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Parisi C, Laneri F, Fraix A, Sortino S. Multifunctional Molecular Hybrids Photoreleasing Nitric Oxide: Advantages, Pitfalls, and Opportunities. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39009572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The multifaceted role nitric oxide (NO) plays in human physiology and pathophysiology has opened new scenarios in biomedicine by exploiting this free radical as an unconventional therapeutic against important diseases. The difficulties in handling gaseous NO and the strict dependence of the biological effects on its doses and location have made the light-activated NO precursors, namely NO photodonors (NOPDs), very appealing by virtue of their precise spatiotemporal control of NO delivery. The covalent integration of NOPDs and additional functional components within the same molecular skeleton through suitable linkers can lead to an intriguing class of multifunctional photoactivatable molecular hybrids. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the recent advances in these molecular constructs, emphasizing those merging NO photorelease with targeting, fluorescent reporting, and phototherapeutic functionalities. We will highlight the rational design behind synthesizing these molecular hybrids and critically describe the advantages, drawbacks, and opportunities they offer in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parisi
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Laneri
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
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2
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Zou J, Li Z, Zhu Y, Tao Y, You Q, Cao F, Wu Q, Wu M, Cheng J, Zhu J, Chen X. pH/GSH dual responsive nanosystem for nitric oxide generation enhanced type I photodynamic therapy. Bioact Mater 2024; 34:414-421. [PMID: 38292411 PMCID: PMC10825229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia diminishes the effectiveness of traditional type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to oxygen consumption. Type I PDT, which can operate independently of oxygen, is a viable option for treating hypoxic tumors. In this study, we have designed and synthesized JSK@PEG-IR820 NPs that are responsive to the tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance type I PDT through glutathione (GSH) depletion. Our approach aims to expand the sources of therapeutic benefits by promoting the generation of superoxide radicals (O2-.) while minimizing their consumption. The diisopropyl group within PEG-IR820 serves a dual purpose: it functions as a pH sensor for the disassembly of the NPs to release JSK and enhances intermolecular electron transfer to IR820, facilitating efficient O2-. generation. Simultaneously, the release of JSK leads to GSH depletion, resulting in the generation of nitric oxide (NO). This, in turn, contributes to the formation of highly cytotoxic peroxynitrite (ONOO-.), thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of these NPs. NIR-II fluorescence imaging guided therapy has achieved successful tumor eradication with the assistance of laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zou
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Zheng Li
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yang Zhu
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yucen Tao
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Qing You
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Fangfang Cao
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Qinghe Wu
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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3
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Bhowmik R, Roy M. Recent advances on the development of NO-releasing molecules (NORMs) for biomedical applications. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116217. [PMID: 38367491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important biological messenger as well as a signaling molecule that participates in a broad range of physiological events and therapeutic applications in biological systems. However, due to its very short half-life in physiological conditions, its therapeutic applications are restricted. Efforts have been made to develop an enormous number of NO-releasing molecules (NORMs) and motifs for NO delivery to the target tissues. These NORMs involve organic nitrate, nitrite, nitro compounds, transition metal nitrosyls, and several nanomaterials. The controlled release of NO from these NORMs to the specific site requires several external stimuli like light, sound, pH, heat, enzyme, etc. Herein, we have provided a comprehensive review of the biochemistry of nitric oxide, recent advancements in NO-releasing materials with the appropriate stimuli of NO release, and their biomedical applications in cancer and other disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintu Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, 795004, Imphal West, Manipur, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, 795004, Imphal West, Manipur, India.
