [PMID: 32223167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The spatial magnetic properties, through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS), of bent allene 1, the corresponding C-extended 1,3-butadiene derivative 2, and a number of related compounds 3-20 have been calculated using the gauge-independent atomic orbital perturbation method, employing the nucleus-independent chemical shift concept and visualized as isochemical shielding surfaces of various sizes and directions. Prior to that, both structures and 13C chemical shifts were calculated and compared with available experimental bond lengths and δ(13C)/ppm values (also, as a quality criterion for the computed structures). Bond lengths, the δ(13C)/ppm, and the TSNMRS values are employed to qualify and quantify the electronic structure of the studied compounds in terms of dative or classical electron-sharing bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Kleinpeter
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam (Golm), Germany
| | - Andreas Koch
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam (Golm), Germany
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36
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Chan SC, Ang ZZ, Gupta P, Ganguly R, Li Y, Ye S, England J. Carbodicarbene Ligand Redox Noninnocence in Highly Oxidized Chromium and Cobalt Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4118-4128. [PMID: 32101411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbodicarbenes (CDCs) possess two lone pairs of electrons on their central carbone C atom (Ccarbone). Coordination to a transition metal via a σ bond leaves one pair of electrons with appropriate symmetry for π donation to the metal. However, the high energy of the latter also renders the CDC ligand potentially redox-active. Herein, we explore these alternatives in the redox series [Cr(L)2]n+ and [Co(L)2]n+ (n = 2-5), where L is a tridentate ligand comprised of a central CDC and two flanking pyridine donors. To this end, all members of both redox series were synthesized and their electronic structures were investigated by using a combination of 1H NMR, Evans' NMR, IR, UV-vis, and EPR spectroscopies, SQUID magnetometry, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory studies. Whereas [CoII(L)2]2+ is a straightforward low-spin (S = 1/2) cobalt(II) complex, the corresponding chromium complex was found to feature an electronic structure that is intermediate between the two limiting resonance forms [CrIII(L•-)(L)]2+ and [CrII(L)2]2+. In the case of the tri-, tetra-, and pentacationic complexes, the qualitatively identical electronic structures [MIII(L)2]3+, [MIII(L•+)(L)]4+, and [MIII(L•+)2]5+ were observed for both metals. Thus, the metal ions retain a 3+ oxidation state throughout, and the higher redox states contain oxidized ligands. The majority of the unpaired spin on the cation radical ligands was calculated to be localized in π-symmetry orbitals on the coordinated Ccarbone atoms. Analogous behavior was previously reported for the corresponding iron redox series and, as such, redox noninnocence in oxidized CDC and, more broadly, carbone complexes is likely widely accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhi Zhong Ang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Puneet Gupta
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470, Germany
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jason England
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
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37
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Flosdorf K, Jiang D, Zhao L, Neumüller B, Frenking G, Kuzu I. An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Structures and Properties of [CDP
Me
‐Ni(CO)
3
] and [Ni
2
(CO)
4
(µ
2
‐CO)(µ
2
‐CDP
Me
)]. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Flosdorf
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4, D ‐35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing China
| | - Bernhard Neumüller
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4, D ‐35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4, D ‐35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Istemi Kuzu
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4, D ‐35032 Marburg Germany
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38
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Singh T, Bharatam PV. Donor→acceptor coordination interactions in 1,3-bis(NHC)triazenyl Cations: An electronic structure analysis. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2207-2215. [PMID: 31144352 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Donor→acceptor coordination interactions (L → N) between ligands and nitrogen center as in L → N⊕ ← L were reported in the recent past. This article describes the possibility of L → N coordination interactions in triazenyl cation species L → N3 ⊕ ← L. A few 1,3-bis(NHC)triazenyl cation species were experimentally known, the electronic structure analysis reported in this work reveals the presence of L → N (donor→acceptor) interactions in these species. Molecular orbital analysis, NBO charge analysis, energy decomposition analysis, and so forth, confirm the possibility of L → N coordination bond character. Ten molecules with the general formula L → N3 ⊕ ← L have been designed carrying L → N3 ⊕ ← L interactions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejender Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
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39
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Theoretical assessment of donor–acceptor complexes [X(PPh3)2 → AlH2]+ (X = C–Pb): structures and bonding. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Doddi A, Peters M, Tamm M. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Adducts of Main Group Elements and Their Use as Ligands in Transition Metal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6994-7112. [PMID: 30983327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) are nowadays ubiquitous and indispensable in many research fields, and it is not possible to imagine modern transition metal and main group element chemistry without the plethora of available NHCs with tailor-made electronic and steric properties. While their suitability to act as strong ligands toward transition metals has led to numerous applications of NHC complexes in homogeneous catalysis, their strong σ-donating and adaptable π-accepting abilities have also contributed to an impressive vitalization of main group chemistry with the isolation and characterization of NHC adducts of almost any element. Formally, NHC coordination to Lewis acids affords a transfer of nucleophilicity from the carbene carbon atom to the attached exocyclic moiety, and low-valent and low-coordinate adducts of the p-block elements with available lone pairs and/or polarized carbon-element π-bonds are able to act themselves as Lewis basic donor ligands toward transition metals. Accordingly, the availability of a large number of novel NHC adducts has not only produced new varieties of already existing ligand classes but has also allowed establishment of numerous complexes with unusual and often unprecedented element-metal bonds. This review aims at summarizing this development comprehensively and covers the usage of N-heterocyclic carbene adducts of the p-block elements as ligands in transition metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinarayana Doddi
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marius Peters
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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41
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Singh T, George A, Parameswaran P, Bharatam PV. Enols, Diamino Enols, and Breslow Intermediates: A Comparative Quantum Chemical Analysis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tejender Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67; 160 062 S.A.S. Nagar - Punjab India
| | - Anjana George
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Calicut Campus P.O. 673 601 Kozhikode - Kerala India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Calicut Campus P.O. 673 601 Kozhikode - Kerala India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67; 160 062 S.A.S. Nagar - Punjab India
