1
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Feng Y, Philp D. A Molecular Replication Process Drives Supramolecular Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17029-17039. [PMID: 34617739 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are materials in which the connections between monomers in the polymer main chain are non-covalent bonds. This area has seen rapid expansion in the last two decades and has been exploited in several applications. However, suitable contiguous hydrogen-bond arrays can be difficult to synthesize, placing some limitations on the deployment of supramolecular polymers. We have designed a hydrogen-bonded polymer assembled from a bifunctional monomer composed of two replicating templates separated by a rigid spacer. This design allows the autocatalytic formation of the polymer main chain through the self-templating properties of the replicators and drives the synthesis of the bifunctional monomer from its constituent components in solution. The template-directed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between nitrone and maleimide proceeds with high diastereoselectivity, affording the bifunctional monomer. The high binding affinity between the self-complementary replicating templates that allows the bifunctional monomer to polymerize in solution is derived from the positive cooperativity associated with this binding process. The assembly of the polymer in solution has been investigated by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. Both microcrystalline and thin films of the polymeric material can be prepared readily and have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. These results demonstrate that the approach described here is a valid one for the construction of supramolecular polymers and can be extended to systems where the rigid spacer between the replicating templates is replaced by one carrying additional function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Douglas Philp
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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2
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He M, Lehn JM. Time-Dependent Switching of Constitutional Dynamic Libraries and Networks from Kinetic to Thermodynamic Distributions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18560-18569. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meixia He
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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3
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Osypenko A, Dhers S, Lehn JM. Pattern Generation and Information Transfer through a Liquid/Liquid Interface in 3D Constitutional Dynamic Networks of Imine Ligands in Response to Metal Cation Effectors. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12724-12737. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artem Osypenko
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Dhers
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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4
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Wagner N, Hochberg D, Peacock-Lopez E, Maity I, Ashkenasy G. Open Prebiotic Environments Drive Emergent Phenomena and Complex Behavior. Life (Basel) 2019; 9:life9020045. [PMID: 31163645 PMCID: PMC6617095 DOI: 10.3390/life9020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have been studying simple prebiotic catalytic replicating networks as prototypes for modeling replication, complexification and Systems Chemistry. While living systems are always open and function far from equilibrium, these prebiotic networks may be open or closed, dynamic or static, divergent or convergent to a steady state. In this paper we review the properties of these simple replicating networks, and show, via four working models, how even though closed systems exhibit a wide range of emergent phenomena, many of the more interesting phenomena leading to complexification and emergence indeed require open systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - David Hochberg
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra Ajalvir Km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Indrajit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
- Present address: Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gonen Ashkenasy
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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5
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Le Vay K, Weise LI, Libicher K, Mascarenhas J, Mutschler H. Templated Self‐Replication in Biomimetic Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800313. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Le Vay
- Biomimetic SystemsMax Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
| | - Laura Isabel Weise
- Biomimetic SystemsMax Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
| | - Kai Libicher
- Biomimetic SystemsMax Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
| | - Judita Mascarenhas
- Department of Systems and Synthetic MicrobiologyMax Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg Germany
| | - Hannes Mutschler
- Biomimetic SystemsMax Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
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6
