1
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Wei J, Liu Y, Sun Y, Bai J, Gao H, Yang Z, Pan L. Continuous Synthesis of a Macrocyclic Sulfite of Polyethylene Glycol by Cascaded Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304319. [PMID: 38277192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Many macrocyclic compounds are attractive drug-like molecules or intermediates due to their special properties. However, the bulk synthesis of such compounds are hindered by the necessity of using diluted solutions, in order to prevent intermolecular reactions that yields oligomer impurities, thereby resulting in a low production efficiency. Such challenge can be adequately addressed by using continuous reactors, allowing improved efficiency with smaller space footprints. In this work, we proposed a novel continuous process for the synthesis of a macrocyclic sulfite of tetraethylene glycol (PEG4-MCSi), which is a precursor to a very useful building block, PEG4-macrocyclic sulfate (PEG4-MCS). The basic reaction parameters, including stoichiometry and temperature, were first confirmed with small batch reactions, and the effectiveness of coiled reactors and continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) were compared. Cascaded CSTRs were proven to be suitable, and the reaction parameters were subject to further optimization to give a robust continuous process. The process was then tested with 4 parallel runs for up to 64 h. Finally, the merits and demerits of batch and continuous reactions were also compared, demonstrating the suitability of latter in the bulk production of macrocyclic PEG-MCSi compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Wei
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Yinli Liu
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Jun Bai
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - He Gao
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Yang
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Long Pan
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
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2
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Garnes-Portolés F, Merino E, Leyva-Pérez A. Mizoroki-Heck Macrocyclization Reactions at 1 M Concentration Catalyzed by Sub-nanometric Palladium Clusters. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300200. [PMID: 37115962 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of cyclized organic compounds with more than ten atoms (macrocycles) is traditionally based on reversible reactions under highly diluted conditions, typically <0.05 M, in order to circumvent the formation of intermolecular products. These reaction conditions severely hamper industrial productivity and the use of solid catalysts. Herein, it is shown that the intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reaction of ω-iodide cinnamates proceeds at 1 M concentration when catalyzed by few-atom Pd clusters, either in solution or supported on a solid, to give different macrocycles in good yields. This paradigmatic increase in reaction concentration not only opens the door for macrocycle production with high throughputs but also enables the use of solid catalysts for a macrocyclization reaction in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Garnes-Portolés
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Merino
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Facultad de Farmacia, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Brufani G, Valentini F, Rossini G, Rosignoli L, Gu Y, Liu P, Vaccaro L. Waste-minimized continuous flow copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition with low metal contamination. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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4
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Drelinkiewicz D, Whitby RJ. A practical flow synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28910-28915. [PMID: 36320728 PMCID: PMC9551675 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04727f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust and versatile protocol for synthesis of 1-monosubstituted and 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles was established under continuous flow conditions using copper-on-charcoal as a heterogeneous catalyst. This methodology allowed for the synthesis of a diverse set of substituted 1,2,3-triazoles with good functional group tolerance and high yields. 2-Ynoic acids were also used as small-chain alkyne donors in a decarboxylation/cycloaddition cascade, allowing gaseous reagents to be bypassed, delivering desired triazoles in high yields. The developed methodology was used to synthesize an antiepileptic agent, rufinamide, which was obtained in 96% isolated yield. Copper-on-charcoal is an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for the alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction performed under continuous flow conditions. 2-Ynoic acids undergo decarboxylation/cycloaddition cascade giving triazoles bearing small alkyl chains.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Drelinkiewicz
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Richard J. Whitby
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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5
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Insights on the Synthesis of N-Heterocycles Containing Macrocycles and Their Complexion and Biological Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072123. [PMID: 35408522 PMCID: PMC9000807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic chemistry has been extensively developed over the past several decades. In fact, the architecture of new macrocyclic models has undergone exponential growth to offer molecules with specific properties. In this context, an attempt is made in this study to provide an overview of some synthetic methods allowing the elaboration of N-heterocycles containing macrocycles (imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, and pyrazole), as well as their applications in the complexation of metal cations or as pharmacological agents.
