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Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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2
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Rebelo SLH, Laia CAT, Szefczyk M, Guedes A, Silva AMG, Freire C. Hybrid Zn-β-Aminoporphyrin-Carbon Nanotubes: Pyrrolidine and Direct Covalent Linkage Recognition, and Multiple-Photo Response. Molecules 2023; 28:7438. [PMID: 37959857 PMCID: PMC10649226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To unveil and shape the molecular connectivity in (metallo)porphyrin-carbon nanotube hybrids are of main relevance for the multiple medicinal, photoelectronic, catalytic, and photocatalytic applications of these materials. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were modified through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with azomethine ylides generated in situ and carrying pentafluorophenyl groups, followed by immobilization of the β-amino-tetraphenylporphyrinate Zn(II). The functionalities were confirmed via XPS and FTIR, whereas Raman spectroscopy showed disruptions on the graphitic carbon nanotube surface upon both steps. The functionalization extension, measured via TGA mass loss and corroborated via XPS, was 0.2 mmol·g-1. Photophysical studies attest to the presence of the different porphyrin-carbon nanotube connectivity in the nanohybrid. Significantly different emission spectra and fluorescence anisotropy of 0.15-0.3 were observed upon variation of excitation wavelength. Vis-NIR absorption and flash photolysis experiments showed energy/charge transfer in the photoactivated nanohybrid. Moreover, evidence was found for direct reaction of amino groups with a carbon nanotube surface in the presence of molecular dipoles such as the zwitterionic sarcosine amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana L. H. Rebelo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - César A. T. Laia
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Monika Szefczyk
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alexandra Guedes
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra, Pólo da FCUP, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. G. Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Freire
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Bottari G, de la Torre G, Guldi DM, Torres T. An exciting twenty-year journey exploring porphyrinoid-based photo- and electro-active systems. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Berna BB, Platzer B, Wolf M, Lavarda G, Nardis S, Galloni P, Torres T, Guldi DM, Paolesse R. Panchromatic Light Harvesting and Stabilizing Charge-Separated States in Corrole-Phthalocyanine Conjugates through Coordinating a Subphthalocyanine. Chemistry 2020; 26:13451-13461. [PMID: 32293078 PMCID: PMC7693288 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the electron-donating and -accepting nature of corroles (Corr) and phthalocyanines (Pc), respectively, we designed and developed two novel covalently linked Corr-Pc conjugates. The synthetic route allows the preparation of the target conjugates in satisfying yields. Comprehensive steady-state absorption, fluorescence, and electrochemical assays enabled insights into energy and electron-transfer processes upon photoexcitation. Coordinating a pyridine-appended subphthalocyanine (SubPc) to the Pc of the conjugate sets up the ways and means to realize the first example of an array composed by three different porphyrinoids, which drives a cascade of energy and charge-transfer processes. Importantly, the SubPc assists in stabilizing the charge-separated state, that is, one-electron oxidized Corr and the one electron-reduced Pc, upon photoexcitation by means of a reductive charge transfer to the SubPc. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of an intramolecular oxidation of a Corr within electron-donor-acceptor conjugates by means of just photoexcitation. Moreover, the combination of Corr, Pc, and SubPc guarantees panchromatic absorption across the visible range of the solar spectrum, with the SubPc covering the "green gap" that usually affects porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Berionni Berna
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica00133RomeItaly
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de CantoblancoC/ Francisco TomásyValiente 728049MadridSpain
- IMDEA—NanocienciaC/Faraday, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Benedikt Platzer
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Maximiliam Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de CantoblancoC/ Francisco TomásyValiente 728049MadridSpain
- IMDEA—NanocienciaC/Faraday, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de CantoblancoC/ Francisco TomásyValiente 728049MadridSpain
- IMDEA—NanocienciaC/Faraday, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica00133RomeItaly
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5
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Ghazal B, Azizi K, Ewies EF, Youssef ASA, Mwalukuku VM, Demadrille R, Torres T, Makhseed S. Push-Pull Zinc Phthalocyanine Bearing Hexa-Tertiary Substituted Carbazolyl Donor Groups for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071692. [PMID: 32272726 PMCID: PMC7254496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An asymmetrical, push–pull phthalocyanine bearing bulky tert-butylcarbazolyl moieties as electron donor and carboxylic acid as anchoring group was synthetized and tested as a photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The new photosensitizer was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, UV–Vis and mass spectrometry. The bulky tert-butylcarbazolyl moieties avoid the aggregation of the phthalocyanine dye. DFT studies indicate that the HOMO is delocalized throughout the π-electron system of the substituted phthalocyanine and the LUMO is located on the core of the molecule with a sizable electron density distribution on carboxyl groups. The new dye has been used as a photosensitizer in transparent and opaque dye-sensitized solar cells, which exhibit poor efficiencies related to a low Jsc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Ghazal
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait;
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Kobra Azizi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ewies F. Ewies
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed S. A. Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. 11566, Cairo, Egypt;
| | | | - Renaud Demadrille
- CEA-Univ. Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (T.T.); (S.M.); Tel.: +965-66999008 (S.M.)