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Kosikova T, Philp D. Two Synthetic Replicators Compete To Process a Dynamic Reagent Pool. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3059-3072. [PMID: 30668914 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complementary building blocks, comprising a set of four aromatic aldehydes and a set of four nucleophiles-three anilines and one hydroxylamine-combine through condensation reactions to afford a dynamic covalent library (DCL) consisting of the eight starting materials and 16 condensation products. One of the aldehydes and, consequently, all of the DCL members derived from this compound bear an amidopyridine recognition site. Exposure of this DCL to two maleimides, Mp and Mm, each equipped with a carboxylic acid recognition site, results in the formation of a series of products through irreversible 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with the four nitrones present in the DCL. However, only the two cycloadducts in the product pool that incorporate both recognition sites, Tp and Tm, are self-replicators that can harness the DCL as feedstock for their own formation, facilitating their own synthesis via autocatalytic and cross-catalytic pathways. The ability of these replicators to direct their own formation from the components present in the dynamic reagent pool in response to the input of instructions in the form of preformed replicators is demonstrated through a series of quantitative 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopy experiments. Simulations establish the critical relationships between the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the replicators, the initial reagent concentrations, and the presence or absence of the DCL and their influence on the competition between Tp and Tm. Thus, we establish the rules that govern the behavior of the competing replicators under conditions where their formation is coupled tightly to the processing of a DCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kosikova
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST Fife , United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Philp
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST Fife , United Kingdom
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Meniz Altay
- Centre for Systems ChemistryStratingh InstituteUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Yigit Altay
- Centre for Systems ChemistryStratingh InstituteUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems ChemistryStratingh InstituteUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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8
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Altay Y, Altay M, Otto S. Existing Self-Replicators Can Direct the Emergence of New Ones. Chemistry 2018; 24:11911-11915. [PMID: 29901838 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of the interplay between different self-replicating molecules constitutes an important new phase in the synthesis of life and in unravelling the origin of life. Here we show how existing replicators can direct the nature of a newly formed replicator. Starting from the same building block, 6-ring replicators formed when the mixture was exposed to pre-existing 6-membered replicators, while pre-formed 8-membered replicators funneled the building block into 8-ring replicators. Not only ring size, but also the mode of assembly of the rings into stacks was inherited from the pre-existing replicators. These results show that the nature of self-replicating molecules can be strongly influenced by the interplay between different self-replicators, overriding preferences innate to the structure of the building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Altay
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meniz Altay
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Altay M, Altay Y, Otto S. Parasitic Behavior of Self-Replicating Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10564-10568. [PMID: 29856109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-replication plays a central role in the origin of life and in strategies to synthesize life de novo. Studies on self-replication have focused mostly on isolated systems, while the dynamics of systems containing multiple replicators have received comparatively little attention. Yet most evolutionary scenarios involve the interplay between different replicators. Here we report the emergence of parasitic behavior in a system containing self-replicators derived from two subtly different building blocks 1 and 2. Replicators from 2 form readily through cross-catalysis by pre-existing replicators made from 1. Once formed, the new replicators consume the original replicators to which they owe their existence. These results resemble parasitic and predatory behavior that is normally associated with living systems and show how such lifelike behavior has its roots in relatively simple systems of self-replicating molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meniz Altay
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yigit Altay
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Kosikova T, Philp D. Exploring the emergence of complexity using synthetic replicators. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7274-7305. [PMID: 29099123 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of synthetic systems capable of replicating themselves or entities that are complementary to themselves have appeared in the last 30 years. Building on an understanding of the operation of synthetic replicators in isolation, this field has progressed to examples where catalytic relationships between replicators within the same network and the extant reaction conditions play a role in driving phenomena at the level of the whole system. Systems chemistry has played a pivotal role in the attempts to understand the origin of biological complexity by exploiting the power of synthetic chemistry, in conjunction with the molecular recognition toolkit pioneered by the field of supramolecular chemistry, thereby permitting the bottom-up engineering of increasingly complex reaction networks from simple building blocks. This review describes the advances facilitated by the systems chemistry approach in relating the expression of complex and emergent behaviour in networks of replicators with the connectivity and catalytic relationships inherent within them. These systems, examined within well-stirred batch reactors, represent conceptual and practical frameworks that can then be translated to conditions that permit replicating systems to overcome the fundamental limits imposed on selection processes in networks operating under closed conditions. This shift away from traditional spatially homogeneous reactors towards dynamic and non-equilibrium conditions, such as those provided by reaction-diffusion reaction formats, constitutes a key change that mimics environments within cellular systems, which possess obvious compartmentalisation and inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kosikova
