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Lebreton V, Legeay S, Vasylaki A, Lagarce F, Saulnier P. Protein corona formation on lipidic nanocapsules: Influence of the interfacial PEG repartition. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106537. [PMID: 37490974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The parameters currently used for characterization of nanoparticles, such as size and zeta potential, were not able to reflect the performance of a nanocarrier in the biological environment. Therefore, more thorough in vitro characterization is required to predict their behavior in vivo, where nanoparticles acquire a new biological identity due to interactions with biomolecules. In this present study, we performed in vitro characterization in biological fluids for lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) with varying means sizes (50 nm and 100 nm), different electrical surface charges and different Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) compositions. Then, different methods were applied to show the impact of the protein corona formation on LNCs. Even if all formulations attached to plasmatic proteins, a higher thickness of corona and highest protein binding was observed for certain LNC50 formulations. A better knowledge of the phenomenon of protein adsorption over NPs in the plasmatic media is a cornerstone of clinical translation. In fact, after short blood circulation time, it is not the initially designed nanoparticle but the complex nanoparticle bearing its protein corona which circulates to reach its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lebreton
- MINT, UNIV Angers, SFR-ICAT, INSERM U1066, CNRS 6021, Angers 4208, France; CHU Angers, Angers 49033, France.
| | - Samuel Legeay
- MINT, UNIV Angers, SFR-ICAT, INSERM U1066, CNRS 6021, Angers 4208, France
| | | | - Fredéric Lagarce
- MINT, UNIV Angers, SFR-ICAT, INSERM U1066, CNRS 6021, Angers 4208, France; CHU Angers, Angers 49033, France
| | - Patrick Saulnier
- MINT, UNIV Angers, SFR-ICAT, INSERM U1066, CNRS 6021, Angers 4208, France; CHU Angers, Angers 49033, France
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2
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Siribbal SM, Ilyas S, Renner AM, Iqbal S, Muñoz Vázquez S, Moawia A, Valldor M, Hussain MS, Schomäcker K, Mathur S. Click functionalized biocompatible gadolinium oxide core-shell nanocarriers for imaging of breast cancer cells. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31830-31845. [PMID: 36380928 PMCID: PMC9641724 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00347c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific delivery using functionalized nanocarriers is in high demand in imaging applications of modern clinical research. To improve the imaging capabilities of conventionally used contrast agents and expand the targeting accuracy, functional gadolinium oxide based nanocarriers originated from homogeneous core shells structures (Gd2O3@SiO2@Fe3O4) were developed using a multilayer formation approach. The synthesis and chemical configuration for the covalent binding of macrocyclic chelating agents and estrogen targeting molecules on these nanocarriers were designed by a two-step chemical synthesis method. Initially, SiO2@Fe3O4 structures were prepared and encapsulated with a homogenous thin Gd2O3 overlayer. The exterior surface of the as-prepared carriers offered chemical binding with a breast cancer specific estrogen molecule, covalently grafted through a Click-Chemistry protocol. In the next step, to enhance the diagnostic imaging capabilities of these carriers, thiocyanate-linked chelator molecule, DOTA, was attached to the surface of estrogen bound Gd2O3@SiO2@Fe3O4 using basic reaction conditions. The active amino groups before and after conjugation of estrogen molecules on the surface were quantified using a fluorescamine based approach. Due to the covalent binding of the macrocyclic chelator to the Gd2O3@SiO2@Fe3O4 surface, core shell carriers showed potential radiolabeling efficiency using positron emitter radionuclide, gallium-68 (68Ga). Intracellular uptake of estrogen-conjugated carriers was evaluated with MCF7 breast cancer cell lines using confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescent flow cytometry. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity studies of functional nanocarriers as compared to bare nanoparticles showed reduced toxicity to HEK-293 cells demonstrating the role of surface attached molecules in preventing direct exposure of the Gd2O3 surface to the cells. The as-developed gadolinium based nanocarriers presented excellent capabilities as biocompatible target-specific imaging probes which indicates great potential in the field of dual-mode contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifaa M Siribbal
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 6 50939 Cologne Germany +49 221 470 5627
| | - Shaista Ilyas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 6 50939 Cologne Germany +49 221 470 5627
| | - Alexander M Renner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 6 50939 Cologne Germany +49 221 470 5627
| | - Sumiya Iqbal