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6
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Esteve F, Porcar R, Luis SV, Altava B, García-Verdugo E. Continuous Flow Processes as an Enabling Tool for the Synthesis of Constrained Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3519-3528. [PMID: 35166527 PMCID: PMC9690154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Herein we report our efforts to develop
a continuous flow methodology
for the efficient preparation of pseudopeptidic macrocyclic compounds
containing the hexahydropyrrolo-[3,4-f]-isoindolocyclophane
scaffold and involving four coupled substitution reactions in the
macrocyclization process. Appropriate design of a supported base permitted
the continuous production of the macrocycles even at large scales,
taking advantage of the positive template effect promoted by the bromide
anions. In addition, the use of flow protocols allowed a ca. 20-fold
increase in productivity as well as reducing the environmental impact
almost 2 orders of magnitude, in comparison with the related batch
macrocyclization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Esteve
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Raul Porcar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Avda. Esparta, 28232 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago V Luis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Belen Altava
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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7
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Ollerton K, Greenaway RL, Slater AG. Enabling Technology for Supramolecular Chemistry. Front Chem 2021; 9:774987. [PMID: 34869224 PMCID: PMC8634592 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.774987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular materials-materials that exploit non-covalent interactions-are increasing in structural complexity, selectivity, function, stability, and scalability, but their use in applications has been comparatively limited. In this Minireview, we summarize the opportunities presented by enabling technology-flow chemistry, high-throughput screening, and automation-to wield greater control over the processes in supramolecular chemistry and accelerate the discovery and use of self-assembled systems. Finally, we give an outlook for how these tools could transform the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Ollerton
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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8
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Amrhein JA, Knapp S, Hanke T. Synthetic Opportunities and Challenges for Macrocyclic Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7991-8009. [PMID: 34076436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles are typically cyclic variants of inhibitors derived from uncyclized canonical molecules or from natural products. For medicinal chemistry, drug-like macrocycles have received increasing interest over the past few years, since it has been demonstrated that macrocyclization can favorably alter the biological and physiochemical properties as well as selectivity in comparison to the acyclic analogue. Recent drug approvals such as Lorlatinib, glecaprevir, or voxilaprevir underline the clinical relevance of drug-like macrocycles. However, the synthesis of drug-like macrocycles can be challenging, since the ring-closing reaction is generally challenging with yields depending on the size and geometry of the bridging linker. Nevertheless, macrocycles are one opportunity to expand the synthetic toolbox for medicinal chemistry to provide bioactive molecules. Therefore, we reviewed the past literature of drug-like macrocycles highlighting reactions that have been successfully used for the macrocyclization. We classified the cyclization reactions by their type, ring-size, yield, and macrocyclization efficiency index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alisa Amrhein
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structure Genomics Consortium Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structure Genomics Consortium Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Hanke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structure Genomics Consortium Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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9
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Bakhtiari A, Safaei‐Ghomi J, Teymuri R. Green sonosynthesis of pyridopyrimidines using heterogeneous Pd‐containing catalysts anchored on a hybrid organic–inorganic surface of
SBA
‐15. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Bakhtiari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Javad Safaei‐Ghomi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Raheleh Teymuri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Kashan Kashan Iran
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10
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Accelerating sulfonyl fluoride synthesis through electrochemical oxidative coupling of thiols and potassium fluoride in flow. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSulfonyl fluorides are valuable synthetic motifs which are currently of high interest due to the popularity of the sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry concept. Herein, we describe a flow chemistry approach to enable their synthesis through an electrochemical oxidative coupling of thiols and potassium fluoride. The reaction can be carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and the yield of the targeted sulfonyl fluoride, by virtue of the short inter-electrode distance between a graphite anode and a stainless-steel cathode, reached up to 92% in only 5 min residence time compared to 6 to 36 h in batch. A diverse set of thiols (7 examples) was subsequently converted in flow. Finally, a fully telescoped process was developed which combines the electrochemical sulfonyl fluoride synthesis with a follow-up SuFEx reaction.