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Lehn
- University of Strasbourg Institute of Advanced Study (USIAS) ISIS; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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12
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García F, Pelss J, Zuilhof H, Smulders MMJ. Multi-responsive coordination polymers utilising metal-stabilised, dynamic covalent imine bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:9059-62. [PMID: 26879208 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00500d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report how the combination of dynamic covalent imine bonds and coordination bonds in a single polymer material not only imparts enhanced stability to the final polymer, but also allows the material to be sensitive to a range of stimuli, offering more fine-grained control over its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima García
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janis Pelss
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands. and Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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14
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Komáromy D, Tezcan M, Schaeffer G, Marić I, Otto S. Effector-Triggered Self-Replication in Coupled Subsystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Komáromy
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Meniz Tezcan
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gaël Schaeffer
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Marić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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15
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Komáromy D, Tezcan M, Schaeffer G, Marić I, Otto S. Effector-Triggered Self-Replication in Coupled Subsystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14658-14662. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Komáromy
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Meniz Tezcan
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gaël Schaeffer
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Marić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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16
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Altay Y, Tezcan M, Otto S. Emergence of a New Self-Replicator from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library Requires a Specific Pre-Existing Replicator. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13612-13615. [PMID: 28910535 PMCID: PMC5632813 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Our
knowledge regarding the early steps in the formation of evolvable
life and what constitutes the minimal molecular basis of life remains
far from complete. The recent emergence of systems chemistry reinvigorated
the investigation of systems of self-replicating molecules to address
these questions. Most of these studies focus on single replicators
and the effects of replicators on the emergence of other replicators
remains under-investigated. Here we show the cross-catalyzed emergence
of a novel self-replicator from a dynamic combinatorial library made
from a threonine containing peptide building block, which, by itself,
only forms trimers and tetramers that do not replicate. Upon seeding
of this library with different replicators of different macrocycle
size (hexamers and octamers), we observed the emergence of hexamer
replicator consisting of six units of the threonine peptide only when
it is seeded with an octamer replicator containing eight units of
a serine building block. These results reveal for the first time how
a new replicator can emerge in a process that relies critically on
the assistance by another replicator through cross-catalysis and that
replicator composition is history dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Altay
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meniz Tezcan
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Cnossen A, Roche C, Anderson HL. Scavenger templates: a systems chemistry approach to the synthesis of porphyrin-based molecular wires. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10410-10413. [PMID: 28880311 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A hexa-pyridyl template can be used as a scavenger to facilitate the synthesis of a linear porphyrin dodecamer from a mixture of linear hexamers with one or two terminal reactive groups. The template suppresses polymer formation by rapidly cyclizing the fully deprotected hexamer, thus up-regulating formation of the linear dodecamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Cnossen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Cécile Roche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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18
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Bánsági T, Taylor AF. Ester hydrolysis: Conditions for acid autocatalysis and a kinetic switch. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Abstract
A series of exciting phenomena that can occur in supramolecular systems away from equilibrium are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonen Ashkenasy
- Department of Chemistry
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer Sheva
- Israel
| | | | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Annette F. Taylor
- Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD
- UK
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21
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Dhers S, Holub J, Lehn JM. Coevolution and ratiometric behaviour in metal cation-driven dynamic covalent systems. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2125-2130. [PMID: 28507664 PMCID: PMC5407266 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04662b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution can be defined as the correlated changes of structurally and/or functionally connected entities. Dynamic Covalent Libraries (DCLs) have been used to demonstrate coevolution and ratiometric behaviour on a molecular level using dynamic covalent molecules such as imines and hydrazones.