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Ji X, Zhong Z. External stimuli-responsive gasotransmitter prodrugs: Chemistry and spatiotemporal release. J Control Release 2022; 351:81-101. [PMID: 36116579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters like nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide with unique pleiotropic pharmacological effects in mammals are an emerging therapeutic modality for different human diseases including cancer, infection, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, and inflammation; however, their clinical translation is hampered by the lack of a reliable delivery form, which delivers such gasotransmitters to the action site with precisely controlled dosage. The external stimuli-responsive prodrug strategy has shown tremendous potential in developing gasotransmitter prodrugs, which affords precise temporospatial control and better dose control compared with endogenous stimuli-sensitive prodrugs. The promising external stimuli employed for gasotransmitter activation range from photo, ultrasound, and bioorthogonal click chemistry to exogenous enzymes. Herein, we highlight the recent development of external stimuli-mediated decaging chemistry for the temporospatial delivery of gasotransmitters including nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, and discuss the pros and cons of different designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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5
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Ning S, Zheng L, Bai Y, Wang S, Wang S, Shi L, Gao Q, Che X, Zhang Z, Xiang J. Highly selective electroreductive linear dimerization of electron-deficient vinylarenes. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Parisi C, Fraix A, Guglielmo S, Spyrakis F, Rolando B, Lazzarato L, Fruttero R, Gasco A, Sortino S. DNA-Targeted NO Release Photoregulated by Green Light. Chemistry 2020; 26:13627-13633. [PMID: 32453464 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel molecular hybrid has been designed and synthesized in which acridine orange (AO) is covalently linked to an N-nitrosoaniline derivative through an alkyl spacer. Photoexcitation of the AO antenna with the highly biocompatible green light results in intense fluorescence emission and triggers NO detachment from the N-nitroso appendage via an intramolecular electron transfer. The presence of the AO moiety encourages the binding with DNA through both external and partially intercalative fashions, depending on the DNA:molecular hybrid molar ratio. Importantly, this dual-mode binding interaction with the biopolymer does not preclude the NO photoreleasing performances of the molecular hybrid, permitting NO to be photogenerated nearby DNA with an efficiency similar to that of the free molecule. These properties make the presented compound an intriguing candidate for fundamental and potential applicative research studies where NO delivery in the DNA proximity precisely regulated by harmless green light is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parisi
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Guglielmo
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Gasco
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
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7
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Parisi C, Seggio M, Fraix A, Sortino S. A High‐Performing Metal‐Free Photoactivatable Nitric Oxide Donor with a Green Fluorescent Reporter. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parisi
- PhotoChemLabDepartment of Drug SciencesUniversity of Catania I-95125 Catania Italy
| | - Mimimorena Seggio
- PhotoChemLabDepartment of Drug SciencesUniversity of Catania I-95125 Catania Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- PhotoChemLabDepartment of Drug SciencesUniversity of Catania I-95125 Catania Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- PhotoChemLabDepartment of Drug SciencesUniversity of Catania I-95125 Catania Italy
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8
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Therapeutic Strategies for Regulating Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010083. [PMID: 31948035 PMCID: PMC7023101 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many reports on the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and various types of diseases. This review covers mitochondrial targeting photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy as a therapeutic strategy for inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress. We also discuss other mitochondrial targeting phototherapeutic methods. In addition, we discuss anti-oxidant therapy by a mitochondrial drug delivery system (DDS) as a therapeutic strategy for suppressing oxidative stress. We also describe cell therapy for reducing oxidative stress in mitochondria. Finally, we discuss the possibilities and problems associated with clinical applications of mitochondrial DDS to regulate mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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9
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Cheng J, He K, Shen Z, Zhang G, Yu Y, Hu J. Nitric Oxide (NO)-Releasing Macromolecules: Rational Design and Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2019; 7:530. [PMID: 31403044 PMCID: PMC6676249 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as a ubiquitous gaseous transmitter and the therapeutic potential has nowadays received increasing interest. However, NO cannot be easily directly administered due to its high reactivity in air and high concentration-dependent physiological roles. As such, a plethora of NO donors have been developed that can reversibly store and release NO under specific conditions. To enhance the stability and modulate the NO release profiles, small molecule-based NO donors were covalently linked to polymeric scaffolds, rendering them with multifunctional integration, prolonged release durations, and optimized therapeutic outcomes. In this minireview, we highlight the recent achievements of NO-releasing macromolecules in terms of chemical design and biomedical applications. We hope that more efforts could be devoted to this emerging yet promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kewu He
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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10
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Ieda N, Hotta Y, Kawaguchi M, Kimura K, Nakagawa H. In Cellullo and ex Vivo Availability of a Yellowish-Green-Light-Controllable NO Releaser. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:576-579. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ieda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Yuji Hotta
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | | | - Kazunori Kimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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11
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Sodano F, Rolando B, Spyrakis F, Failla M, Lazzarato L, Gazzano E, Riganti C, Fruttero R, Gasco A, Sortino S. Tuning the Hydrophobicity of a Mitochondria-Targeted NO Photodonor. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1238-1245. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sodano