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (T.T.); (S.M.); Tel.: +965-66999008 (S.M.)
| | - Saad Makhseed
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait;
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (T.T.); (S.M.); Tel.: +965-66999008 (S.M.)
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6
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Almodôvar VAS, Tomé AC. Porphyrin–diketopyrrolopyrrole conjugates and related structures: Synthesis, properties and applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619300271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A large diversity of porphyrin–diketopyrrolopyrrole conjugates and related structures formed by diketopyrrolopyrrole units and pyrrole-based moieties such as phthalocyanine, porphycene, calix[4]pyrrole or BODIPY have been reported since 2010. The new compounds, whether small molecules or polymeric materials, exhibit very interesting photophysical properties and have been tested in a range of technical or biological applications. This review summarizes the advances in the synthesis of such compounds. Their photophysical properties and potential applications are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor A. S. Almodôvar
- LAQV–REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- LAQV–REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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7
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Alonso D, Hernández-Castillo D, Almagro L, González-Alemán R, Molero D, Herranz MÁ, Medina-Páez E, Coro J, Martínez-Álvarez R, Suárez M, Martín N. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Steroid–[60]Fullerene Hybrids and Theoretical Underpinning. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2426-2437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Alonso
- Laboratorio de Sı́ntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - David Hernández-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Quı́mica Computacional y Teórica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Luis Almagro
- Laboratorio de Sı́ntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Roy González-Alemán
- Laboratorio de Quı́mica Computacional y Teórica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Dolores Molero
- CAI RMN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Erick Medina-Páez
- Laboratorio de Quı́mica Computacional y Teórica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Julieta Coro
- Laboratorio de Sı́ntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Roberto Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Suárez
- Laboratorio de Sı́ntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Costa JIT, Farinha ASF, Paz FAA, Tomé AC. A Convenient Synthesis of Pentaporphyrins and Supramolecular Complexes with a Fulleropyrrolidine. Molecules 2019; 24:E3177. [PMID: 31480572 PMCID: PMC6749455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and straightforward synthesis of diporphyrins and pentaporphyrins is reported here. The supramolecular interactions of the new porphyrin derivatives with C60 and PyC60 (a pyridyl [60]fulleropyrrolidine) were evaluated by absorption and fluorescence titrations in toluene. While no measurable modifications of the absorption and fluorescence spectra were observed upon addition of C60 to the porphyrin derivatives, the addition of PyC60 to the corresponding mono-Zn(II) porphyrins resulted in the formation of Zn(porphyrin)-PyC60 coordination complexes and the binding constants were calculated. Results show that the four free-base porphyrin units in pentaporphyrin 6 have a significant contribution in the stabilization of the 6-PyC60 complex. The crystal and molecular features of the pentaporphyrin Zn5 were unveiled using single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana I T Costa
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia S F Farinha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences (BESE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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9