Dynamic Covalent Libraries (DCLs) have been used to demonstrate coevolution behaviour on a molecular level using dynamic covalent molecules such as imines and hydrazones. Two systems are presented: the first system is based on a dialdehyde and two diamines in combination with Zn(ii) and Hg(ii) to form a 2 × 2 Constitutional Dynamic Network (CDN) of four complexes of macrocyclic bis-imines. Whereas the two metal ions, when reacted separately form a complex with each macrocycle with low selectivity, when applied together, each cation yields selectively a complex with one of the two macrocycles. Thus, the simultaneous application of both cations, where one might have expected the formation of four different complexes, results in the synergistic evolution (co-evolution) towards a simpler, more selective outcome under agonist amplification. The second system of 4 components, 2 amines and 2 aldehydes displays metalloselection together with a correlated evolution in distribution on complexation of Zn(ii) and Cu(i) with the dynamic ligand constituents and exhibits a dynamic ratiometry process related to the antagonistic behaviour of a pair of ligand constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dhers
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire , ISIS , Université de Strasbourg , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Jan Holub
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire , ISIS , Université de Strasbourg , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire , ISIS , Université de Strasbourg , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
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22
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García F, Smulders MMJ. Dynamic covalent polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2016; 54:3551-3577. [PMID: 27917019 PMCID: PMC5129565 DOI: 10.1002/pola.28260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This Highlight presents an overview of the rapidly growing field of dynamic covalent polymers. This class of polymers combines intrinsic reversibility with the robustness of covalent bonds, thus enabling formation of mechanically stable, polymer-based materials that are responsive to external stimuli. It will be discussed how the inherent dynamic nature of the dynamic covalent bonds on the molecular level can be translated to the macroscopic level of the polymer, giving access to a range of applications, such as stimuli-responsive or self-healing materials. A primary distinction will be made based on the type of dynamic covalent bond employed, while a secondary distinction will be based on the consideration whether the dynamic covalent bond is used in the main chain of the polymer or whether it is used to allow side chain modification of the polymer. Emphasis will be on the chemistry of the dynamic covalent bonds present in the polymer, in particular in relation to how the specific (dynamic) features of the bond impart functionality to the polymer material, and to the conditions under which this dynamic behavior is manifested. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3551-3577.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima García
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708 WE WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten M. J. Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708 WE WageningenThe Netherlands
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23
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Holub J, Vantomme G, Lehn JM. Training a Constitutional Dynamic Network for Effector Recognition: Storage, Recall, and Erasing of Information. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11783-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Holub
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire,
Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire,
Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire,
Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Castilla AM, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Sequence-Dependent Guest Release Triggered by Orthogonal Chemical Signals. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2342-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Castilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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25
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Jee E, Bánsági T, Taylor AF, Pojman JA. Temporal Control of Gelation and Polymerization Fronts Driven by an Autocatalytic Enzyme Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2127-31. [PMID: 26732469 PMCID: PMC4755207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical systems that remain kinetically dormant until activated have numerous applications in materials science. Herein we present a method for the control of gelation that exploits an inbuilt switch: the increase in pH after an induction period in the urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea was used to trigger the base-catalyzed Michael addition of a water-soluble trithiol to a polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The time to gelation (minutes to hours) was either preset through the initial concentrations or the reaction was initiated locally by a base, thus resulting in polymerization fronts that converted the mixture from a liquid into a gel (ca. 0.1 mm min(-1)). The rate of hydrolytic degradation of the hydrogel depended on the initial concentrations, thus resulting in a gel lifetime of hours to months. In this way, temporal programming of gelation was possible under mild conditions by using the output of an autocatalytic enzyme reaction to drive both the polymerization and subsequent degradation of a hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jee
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Tamás Bánsági
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Annette F Taylor
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, LA, 70803, USA.