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Mariacristina Failla
- Laboratory of Photochemistry; Department of Drug Sciences; University of Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology; University of Torino; Via Santena 5/bis 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology; University of Torino; Via Santena 5/bis 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Alberto Gasco
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry; Department of Drug Sciences; University of Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
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12
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Sodano F, Gazzano E, Fraix A, Rolando B, Lazzarato L, Russo M, Blangetti M, Riganti C, Fruttero R, Gasco A, Sortino S. A Molecular Hybrid for Mitochondria-Targeted NO Photodelivery. ChemMedChem 2017; 13:87-96. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sodano
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology; University of Torino; Via Santena 5/bis 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences; University of Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences; University of Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology; University of Torino; Via Santena 5/bis 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Alberto Gasco
- Department of Science and Drug Technology; University of Torino; 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences; University of Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
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13
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Ravikumar G, Bagheri M, Saini DK, Chakrapani H. FLUORO/NO: A Nitric Oxide Donor with a Fluorescence Reporter. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1529-1534. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Govindan Ravikumar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Meisam Bagheri
- Department of Molecular Reproduction; Development and Genetics; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 Karanataka India
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction; Development and Genetics; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 Karanataka India
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
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14
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Rudnev AV, Kaliginedi V, Droghetti A, Ozawa H, Kuzume A, Haga MA, Broekmann P, Rungger I. Stable anchoring chemistry for room temperature charge transport through graphite-molecule contacts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602297. [PMID: 28630901 PMCID: PMC5466367 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An open challenge for single-molecule electronics is to find stable contacts at room temperature with a well-defined conductance. Common coinage metal electrodes pose fabrication and operational problems due to the high mobility of the surface atoms. We demonstrate how molecules covalently grafted onto mechanically robust graphite/graphene substrates overcome these limitations. To this aim, we explore the effect of the anchoring group chemistry on the charge transport properties of graphite-molecule contacts by means of the scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction technique and ab initio simulations. Molecules adsorbed on graphite only via van der Waals interactions have a conductance that decreases exponentially upon stretching the junctions, whereas the molecules bonded covalently to graphite have a single well-defined conductance and yield contacts of unprecedented stability at room temperature. Our results demonstrate a strong bias dependence of the single-molecule conductance, which varies over more than one order of magnitude even at low bias voltages, and show an opposite rectification behavior for covalent and noncovalent contacts. We demonstrate that this bias-dependent conductance and opposite rectification behavior is due to a novel effect caused by the nonconstant, highly dispersive density of states of graphite around the Fermi energy and that the direction of rectification is governed by the detailed nature of the molecule/graphite contact. Combined with the prospect of new functionalities due to a strongly bias-dependent conductance, these covalent contacts are ideal candidates for next-generation molecular electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Rudnev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Veerabhadrarao Kaliginedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Droghetti
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group, Department of Materials Science, Universidad del País Vasco, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Hiroaki Ozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kuzume
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Masa-aki Haga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Rungger
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
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15
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Xie X, Fan J, Liang M, Li Y, Jiao X, Wang X, Tang B. A two-photon excitable and ratiometric fluorogenic nitric oxide photoreleaser and its biological applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11941-11944. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06820d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a two-photon excitable nitric oxide photoreleaser with ratiometric fluorescence variation, its spatiotemporally controlled release and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Xie
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Jilin Fan
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Muwen Liang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Yong Li
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Xiaoyun Jiao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
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16
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Akter F, Coghlan G, de Mel A. Nitric oxide in paediatric respiratory disorders: novel interventions to address associated vascular phenomena? Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 10:256-70. [PMID: 27215618 DOI: 10.1177/1753944716649893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has a significant role in modulating the respiratory system and is being exploited therapeutically. Neonatal respiratory failure can affect around 2% of all live births and is responsible for over one third of all neonatal mortality. Current treatment method with inhaled NO (iNO) has demonstrated great benefits to patients with persistent pulmonary hypertension, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. However, it is not without its drawbacks, which include the need for patients to be attached to mechanical ventilators. Notably, there is also a lack of identification of subgroups amongst abovementioned patients, and homogeneity in powered studies associated with iNO, which is one of the limitations. There are significant developments in drug delivery methods and there is a need to look at alternative or supplementary methods of NO delivery that could reduce current concerns. The addition of NO-independent activators and stimulators, or drugs such as prostaglandins to work in synergy with NO donors might be beneficial. It is of interest to consider such delivery methods within the respiratory system, where controlled release of NO can be introduced whilst minimizing the production of harmful byproducts. This article reviews current therapeutic application of iNO and the state-of-the-art technology methods for sustained delivery of NO that may be adapted and developed to address respiratory disorders. We envisage this perspective would prompt active investigation of such systems for their potential clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Akter