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11
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Cruz-López O, Temps C, Longo B, Myers SH, Franco-Montalban F, Unciti-Broceta A. Synthesis and Characterization of a Click-Assembled 18-Atom Macrocycle That Displays Selective AXL Kinase Inhibitory Activity. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21620-21626. [PMID: 31867559 PMCID: PMC6921642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel macrocyclic construct consisting of a pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold concatenated to a benzene ring through two triazoles has been developed to investigate uncharted chemical space with bioactive potential. The 18-atom macrocycle was assembled via a double copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction between 1,3-bis(azidomethyl)benzene and a bis-propargylated pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine core. The resulting macrocycle was functionalized further into a multicyclic analog that displays selective inhibitory activity against the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Cruz-López
- Cancer
Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.
- Department
of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carolin Temps
- Cancer
Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.
| | - Beatrice Longo
- Cancer
Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.
| | - Samuel H. Myers
- Cancer
Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.
| | - Francisco Franco-Montalban
- Department
of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Cancer
Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.
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12
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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13
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Abstract
This Review is devoted to the chemistry of macrocyclic peptides having heterocyclic fragments in their structure. These motifs are present in many natural products and synthetic macrocycles designed against a particular biochemical target. Thiazole and oxazole are particularly common constituents of naturally occurring macrocyclic peptide molecules. This frequency of occurrence is because the thiazole and oxazole rings originate from cysteine, serine, and threonine residues. Whereas other heteroaryl groups are found less frequently, they offer many insightful lessons that range from conformational control to receptor/ligand interactions. Many options to develop new and improved technologies to prepare natural products have appeared in recent years, and the synthetic community has been pursuing synthetic macrocycles that have no precedent in nature. This Review attempts to summarize progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Smolyar
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , Leninskije Gory , 199991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , Leninskije Gory , 199991 Moscow , Russia
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14
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Santoro S, Ferlin F, Ackermann L, Vaccaro L. C-H functionalization reactions under flow conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2767-2782. [PMID: 30942788 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization technologies have progressed enormously in the last decade as testified by the great number of publications that have appeared in the literature, which are receiving great attention from researchers from different areas of expertise. While most of the protocols reported realize the C-H functionalization processes under batch conditions, there is a growing interest in the development of continuous-flow procedures aiming at increasing the performances of established methodologies or the definition of otherwise unfeasible transformations. This review summarizes the application of flow technologies for the realization of C-H functionalization reactions. According to the type of flow reactors necessary, two main general approaches are possible for the application of flow techniques, namely the use of homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Each example is discussed and accompanied by the description of the main features and benefits of the use of flow compared to batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santoro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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15
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A flow platform for degradation-free CuAAC bioconjugation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4021. [PMID: 30275543 PMCID: PMC6167327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction is a cornerstone method for the ligation of biomolecules. However, undesired Cu-mediated oxidation and Cu-contamination in bioconjugates limits biomedical utility. Here, we report a generic CuAAC flow platform for the rapid, robust, and broad-spectrum formation of discrete triazole bioconjugates. This process leverages an engineering problem to chemical advantage: solvent-mediated Cu pipe erosion generates ppm levels of Cu in situ under laminar flow conditions. This is sufficient to catalyze the CuAAC reaction of small molecule alkynes and azides, fluorophores, marketed drug molecules, peptides, DNA, and therapeutic oligonucleotides. This flow approach, not replicated in batch, operates at ambient temperature and pressure, requires short residence times, avoids oxidation of sensitive functional groups, and produces products with very low ppm Cu contamination. Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction is a common bioconjugation technique; however oxidative degradation and residual copper may limit its use. Here, the authors show that ppm levels of Cu, generated in situ by solvent-mediated pipe erosion in flow, catalyze the CuAAC reaction with no product degradation.