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
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43
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Schwarz C, Scharf LT, Scherpf T, Weismann J, Gessner VH. Isolation of the Metalated Ylides [Ph 3 P-C-CN]M (M=Li, Na, K): Influence of the Metal Ion on the Structure and Bonding Situation. Chemistry 2019; 25:2793-2802. [PMID: 30556625 PMCID: PMC6519153 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and structural characterization of the cyanido-substituted metalated ylides [Ph3 P-C-CN]M (1-M; M=Li, Na, K) are reported with lithium, sodium, and potassium as metal cations. In the solid-state, most different aggregates could be determined depending on the metal and additional Lewis bases. The crown-ether complexes of sodium (1-Na) and potassium (1-K) exhibited different structures, with sodium preferring coordination to the nitrogen end, whereas potassium binds in an unusual η2 -coordination mode to the two central carbon atoms. The formation of the yldiide was accompanied by structural changes leading to shorter C-C and longer C-N bonds. This could be attributed to the delocalization of the free electron pairs at the carbon atom into the antibonding orbitals of the CN moiety, which was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and computational studies. Detailed density functional theory calculations show that the changes in the structure and the bonding situation were most pronounced in the lithium compounds due to the higher covalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schwarz
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Lennart T. Scharf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Julia Weismann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
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44
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Bhagat S, Arfeen M, Das G, Patel N, Bharatam PV. Electronic and ligating properties of carbocyclic carbenes: A theoretical investigation. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:726-733. [PMID: 30549074 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Carbocyclic carbenes (CCCs) are a class of nucleophilic carbenes which are very similar to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in terms of their reactivity, but they do not contain a stabilizing heteroatom in their cyclic ring system. In this study, 17 representative known CCCs and 34 newly designed CCCs are evaluated using quantum chemical methods, and the results are compared in terms of their stability, nucleophilicity, and proton affinity (PA) parameters. The results are divided on the basis of ring size of the known and reported CCCs. The stability, nucleophilicity, PA, complexation energy, and bond strength-related parameters were estimated using M06/6-311++G(d,p) method. The results indicated that the CCCs known in the literature are strong σ-electron donating species and have considerable π-accepting properties. This study led to the design and identification of a few new CCCs with dimethylamine and diaminomethynyl substituents which can be singlet stable and are substantially nucleophilic. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Bhagat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Minhajul Arfeen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Gourav Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Neha Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
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45
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Chan SC, Gupta P, Engelmann X, Ang ZZ, Ganguly R, Bill E, Ray K, Ye S, England J. Observation of Carbodicarbene Ligand Redox Noninnocence in Highly Oxidized Iron Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Puneet Gupta
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Xenia Engelmann
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Zhi Zhong Ang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Plank-Institut für Chemische Energie Konversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Kallol Ray
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jason England
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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46
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Chan SC, Gupta P, Engelmann X, Ang ZZ, Ganguly R, Bill E, Ray K, Ye S, England J. Observation of Carbodicarbene Ligand Redox Noninnocence in Highly Oxidized Iron Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15717-15722. [PMID: 30239076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To probe the possibility that carbodicarbenes (CDCs) are redox active ligands, all four members of the redox series [Fe(1)2 ]n+ (n=2-5) were synthesized, where 1 is a neutral tridentate CDC. Through a combination of spectroscopy and DFT calculations, the electronic structure of the pentacation is shown to be [FeIII (1.+ )2 ]5+ (S= 1 / 2 ). That of [Fe(1)2 ]4+ is more ambiguous, but it has significant contributions from the open-shell singlet [FeIII (1)(1.+ )]4+ (S=0). The observed spin states derive from antiferromagnetic coupling of their constituent low-spin iron(III) centres and cation radical ligands. This marks the first time redox activity has been observed for carbones and expands the diverse chemical behaviour known for these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Puneet Gupta
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Xenia Engelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhi Zhong Ang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Plank-Institut für Chemische Energie Konversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kallol Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jason England
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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47
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Hey DA, Reich RM, Baratta W, Kühn FE. Current advances on ruthenium(II) N-heterocyclic carbenes in hydrogenation reactions. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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48
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Liu AH, Dang YL, Zhou H, Zhang JJ, Lu XB. CO2
Adducts of Carbodicarbenes: Robust and Versatile Organocatalysts for Chemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide into Heterocyclic Compounds. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- An-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ju Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P.R. China
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49
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50
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Barry BM, Soper RG, Hurmalainen J, Mansikkamäki A, Robertson KN, McClennan WL, Veinot AJ, Roemmele TL, Werner‐Zwanziger U, Boeré RT, Tuononen HM, Clyburne JAC, Masuda JD. Mono‐ and Bis(imidazolidinium ethynyl) Cations and Reduction of the Latter To Give an Extended Bis‐1,4‐([3]Cumulene)‐
p
‐carboquinoid System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:749-754. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Barry
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Platteville Platteville WI 5 3818-3099 USA
| | - R. Graeme Soper
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Juha Hurmalainen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Jyväskylä P.O Box 35 University of Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Akseli Mansikkamäki
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Jyväskylä P.O Box 35 University of Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | | | - William L. McClennan
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Alex J. Veinot
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Tracey L. Roemmele
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | | | - René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Jyväskylä P.O Box 35 University of Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Jason A. C. Clyburne
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Jason D. Masuda
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
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