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, UK
| | - Gerry Coghlan
- Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Achala de Mel
- Lecturer in Regenerative Medicine, UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free NHS Trust Hospital, 9th Floor, Room 355, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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17
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Kitamura K, Kawaguchi M, Ieda N, Miyata N, Nakagawa H. Visible Light-Controlled Nitric Oxide Release from Hindered Nitrobenzene Derivatives for Specific Modulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1271-8. [PMID: 26878937 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a physiological signaling molecule, whose biological production is precisely regulated at the subcellular level. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel mitochondria-targeted NO releasers, Rol-DNB-mor and Rol-DNB-pyr, that are photocontrollable not only in the UV wavelength range but also in the biologically favorable visible wavelength range (530-590 nm). These caged NO compounds consist of a hindered nitrobenzene as the NO-releasing moiety and a rhodamine chromophore. Their NO-release properties were characterized by an electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping method and fluorometric analysis using NO probes, and their mitochondrial localization in live cells was confirmed by costaining. Furthermore, we demonstrated visible light control of mitochondrial fragmentation via activation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) by means of precisely controlled NO delivery into mitochondria of cultured HEK293 cells, utilizing Rol-DNB-pyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kitamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naoya Ieda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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18
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Ieda N, Hishikawa K, Eto K, Kitamura K, Kawaguchi M, Suzuki T, Fukuhara K, Miyata N, Furuta T, Nabekura J, Nakagawa H. A double bond-conjugated dimethylnitrobenzene-type photolabile nitric oxide donor with improved two-photon cross section. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3172-5. [PMID: 26073004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Photocontrollable NO donors enable precise spatiotemporal release of NO under physiological conditions. We designed and synthesized a novel dimethylnitrobenzene-type NO donor, Flu-DNB-DB, which contains a carbon-carbon double bond in place of the amide bond of previously reported Flu-DNB. Flu-DNB-DB releases NO in response to one-photon activation in the blue wavelength region, and shows a greatly increased two-photon cross-section (δu) at 720 nm (Flu-DNB: 0.12 GM, Flu-DNB-DB: 0.98 GM). We show that Flu-DNB-DB enables precisely controlled intracellular release of NO in response to 950 nm pulse laser irradiation for as little as 1s. This near-infrared-light-controllable NO source should be a valuable tool for studies on the biological roles of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ieda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kei Eto
- National Institute of Physiological Sciences, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kai Kitamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 606-0823, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Miyata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Furuta
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, 274-8510, Japan
| | | | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603, Japan.
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19
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Xu J, Zeng F, Wu H, Wu S. A mitochondrial-targeting and NO-based anticancer nanosystem with enhanced photo-controllability and low dark-toxicity. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4904-4912. [PMID: 32262679 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the generation of singlet oxygen in photodynamic therapy, photo-generation of nitric oxide (NO) would not be limited by the concentration of molecular oxygen. However, therapeutic applications of exogenous nitric oxide are usually limited by its short half-life and its vulnerability to many biological substances, thus straightforward and precise control over NO delivery may be critical to its therapeutic effects. Herein, we demonstrate a mitochondrial-targeting and photoactive NO-releasing system as an anticancer drug. Fabricated by covalently incorporating a photo-responsive NO-donor and a mitochondrial targeting ligand onto carbon dots, this nanosystem exhibits a multi-functional nature which combines mitochondrial-targeting, photocontrollable NO-releasing and cell imaging. Upon cellular internalization, the nanosystem could target mitochondria effectively. Furthermore, the system displays little dark toxicity under physiological temperature; but upon light irradiation, it could release NO, efficiently damage mitochondria and consequently cause prominent apoptosis of cancer cells. Moreover, evaluated by using MTT assay, this nanosystem shows high cytotoxicity towards two cancer cell lines. These observations provide new insights for exploiting NO in disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangsheng Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, 510640, China.
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20
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Visible light-induced nitric oxide release from a novel nitrobenzene derivative cross-conjugated with a coumarin fluorophore. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5660-5662. [PMID: 25467155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known free-radical molecule which is endogenously biosynthesised and shows various functions in mammals. To investigate NO functions, photocontrollable NO donors, compounds which release NO in response to light, are expected to be potentially useful. However, most of the conventional NO donors require harmful ultra-violet light for NO release. In this study, two dimethylnitrobenzene derivatives conjugated with coumarins were designed, synthesized and evaluated as photocontrollable NO donors. The optical properties and efficiency of photo-induced NO release were dependent upon the nature of the conjugation system. One of these compounds, Bhc-DNB (1), showed spatiotemporally well-controlled NO release in cultured cells upon exposure to light in the less-cytotoxic visible wavelength range (400-430 nm).