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26
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Jee E, Bánsági T, Taylor AF, Pojman JA. Temporal Control of Gelation and Polymerization Fronts Driven by an Autocatalytic Enzyme Reaction. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 128:2167-2171. [PMID: 27478280 PMCID: PMC4950125 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical systems that remain kinetically dormant until activated have numerous applications in materials science. Herein we present a method for the control of gelation that exploits an inbuilt switch: the increase in pH after an induction period in the urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea was used to trigger the base-catalyzed Michael addition of a water-soluble trithiol to a polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The time to gelation (minutes to hours) was either preset through the initial concentrations or the reaction was initiated locally by a base, thus resulting in polymerization fronts that converted the mixture from a liquid into a gel (ca. 0.1 mm min-1). The rate of hydrolytic degradation of the hydrogel depended on the initial concentrations, thus resulting in a gel lifetime of hours to months. In this way, temporal programming of gelation was possible under mild conditions by using the output of an autocatalytic enzyme reaction to drive both the polymerization and subsequent degradation of a hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jee
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State UniversityLouisianaLA70803USA
| | - Tamás Bánsági
- Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Annette F. Taylor
- Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State UniversityLouisianaLA70803USA
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27
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Sadownik JW, Mattia E, Nowak P, Otto S. Diversification of self-replicating molecules. Nat Chem 2016; 8:264-9. [PMID: 26892559 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
How new species emerge in nature is still incompletely understood and difficult to study directly. Self-replicating molecules provide a simple model that allows us to capture the fundamental processes that occur in species formation. We have been able to monitor in real time and at a molecular level the diversification of self-replicating molecules into two distinct sets that compete for two different building blocks ('food') and so capture an important aspect of the process by which species may arise. The results show that the second replicator set is a descendant of the first and that both sets are kinetic products that oppose the thermodynamic preference of the system. The sets occupy related but complementary food niches. As diversification into sets takes place on the timescale of weeks and can be investigated at the molecular level, this work opens up new opportunities for experimentally investigating the process through which species arise both in real time and with enhanced detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Sadownik
- University of Groningen, Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, AG Groningen 9747, The Netherlands
| | - Elio Mattia
- University of Groningen, Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, AG Groningen 9747, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr Nowak
- University of Groningen, Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, AG Groningen 9747, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- University of Groningen, Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, AG Groningen 9747, The Netherlands
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28
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Richards JE, Philp D. A reactive nitrone-based organogel that self-assembles from its constituents in chloroform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4995-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dynamically-assembled nitrone-based organogel can be targeted for degradation specifically using a recognition-mediated reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Philp
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM
- University of St Andrews
- UK
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29
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Kosikova T, Mackenzie H, Philp D. Probing the Limits of Selectivity in a Recognition-Mediated Reaction Network Embedded within a Dynamic Covalent Library. Chemistry 2015; 22:1831-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kosikova
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM; University of St. Andrews, North Haugh; St. Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Harry Mackenzie
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM; University of St. Andrews, North Haugh; St. Andrews KY16 9ST UK
- UCB; 216 Bath Road Slough Berks SL1 3WE UK
| | - Douglas Philp
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM; University of St. Andrews, North Haugh; St. Andrews KY16 9ST UK
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30
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Sadownik JW, Philp D. A recognition-mediated reaction drives amplification within a dynamic library. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10392-401. [PMID: 26324766 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01621e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A single, appropriately designed, recognition event targets and transforms one of two reactive members of an exchanging pool of compounds through a recognition-mediated irreversible cycloaddition reaction, altering dramatically the final composition and kinetic behaviour of the dynamic library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Sadownik
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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31