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16
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Nekkaa I, Palkó M, Mándity IM, Fülöp F. Continuous-flow retro-Diels-Alder reaction: an efficient method for the preparation of pyrimidinone derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:318-324. [PMID: 29507637 PMCID: PMC5815275 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The syntheses of various pyrimidinones as potentially bioactive products by means of the highly controlled continuous-flow retro-Diels-Alder reaction of condensed pyrimidinone derivatives are presented. Noteworthy, the use of this approach allowed us to rapidly screen a selection of conditions and quickly confirm the viability of preparing the desired pyrimidinones in short reaction times. Yields typically higher than those published earlier using conventional batch or microwave processes were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Nekkaa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Palkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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17
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Barlow TMA, Tourwé D, Ballet S. Cyclisation To Form Small, Medium and Large Rings by Use of Catalysed and Uncatalysed Azide-Alkyne Cycloadditions (AACs). European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. A. Barlow
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry; Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry; Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry; Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
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18
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Gemoets HPL, Laudadio G, Verstraete K, Hessel V, Noël T. A Modular Flow Design for the meta-Selective C-H Arylation of Anilines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7161-7165. [PMID: 28543979 PMCID: PMC5488246 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Described herein is an effective and practical modular flow design for the meta-selective C-H arylation of anilines. The design consists of four continuous-flow modules (i.e., diaryliodonium salt synthesis, meta-selective C-H arylation, inline copper extraction, and aniline deprotection) which can be operated either individually or consecutively to provide direct access to meta-arylated anilines. With a total residence time of 1 hour, the desired product could be obtained in high yield and excellent purity without the need for column chromatography, and the residual copper content meets the standards for parenterally administered pharmaceutical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes P. L. Gemoets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process TechnologyEindhoven University of TechnologyDen Dolech 25612AZEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process TechnologyEindhoven University of TechnologyDen Dolech 25612AZEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Verstraete
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process TechnologyEindhoven University of TechnologyDen Dolech 25612AZEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process TechnologyEindhoven University of TechnologyDen Dolech 25612AZEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process TechnologyEindhoven University of TechnologyDen Dolech 25612AZEindhovenThe Netherlands
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19
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Gemoets HPL, Laudadio G, Verstraete K, Hessel V, Noël T. A Modular Flow Design for the meta
-Selective C−H Arylation of Anilines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes P. L. Gemoets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Verstraete
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
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21
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Su CL, Tseng CL, Ramesh C, Liu HS, Huang CYF, Yao CF. Using gene expression database to uncover biology functions of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogues synthesized via a copper (I)-catalyzed reaction. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 132:90-107. [PMID: 28342400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized bioactive 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogues containing 2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-(4H)-one derivatives via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in the presence of CuI. All the reactions proceeded smoothly and afforded its desired products in excellent yields. Among these analogues, 3y exhibited a better cytotoxic effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Hep 3B cells and displayed less cytotoxicity on normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells, compared with Sorafenib, a targeted therapy for advanced HCC. 3y also induced stronger apoptosis and autophagy. Addition of curcumin enhanced 3y-induced cytotoxicity by further induction of autophagy. Using gene expression signatures of 3y to query Connectivity Map, a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor (AR-A014418) was predicted to display similar molecular action of 3y. Experiments further demonstrate that AR-A014418 acted like 3y, and vice versa. Overall, our data suggest the chemotherapeutic potential of 3y on HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Li Su
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ling Tseng
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chintakunta Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Fa Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
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22
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Lummiss JA, Morse PD, Beingessner RL, Jamison TF. Towards More Efficient, Greener Syntheses through Flow Chemistry. CHEM REC 2017; 17:667-680. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A.M. Lummiss
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA, 02139 USA
| | - Peter D. Morse
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA, 02139 USA
| | - Rachel L. Beingessner
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA, 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA, 02139 USA
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23
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Meščić A, Šalić A, Gregorić T, Zelić B, Raić-Malić S. Continuous flow-ultrasonic synergy in click reactions for the synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazolyl appended 4,5-unsaturated l-ascorbic acid derivatives. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of flow chemistry and batch-based synthetic procedures has been successfully applied to the assembly of novel 4,5-unsaturated l-ascorbic acid series 6a–6n with diverse C-6-substituted 1,2,3-triazole moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Meščić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Anita Šalić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Reaction Engineering and Catalysis