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21
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Ieda N, Hotta Y, Miyata N, Kimura K, Nakagawa H. Photomanipulation of Vasodilation with a Blue-Light-Controllable Nitric Oxide Releaser. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7085-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ieda
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1,
Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yuji Hotta
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1,
Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyata
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1,
Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kimura
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1,
Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1,
Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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22
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Kim J, Saravanakumar G, Choi HW, Park D, Kim WJ. A platform for nitric oxide delivery. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:341-356. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Kalmár J, Biri B, Lente G, Bányai I, Budimir A, Biruš M, Batinić-Haberle I, Fábián I. Detailed mechanism of the autoxidation of N-hydroxyurea catalyzed by a superoxide dismutase mimic Mn(III) porphyrin: formation of the nitrosylated Mn(II) porphyrin as an intermediate. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:11875-84. [PMID: 22911446 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31200j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro autoxidation of N-hydroxyurea (HU) is catalyzed by Mn(III)TTEG-2-PyP(5+), a synthetic water soluble Mn(III) porphyrin which is also a potent mimic of the enzyme superoxide dismutase. The detailed mechanism of the reaction is deduced from kinetic studies under basic conditions mostly based on data measured at pH = 11.7 but also including some pH-dependent observations in the pH range 9-13. The major intermediates were identified by UV-vis spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The reaction starts with a fast axial coordination of HU to the metal center of Mn(III)TTEG-2-PyP(5+), which is followed by a ligand-to-metal electron transfer to get Mn(II)TTEG-2-PyP(4+) and the free radical derived from HU (HU˙). Nitric oxide (NO) and nitroxyl (HNO) are minor intermediates. The major pathway for the formation of the most significant intermediate, the {MnNO} complex of Mn(II)TTEG-2-PyP(4+), is the reaction of Mn(II)TTEG-2-PyP(4+) with NO. We have confirmed that the autoxidation of the intermediates opens alternative reaction channels, and the process finally yields NO(2)(-) and the initial Mn(III)TTEG-2-PyP(5+). The photochemical release of NO from the {MnNO} intermediate was also studied. Kinetic simulations were performed to validate the deduced rate constants. The investigated reaction has medical implications: the accelerated production of NO and HNO from HU may be utilized for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Kalmár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary H-4010, POB-21
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24
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Liu N, Yin P, Chen Y, Deng Y, He L. Preparation of α-Sulfonylethanone Oximes from Oxidized Hydroxylamine. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Ieda N, Nakagawa H, Peng T, Yang D, Suzuki T, Miyata N. Photocontrollable Peroxynitrite Generator Based on N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaminophenol for Cellular Application. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2563-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206744z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ieda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabe-dori,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabe-dori,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama
332-0012, Japan
| | - Tao Peng
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical
Biology and Department Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical
Biology and Department Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabe-dori,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabe-dori,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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26
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Plaza-Medina EF, Rodríguez-Córdoba W, Peon J. Role of upper triplet states on the photophysics of nitrated polyaromatic compounds: S(1) lifetimes of singly nitrated pyrenes. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:9782-9. [PMID: 21790204 DOI: 10.1021/jp204321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of most nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds is dominated by an ultrafast intersystem crossing channel, which makes their first singlet excited states decay with rates on the order of 10(12) to 10(13) s(-1). Some questions, however, remain about the nature of the receiver triplet states, which have been in principle assigned to specific triplets of a different electronic configuration from T(1). In particular, it could be suggested that even a small degree of n-π* character of the T(1) state may be enough to allow the S(1) state to couple to upper vibronic states of the lowest energy triplet, without the requirement for specific upper triplet states. In this report, we show that there are, in fact, nitroaromatic compounds that do not show the ultrafast intersystem crossing channel but instead have S(1) states that are two to three orders of magnitude longer lived. Our studies focused on the time resolution of the emission from singly nitrated pyrenes, which show a strong photophysical dependence on the position of the NO(2) group: Whereas S(1) in 1-nitropyrene is short-lived (up to 3 ps), in 4-nitropyrene and 2-nitropyrene this state has 0.41 and 1.2 ns lifetimes, respectively, in acetonitrile solution. Computational work at the TD-DFT level of theory indicates that such remarkable increase in the first excited singlet lifetime can indeed be explained by a loss of the energy coincidence between the S(1) state with specific upper triplet states formed from transitions that involve the nonbonding orbitals at the oxygen atoms. These results are in strong support of the previous descriptions about the requirement for intermediacy of specific triplet states in the ultrafast decay of the fluorescent state present in most nitroaromatics. The implications for the photochemistry of this group of toxic atmospheric pollutants, including the channel that redounds in the dissociation of the NO· fragment, are discussed in view of the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy F Plaza-Medina
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 D.F., México
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