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Mukherjee R, Cohen-Luria R, Wagner N, Ashkenasy G. A Bistable Switch in Dynamic Thiodepsipeptide Folding and Template-Directed Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12452-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Mukherjee R, Cohen-Luria R, Wagner N, Ashkenasy G. A Bistable Switch in Dynamic Thiodepsipeptide Folding and Template-Directed Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Mattia E, Otto S. Supramolecular systems chemistry. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:111-9. [PMID: 25652169 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The field of supramolecular chemistry focuses on the non-covalent interactions between molecules that give rise to molecular recognition and self-assembly processes. Since most non-covalent interactions are relatively weak and form and break without significant activation barriers, many supramolecular systems are under thermodynamic control. Hence, traditionally, supramolecular chemistry has focused predominantly on systems at equilibrium. However, more recently, self-assembly processes that are governed by kinetics, where the outcome of the assembly process is dictated by the assembly pathway rather than the free energy of the final assembled state, are becoming topical. Within the kinetic regime it is possible to distinguish between systems that reside in a kinetic trap and systems that are far from equilibrium and require a continuous supply of energy to maintain a stationary state. In particular, the latter systems have vast functional potential, as they allow, in principle, for more elaborate structural and functional diversity of self-assembled systems - indeed, life is a prime example of a far-from-equilibrium system. In this Review, we compare the different thermodynamic regimes using some selected examples and discuss some of the challenges that need to be addressed when developing new functional supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Mattia
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Hsu CW, Miljanić OŠ. Adsorption-Driven Self-Sorting of Dynamic Imine Libraries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Hsu CW, Miljanić OŠ. Adsorption-Driven Self-Sorting of Dynamic Imine Libraries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:2219-22. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Dadon Z, Wagner N, Alasibi S, Samiappan M, Mukherjee R, Ashkenasy G. Competition and Cooperation in Dynamic Replication Networks. Chemistry 2014; 21:648-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Ji Q, Lirag RC, Miljanić OŠ. Kinetically controlled phenomena in dynamic combinatorial libraries. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1873-84. [PMID: 24445841 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60356c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) are collections of structurally related compounds that can interconvert through reversible chemical reaction(s). Such reversibility endows DCLs with adaptability to external stimuli, as rapid interconversion allows quick expression of those DCL components which best respond to the disturbing stimulus. This Tutorial Review focuses on the kinetically controlled phenomena that occur within DCLs. Specifically, it will describe dynamic chiral resolution of DCLs, their self-sorting under the influence of irreversible chemical and physical stimuli, and the autocatalytic behaviours within DCLs which can result in self-replicating systems. A brief discussion of precipitation-induced phenomena will follow and the review will conclude with the presentation of covalent organic frameworks (COFs)-porous materials whose synthesis critically depends on the fine tuning of the crystal growth and error correction rates within large DCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
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38
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Herrmann A. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry: a tool to read, generate and modulate the bioactivity of compounds and compound mixtures. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1899-933. [PMID: 24296754 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible covalent bond formation under thermodynamic control adds reactivity to self-assembled supramolecular systems, and is therefore an ideal tool to assess complexity of chemical and biological systems. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry (DCC) has been used to read structural information by selectively assembling receptors with the optimum molecular fit around a given template from a mixture of reversibly reacting building blocks. This technique allows access to efficient sensing devices and the generation of new biomolecules, such as small molecule receptor binders for drug discovery, but also larger biomimetic polymers and macromolecules with particular three-dimensional structural architectures. Adding a kinetic factor to a thermodynamically controlled equilibrium results in dynamic resolution and in self-sorting and self-replicating systems, all of which are of major importance in biological systems. Furthermore, the temporary modification of bioactive compounds by reversible combinatorial/covalent derivatisation allows control of their release and facilitates their transport across amphiphilic self-assembled systems such as artificial membranes or cell walls. The goal of this review is to give a conceptual overview of how the impact of DCC on supramolecular assemblies at different levels can allow us to understand, predict and modulate the complexity of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herrmann
- Firmenich SA, Division Recherche et Développement, Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239, CH-1211 Genève 8, Switzerland.
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39
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Nguyen R, Jouault N, Zanirati S, Rawiso M, Allouche L, Fuks G, Buhler E, Giuseppone N. Core-shell inversion by pH modulation in dynamic covalent micelles. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3926-3937. [PMID: 24699990 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent surfactants have been obtained by the reversible condensation of a hydrophobic aldehyde (ended by an ionic tip) with various neutral polyethylene glycol based hydrophilic amines. In water, the duality between the two hydrophilic domains (charged and neutral) leads to their segregation when the surfactants are self-assembled within micelles. Depending on the number of polyethylene glycol units, a core-shell inversion leading to a switching orientation of the ionic tips from the inside to the outside of the micelles has been demonstrated by a combination of scattering techniques. In competition experiments, when several amines of different pKas and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol chains are competing for the same aldehyde, it becomes possible to trigger this core-shell inversion by pH modulation and associated dynamic constitutional reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nguyen
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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40
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Cera L, Schalley CA. Stimuli-induced folding cascade of a linear oligomeric guest chain programmed through cucurbit[n]uril self-sorting (n = 6, 7, 8). Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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41