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 6 50939 Cologne Germany +49 221 470 5627
| | - Sergio Muñoz Vázquez
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne Kerpenerstrasse 62 50937 Cologne Germany
| | - Abubakar Moawia
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne 50931 Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne 50931 Cologne Germany
| | - Martin Valldor
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Strasse 40 01187 Dresden Germany
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Muhammad S Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne 50931 Cologne Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne 50931 Cologne Germany
| | - Klaus Schomäcker
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne Kerpenerstrasse 62 50937 Cologne Germany
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 6 50939 Cologne Germany +49 221 470 5627
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3
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Hähsler M, Behrens S. Dendritic Ligands for Magnetic Suspensions in Liquid Crystals. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hähsler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Karlsruhe Germany
- Heidelberg University Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Karlsruhe Germany
- Heidelberg University Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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4
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Gandhi M, Bhatt P, Chauhan G, Gupta S, Misra A, Mashru R. IGF-II-Conjugated Nanocarrier for Brain-Targeted Delivery of p11 Gene for Depression. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:50. [PMID: 30617637 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy involving p11 cDNA has been thought to be a futuristic approach for the effective management of depression as the existing treatment regimen presents many issues regarding late onset of action, patient withdrawal and their side effects. For the effective transfection of p11 gene intracellularly, two cationic lipids based on phospholipid DOPE conjugated to basic amino acids histidine and arginine were synthesised, used for liposome formulation and evaluated for their ability as gene delivery vectors. They were further converted using IGF-II mAb into immunoliposomes for CNS targeting and mAb conjugation to liposomes were characterised by SDS-PAGE. They were further analysed by in vitro characterisation studies that include erythrocyte aggregation study, electrolyte-induced study, heparin compatibility study and serum stability studies. SHSY5Y cells were used for conducting cytotoxicity of synthesised lipids and live imaging of cell uptake for 25 min. Finally, the brain distribution studies and western blot were carried out in animals to evaluate them for their BBB permeation ability and effects on p11 protein which is believed to be a culprit. These formulated liposomes from synthesised lipids offer a promising approach for the treatment of depression.
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Wortmann L, Ilyas S, Niznansky D, Valldor M, Arroub K, Berger N, Rahme K, Holmes J, Mathur S. Bioconjugated iron oxide nanocubes: synthesis, functionalization, and vectorization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:16631-16642. [PMID: 25184762 DOI: 10.1021/am503068r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A facile bottom-up approach for the synthesis of inorganic/organic bioconjugated nanoprobes based on iron oxide nanocubes as the core with a nanometric silica shell is demonstrated. Surface coating and functionalization protocols developed in this work offered good control over the shell thickness (8-40 nm) and enabled biovectorization of SiO2@Fe3O4 core-shell structures by covalent attachment of folic acid (FA) as a targeting unit for cellular uptake. The successful immobilization of folic acid was investigated both quantitatively (TGA, EA, XPS) and qualitatively (AT-IR, UV-vis, ζ-potential). Additionally, the magnetic behavior of the nanocomposites was monitored after each functionalization step. Cell viability studies confirmed low cytotoxicity of FA@SiO2@Fe3O4 conjugates, which makes them promising nanoprobes for targeted internalization by cells and their imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wortmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne , Greinstrasse 6, Cologne 50939, Germany
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6