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Tomislav Gregorić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Bruno Zelić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Reaction Engineering and Catalysis
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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24
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Teci M, Tilley M, McGuire MA, Organ MG. Handling Hazards Using Continuous Flow Chemistry: Synthesis of N1-Aryl-[1,2,3]-triazoles from Anilines via Telescoped Three-Step Diazotization, Azidodediazotization, and [3 + 2] Dipolar Cycloaddition Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Teci
- Department
of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Michael Tilley
- Department
of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Michael A. McGuire
- GlaxoSmithKline
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 709 Swedeland
Road, P.O. Box 1539, UMW 2810, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michael G. Organ
- Department
of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
- Centre
for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
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25
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Singh R, Lee HJ, Singh AK, Kim DP. Recent advances for serial processes of hazardous chemicals in fully integrated microfluidic systems. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Bao J, Tranmer GK. The utilization of copper flow reactors in organic synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:3037-44. [PMID: 25536021 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow chemistry techniques has flourished over the past decade, with the field expanding to include the use of copper flow reactors in bench-top organic synthesis in recent years. These reactors are available in a variety of forms and possess a number of advantages over their batch reaction counterparts, in terms of both safety and yield. This review will highlight the current research employing copper flow reactors, such as 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions ('click' chemistry), macrocyclizations (via 'click' chemistry), Sonogashira C-C couplings, Ullmann couplings, decarboxylations, and other reported findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
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27
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Abstract
Within the green chemistry context, heterogeneous catalysis is more and more applied to organic synthesis. The well known ‘click chemistry’ and especially its flagship, the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC), is now catch up by such heterogenisation process and copper ions or metals have been grafted or deposited on or into various solids, such as (bio)polymers, charcoal, silica, zeolites, POM or MOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Chassaing
- Institut des Technologies Avancées en Sciences du Vivant
- Université de Toulouse
- France
| | - V. Bénéteau
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg
- UMR 7177
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - P. Pale
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg
- UMR 7177
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
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28
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Haldón E, Nicasio MC, Pérez PJ. Copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC): an update. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9528-50. [PMID: 26284434 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of organic azides and alkynes catalysed by copper species represent the prototypical examples of click chemistry. The so-called CuAAC reaction (copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition), discovered in 2002, has been expanded since then to become an excellent tool in organic synthesis. In this contribution the recent results described in the literature since 2010 are reviewed, classified according to the nature of the catalyst precursor: copper(I) or copper(II) salts or complexes, metallic or nano-particulated copper and several solid-supported copper systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Haldón
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química y Ciencias de los Materiales, Campus de El Carmen s/n, Universidad de Huelva, 21007-Huelva, Spain.
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29
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Bédard AC, Santandrea J, Collins SK. Efficient continuous-flow synthesis of macrocyclic triazoles. J Flow Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Martí-Centelles V, Pandey MD, Burguete MI, Luis SV. Macrocyclization Reactions: The Importance of Conformational, Configurational, and Template-Induced Preorganization. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8736-834. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrituanjay D. Pandey
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Burguete
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Santiago V. Luis
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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31
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Cai M, Hu J, Tian JL, Yan H, Zheng CG, Hu WL. Novel hybrids from N-hydroxyarylamide and indole ring through click chemistry as histone deacetylase inhibitors with potent antitumor activities. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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33
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Salvador CEM, Pieber B, Neu PM, Torvisco A, Kleber Z Andrade C, Kappe CO. A sequential Ugi multicomponent/Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition approach for the continuous flow generation of cyclic peptoids. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4590-602. [PMID: 25842982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a continuous flow multistep strategy for the synthesis of linear peptoids and their subsequent macrocyclization via Click chemistry is described. The central transformation of this process is an Ugi four-component reaction generating the peptidomimetic core structure. In order to avoid exposure to the often toxic and malodorous isocyanide building blocks, the continuous approach was telescoped by the dehydration of the corresponding formamide. In a concurrent operation, the highly energetic azide moiety required for the subsequent intramolecular copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (Click reaction) was installed by nucleophilic substitution from a bromide precursor. All steps yielding to the linear core structures can be conveniently coupled without the need for purification steps resulting in a single process generating the desired peptidomimetics in good to excellent yields within a 25 min reaction time. The following macrocyclization was realized in a coil reactor made of copper without any additional additive. A careful process intensification study demonstrated that this transformation occurs quantitatively within 25 min at 140 °C. Depending on the resulting ring strain, either a dimeric or a monomeric form of the cyclic product was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo M Salvador