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Raynal M, Ballester P, Vidal-Ferran A, van Leeuwen PWNM. Supramolecular catalysis. Part 1: non-covalent interactions as a tool for building and modifying homogeneous catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1660-733. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Raynal M, Ballester P, Vidal-Ferran A, van Leeuwen PWNM. Supramolecular catalysis. Part 2: artificial enzyme mimics. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1734-87. [PMID: 24365792 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 665] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design of artificial catalysts able to compete with the catalytic proficiency of enzymes is an intense subject of research. Non-covalent interactions are thought to be involved in several properties of enzymatic catalysis, notably (i) the confinement of the substrates and the active site within a catalytic pocket, (ii) the creation of a hydrophobic pocket in water, (iii) self-replication properties and (iv) allosteric properties. The origins of the enhanced rates and high catalytic selectivities associated with these properties are still a matter of debate. Stabilisation of the transition state and favourable conformations of the active site and the product(s) are probably part of the answer. We present here artificial catalysts and biomacromolecule hybrid catalysts which constitute good models towards the development of truly competitive artificial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Raynal
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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43
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Malakoutikhah M, Peyralans JJP, Colomb-Delsuc M, Fanlo-Virgós H, Stuart MCA, Otto S. Uncovering the selection criteria for the emergence of multi-building-block replicators from dynamic combinatorial libraries. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18406-17. [PMID: 24219346 DOI: 10.1021/ja4067805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A family of self-replicating macrocycles was developed using dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Replication is driven by self-assembly of the replicators into fibrils and relies critically on mechanically induced fibril fragmentation. Analysis of separate dynamic combinatorial libraries made from one of six peptide-functionalized building blocks of different hydrophobicity revealed two selection criteria that govern the emergence of replicators from these systems. First, the replicators need to have a critical macrocycle size that endows them with sufficient multivalency to enable their self-assembly into fibrils. Second, efficient replication occurs only for library members that are of low abundance in the absence of a replication pathway. This work has led to spontaneous emergence of replicators with unrivalled structural complexity, being built from up to eight identical subunits and reaching a MW of up to 5.6 kDa. The insights obtained in this work provide valuable guidance that should facilitate future discovery of new complex self-replicating molecules. They may also assist in the development of new self-synthesizing materials, where self-assembly drives the synthesis of the very molecules that self-assemble. To illustrate the potential of this concept, the present system enables access to self-assembling materials made from self-synthesizing macrocycles with tunable ring size ranging from trimers to octamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Malakoutikhah
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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44
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Ruiz-Mirazo K, Briones C, de la Escosura A. Prebiotic Systems Chemistry: New Perspectives for the Origins of Life. Chem Rev 2013; 114:285-366. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2004844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo
- Biophysics
Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Leioa, and Department of Logic and Philosophy
of Science, University of the Basque Country, Avenida de Tolosa 70, 20080 Donostia−San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Carlos Briones
- Department
of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC−INTA, associated to the NASA Astrobiology Institute), Carretera de Ajalvir, Km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Trachsel A, Chapuis C, Herrmann A. Slow release of fragrance aldehydes and ketones in functional perfumery from dynamic mixtures generated withN-heteroarylmethyl-substituted secondary diamines. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Trachsel
- Firmenich SA; Division Recherche et Développement; Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239; CH-1211; Genève 8; Switzerland
| | - Christian Chapuis
- Firmenich SA; Division Recherche et Développement; Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239; CH-1211; Genève 8; Switzerland
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Firmenich SA; Division Recherche et Développement; Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239; CH-1211; Genève 8; Switzerland
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46
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Smulders MMJ, Zarra S, Nitschke JR. Quantitative Understanding of Guest Binding Enables the Design of Complex Host–Guest Behavior. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7039-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402084x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten M. J. Smulders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Zarra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
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47
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Ruggi A, Cacciapaglia R, Di Stefano S, Bodo E, Ugozzoli F. Naphthalenophane formaldehyde acetals as candidate structures for the generation of dynamic libraries via transacetalation processes. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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49
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Lehn JM. Perspectives in Chemistry-Steps towards Complex Matter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2836-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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50
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Dieckmann A, Houk KN. Analysis of supramolecular complex energetics in artificial replicators. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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