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Liu Y, Gu Y, Li M, Wei Y. Protein imprinting over magnetic nanospheres via a surface grafted polymer for specific capture of hemoglobin. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01262c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Mrówczyński R, Magerusan L, Turcu R, Liebscher J. Diazo transfer at polydopamine – a new way to functionalization. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00670d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Bolley J, Guenin E, Lievre N, Lecouvey M, Soussan M, Lalatonne Y, Motte L. Carbodiimide versus click chemistry for nanoparticle surface functionalization: a comparative study for the elaboration of multimodal superparamagnetic nanoparticles targeting αvβ3 integrins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14639-47. [PMID: 24171381 DOI: 10.1021/la403245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic fluorescent nanoparticles targeting αvβ3 integrins were elaborated using two methodologies: carbodiimide coupling and click chemistries (CuACC and thiol-yne). The nanoparticles are first functionalized with hydroxymethylenebisphonates (HMBP) bearing carboxylic acid or alkyne functions. Then, a large number of these reactives functions were used for the covalent coupling of dyes, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and cyclic RGD. Several methods were used to characterize the nanoparticle surface functionalization, and the magnetic properties of these contrast agents were studied using a 1.5 T clinical MRI. The affinity toward integrins was evidenced by solid-phase receptor-binding assay. In addition to their chemoselective natures, click reactions were shown to be far more efficient than the carbodiimide coupling. The grafting increase was shown to enhance targeting affinity to integrin without imparing MRI and fluorescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bolley
- Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité , 74 avenue M. Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
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9
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Demay-Drouhard P, Nehlig E, Hardouin J, Motte L, Guénin E. Nanoparticles under the light: click functionalization by photochemical thiol-yne reaction, towards double click functionalization. Chemistry 2013; 19:8388-92. [PMID: 23744751 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A light click away: The first application of the thiol-yne reaction to nanoparticle functionalization is described (see figure). This metal-free click chemistry approach is compatible with the addition of various molecules at the surface and can be combined with CuAAC methodology to perform chemoselective double functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Demay-Drouhard
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 Avenue M. Cachin 93017 Bobigny, France
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10
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de Montferrand C, Hu L, Milosevic I, Russier V, Bonnin D, Motte L, Brioude A, Lalatonne Y. Iron oxide nanoparticles with sizes, shapes and compositions resulting in different magnetization signatures as potential labels for multiparametric detection. Acta Biomater 2013. [PMID: 23207434 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles differing in their size, shape (spherical, hexagonal, rods, cubes) and composition have been synthesized and modified using caffeic acid for transfer to aqueous media and stabilization of the particle suspensions at physiological pH. A super quantum interference device and the recently patented magnetic sensor MIAplex®, which registered a signal proportional to the second derivative of the magnetization curve, were used to study the magnetization behavior of the nanoparticles. The differences in the magnetic signatures of the nanoparticles (spheres and rods) make them promising candidates for the simultaneous detection of different types of biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline de Montferrand
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS, UMR 7244, F-93017 Bobigny, France
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11
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Petkau-Milroy K, Brunsveld L. Supramolecular chemical biology; bioactive synthetic self-assemblies. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:219-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26790j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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O’Mahony AM, Desgranges S, Ogier J, Quinlan A, Devocelle M, Darcy R, Cryan JF, O’Driscoll CM. In Vitro Investigations of the Efficacy of Cyclodextrin-siRNA Complexes Modified with Lipid-PEG-Octaarginine: Towards a Formulation Strategy for Non-viral Neuronal siRNA Delivery. Pharm Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Pan H, Myerson JW, Hu L, Marsh JN, Hou K, Scott MJ, Allen JS, Hu G, San Roman S, Lanza GM, Schreiber RD, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Programmable nanoparticle functionalization for in vivo targeting. FASEB J 2012; 27:255-64. [PMID: 23047896 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emerging demand for programmable functionalization of existing base nanocarriers necessitates development of an efficient approach for cargo loading that avoids nanoparticle redesign for each individual application. Herein, we demonstrate in vivo a postformulation strategy for lipidic nanocarrier functionalization with the use of a linker peptide, which rapidly and stably integrates cargos into lipidic membranes of nanocarriers after simple mixing through a self-assembling process. We exemplified this strategy by generating a VCAM-1-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticle for in vivo targeting in atherosclerosis (ApoE-deficient) and breast cancer (STAT-1-deficient) models. In