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,‡Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, C.P. 4478, 70904-970, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp M Neu
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- §Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carlos Kleber Z Andrade
- ‡Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, C.P. 4478, 70904-970, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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35
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Jumde RP, Evangelisti C, Mandoli A, Scotti N, Psaro R. Aminopropyl-silica-supported Cu nanoparticles: An efficient catalyst for continuous-flow Huisgen azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Hawbaker N, Wittgrove E, Christensen B, Sach N, Blackmond DG. Dispersion in Compartmentalized Flow Systems: Influence of Flow Patterns on Reactivity. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500360w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hawbaker
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eric Wittgrove
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bianca Christensen
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Neal Sach
- La
Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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37
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38
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Borukhova S, Seeger AD, Noël T, Wang Q, Busch M, Hessel V. Pressure-accelerated azide-alkyne cycloaddition: micro capillary versus autoclave reactor performance. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:504-512. [PMID: 25522301 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pressure effects on regioselectivity and yield of cycloaddition reactions have been shown to exist. Nevertheless, high pressure synthetic applications with subsequent benefits in the production of natural products are limited by the general availability of the equipment. In addition, the virtues and limitations of microflow equipment under standard conditions are well established. Herein, we apply novel-process-window (NPWs) principles, such as intensification of intrinsic kinetics of a reaction using high temperature, pressure, and concentration, on azide-alkyne cycloaddition towards synthesis of Rufinamide precursor. We applied three main activation methods (i.e., uncatalyzed batch, uncatalyzed flow, and catalyzed flow) on uncatalyzed and catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. We compare the performance of two reactors, a specialized autoclave batch reactor for high-pressure operation up to 1800 bar and a capillary flow reactor (up to 400 bar). A differentiated and comprehensive picture is given for the two reactors and the three methods of activation. Reaction speedup and consequent increases in space-time yields is achieved, while the process window for favorable operation to selectively produce Rufinamide precursor in good yields is widened. The best conditions thus determined are applied to several azide-alkyne cycloadditions to widen the scope of the presented methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Borukhova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven (The Netherlands)
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39
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Takayama M. Application of Flow Micro Synthesis Technology for Medicinal Chemistry. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Kitchin M, Konstas K, Sumby CJ, Czyz ML, Valente P, Hill MR, Polyzos A, Doonan CJ. Continuous flow synthesis of a carbon-based molecular cage macrocycle via a three-fold homocoupling reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14231-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of the cage molecule (C110H56Br2) via a remarkable three-fold homo-coupling macrocyclization reaction using continuous flow methodology is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kitchin
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship
- Clayton
- Australia
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and the School of Physical Sciences
- The University of Adelaide
| | | | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and the School of Physical Sciences
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | | | - Peter Valente
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and the School of Physical Sciences
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Matthew R. Hill
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship
- Clayton
- Australia
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and the School of Physical Sciences
- The University of Adelaide
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship
- Clayton
- Australia
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Christian J. Doonan
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship
- Clayton
- Australia
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and the School of Physical Sciences
- The University of Adelaide
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41
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Bogdan AR, Wang Y. A high-throughput synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,4-triazole libraries in a continuous flow reactor. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a high-throughput methodology for the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,4-triazole small-molecule libraries using an integrated synthesis and purification platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Wang
- AbbVie, Inc
- Discovery Chemistry and Technologies
- North Chicago
- USA
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42
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Ötvös SB, Fülöp F. Flow chemistry as a versatile tool for the synthesis of triazoles. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00523j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys the continuous-flow strategies for the synthesis of triazoles by means of copper-catalyzed and catalyst-free cycloadditions between azides and various dipolarophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- and MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-6720 Szeged
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- and MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-6720 Szeged
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43
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Bédard AC, Collins SK. Advanced Strategies for Efficient Macrocyclic Cu(I)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Azides. Org Lett 2014; 16:5286-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Bédard
- Department
of Chemistry and
Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Shawn K. Collins
- Department
of Chemistry and
Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec Canada, H3C 3J7
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44
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Unlocking the potential benefits of flow chemistry in the drug-discovery process. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:845-7. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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45
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Ötvös SB, Hatoss G, Georgiádes Á, Kovács S, Mándity IM, Novák Z, Fülöp F. Continuous-flow azide–alkyne cycloadditions with an effective bimetallic catalyst and a simple scavenger system. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07954j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous-flow technique was utilized for azide–alkyne cycloadditions catalyzed by copper on iron bimetallic system. An iron powder unit was used as a readily available copper scavenger, which turned into an in situ generated copper catalyst after several hours of continuous operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Hatoss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Georgiádes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kovács
- MTA-ELTE “Lendület” Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group
- Institute of Chemistry
- Eötvös Loránd University
- Budapest, Hungary
| | - István M. Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Novák
- MTA-ELTE “Lendület” Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group
- Institute of Chemistry
- Eötvös Loránd University
- Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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46
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Muthusamy S, Sivaguru M. Synthesis of conformationally restricted C2 symmetric macrodiolides via head to tail dimerization of carbonyl ylides. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Sen S, Mamidala R, Gundla R, Charya MT. Diversity Oriented Synthesis of Macrocyclic Diaryl Ethers by Dötz Benzannulation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Cîrcu M, Soran A, Hădade ND, Rednic M, Terec A, Grosu I. Cryptands with 1,3,5-tris(1',3'-dioxan-2'-yl)-benzene units: synthesis and structural investigations. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8722-9. [PMID: 23924384 DOI: 10.1021/jo401432y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various cryptands based on 1,3-dioxane decorated 1,3,5-trisubstituted-benzene building blocks, connected by different chains (exhibiting ester, ether, or triazol groups) to several units with C3 symmetry, are reported. The structure of the compounds was investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR, and MS. The role of the 1,3-dioxane units was targeted to ensure the preorganization of the substrate for the macrocyclization reactions on one side, and for easier NMR assignment of the structure of the cryptands on the other side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cîrcu
- Center of Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry, Cluj-Napoca, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028, Cluj-Napoca, România
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49
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Otvös SB, Georgiádes A, Mándity IM, Kiss L, Fülöp F. Efficient continuous-flow synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazole-substituted β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid derivatives with gram-scale production. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1508-16. [PMID: 23946850 PMCID: PMC3740622 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of novel multi-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-modified β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid derivatives in a simple and efficient continuous-flow procedure is reported. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions were performed with copper powder as a readily accessible Cu(I) source. Initially, high reaction rates were achieved under high-pressure/high-temperature conditions. Subsequently, the reaction temperature was lowered to room temperature by the joint use of both basic and acidic additives to improve the safety of the synthesis, as azides were to be handled as unstable reactants. Scale-up experiments were also performed, which led to the achievement of gram-scale production in a safe and straightforward way. The obtained 1,2,3-triazole-substituted β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylates can be regarded as interesting precursors for drugs with possible biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Otvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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50
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Pellow MA, Stack TDP, Chidsey CED. Squish and CuAAC: additive-free covalent monolayers of discrete molecules in seconds. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:5383-7. [PMID: 23551032 PMCID: PMC3683963 DOI: 10.1021/la400172w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A terminal alkyne is immobilized rapidly into a full monolayer by squishing a small volume of a solution of the alkyne between an azide-modified surface and a copper plate. The monolayer is covalently attached to the surface through a copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, and the coverages of the immobilized electroactive alkyne species are quantified by cyclic voltammetry. A reaction time of less than 20 s is possible with no other reagents required. The procedure is effective under aerobic conditions using either an aqueous or aprotic organic solution of the alkyne (1-100 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Pellow
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
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