the atherosclerotic model, a 4.1-fold augmentation in binding to affected aortas was observed for targeted vs. nontargeted nanoparticles (P<0.0298). Likewise, in the breast cancer model, a 4.9-fold increase in the nanoparticle signal from tumor vasculature was observed for targeted vs. nontargeted nanoparticles (P<0.0216). In each case, the nanoparticle was registered with fluorine ((19)F) magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the nanoparticle perfluorocarbon core, yielding a quantitative estimate of the number of tissue-bound nanoparticles. Because other common nanocarriers with lipid coatings (e.g., liposomes, micelles, etc.) can employ this strategy, this peptide linker postformulation approach is applicable to more than half of the available nanosystems currently in clinical trials or clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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14
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Hansell CF, O’Reilly RK. A "Mix-and-Click" Approach to Double Core-Shell Micelle Functionalization. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:896-901. [PMID: 35607140 DOI: 10.1021/mz300230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A micellar scaffold formed by self-assembly of a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-synthesized amphiphilic diblock copolymer has been prepared to contain two orthogonal click-compatible functionalities in the core and shell. These functionalities (norbornenes in the core and terminal alkynes in the shell) have been used as handles to modify the micellar assembly in the core using tetrazine-norbornene chemistry or the shell using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne reaction. Additionally, both core and shell modifications were carried out in a tandem, one-pot process using the orthogonal chemistries mentioned above. In all cases the reactions were found to be highly efficient, requiring little excess of the modifying small molecule and very simple to perform under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire F. Hansell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United
Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United
Kingdom
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15
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2010. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Kijewska K, Blanchard GJ, Szlachetko J, Stolarski J, Kisiel A, Michalska A, Maksymiuk K, Pisarek M, Majewski P, Krysiński P, Mazur M. Photopolymerized Polypyrrole Microvessels. Chemistry 2011; 18:310-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Synthesis and photophysical properties of silica nanoparticles based on europium(iii) complexes. Russ Chem Bull 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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OPA quantification of amino groups at the surface of Lipidic NanoCapsules (LNCs) for ligand coupling improvement. Int J Pharm 2011; 419:266-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Sapsford KE, Tyner KM, Dair BJ, Deschamps JR, Medintz IL. Analyzing nanomaterial bioconjugates: a review of current and emerging purification and characterization techniques. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4453-88. [PMID: 21545140 DOI: 10.1021/ac200853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Sapsford
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA.
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20
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Benyettou F, Guenin E, Lalatonne Y, Motte L. Microwave assisted nanoparticle surface functionalization. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:055102. [PMID: 21178254 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/5/055102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the input of microwave energy to elaborate a multimodal magnetic nanoplatform. This magnetic nanomaterial consists of superparamagnetic γFe(2)O(3) nanoparticles conjugated to hydroxymethylene bisphosphonate (HMBP) molecules with an amine function as the terminal group. The feasibility of such a process is illustrated by the coupling of Rhodamine B to the hybrid magnetic nanomaterial. Using a microwave we manage to have approximately a 50 fold increase in molecules per nanoparticle compared to conventional procedures. Moreover we show that the amount of Rhodamine on the nanoparticle surface could be tuned using various stoichiometric ratios. The presence of Rhodamine B on the nanoparticle surface provides an amphiphilic character to facilitate penetration into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benyettou
- CSPBAT laboratory, FRE 3043 CNRS, University Paris 13, Bobigny, France
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21
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Alesker M, Heller A, Malik Z, Makarovsky I, Lellouche JP. Hybrid silica nanoparticles traceable by fluorescence and FT-IR spectroscopy: preparation, characterization and preliminary biological studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11555c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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