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Banerjee S, Sengupta J, Aljarilla AI, Setaro F, Makinen P, Wu L, Holappa L, de la Escosura A, Martinelli C, Trohopoulos P, Ylä-Herttuala S, Urbanics R, Szebeni J, Torres T, Krol S. Human serum albumin nanoparticles loaded with phthalocyanine dyes for potential use in photodynamic therapy for atherosclerotic plaques. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.33218/prnano2(2).190411.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by obstruction or rupture of vulnerable plaques in the arterial walls such as cardiovascular infarction or stroke are the leading cause of death in the world. In the present work, we developed human serum albumin nanoparticles loaded by physisorption with zinc phthalocyanine, TT1, mainly used for industrial application as near-infrared photosensitizer and compared these to HSA NPs loaded with the well-known silicone phthalocyanine (Pc4). The use of NIR light allows for better tissue penetration, while the use of nanoparticles permits high local concentrations. The particles were characterized and tested for toxicity and stability as well as for their potential use as a contrast agent and NIR photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy in cardiovascular disease. We focused on the distribution of the nanoparticles in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and atherosclerotic mice. The nanoparticles had an average size of 120 nm according to dynamic light scattering, good loading capacity for zinc phthalocyanine, and satisfying stability in 50% (v/v) fetal bovine serum for 8 hours and in an aqueous environment at 4°C for 4–6 weeks. Under light irradiation we found a high production of singlet oxygen and the products showed no dark toxicity in vitro with macrophages (the target cells in vulnerable plaques), but at a low g/mL nanoparticle concentration killed efficiently the macrophages upon LED illumination. Injection of the contrast agent in atherosclerotic mice led to a visible fluorescence signal of zinc phthalocyanine in the atherosclerotic plaque at 30 minutes and in the lungs with a fast clearance of the nanoparticles. Zinc phthalocyanine loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles present an interesting candidate for the visualization and potentially photodynamic treatment of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Banerjee
- aFIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM-IEO-Campus, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomas Torres
- CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA DE CANTOBLANCO IMDEA Nanoscience
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10
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Fazio E, Winterfeld KA, López-Pérez A, Torres T, Guldi DM, de la Torre G. Synergy of light harvesting and energy transfer as well as short-range charge shift reactions in multicomponent conjugates. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22400-22408. [PMID: 30475370 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08438f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report herein on the design, the synthesis, and the characterization of a panchromatic, charge stabilizing electron donor-acceptor conjugate: (BBPA)3-ZnPor-ZnPc-SubPc 1. Each component, that is, bis(biphenyl)phenylamine (BBPA), Zn(ii) porphyrin (ZnPor), Zn(ii) phthalocyanine ZnPc, and subphthalocyanine (SubPc), has been carefully chosen and modified to enable a cascade of energy and charge transfer processes. On one hand, ZnPor, has been functionalized with three electron-donating BBPA as primary and secondary electron donors and to stabilize the final charge-separated state, and, on the other hand, a perfluorinated SubPc has been selected as ultimate electron acceptor. In addition, the ZnPc unit contains several trifluoromethylphenyl moieties to match its energy levels to those of the other components. In fact, irradiation of the heteroarray 1 triggers a cascade of light harvesting across the entire visible range, unidirectional energy transfer, exergonic charge separating, and short-range charge shifting to afford in 14% quantum yield a (BBPA)3˙+-ZnPor-ZnPc-SubPc˙- charge-separated state. The lifetime of the latter reaches well into the range of tens of nanoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Fazio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Seetharaman S, Follana-Berná J, Martín-Gomis L, Charalambidis G, Trapali A, Karr PA, Coutsolelos AG, Fernández-Lázaro F, Sastre-Santos Á, D'Souza F. Sequential, Ultrafast Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer in a Fused Zinc Phthalocyanine-free-base Porphyrin-C 60 Supramolecular Triad. Chemphyschem 2018; 20:163-172. [PMID: 30353624 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular triad composed of a fused zinc phthalocyanine-free-base porphyrin dyad (ZnPc-H2 P) coordinated to phenylimidazole functionalized C60 via metal-ligand axial coordination was assembled, as a photosynthetic antenna-reaction centre mimic. The process of self-assembly resulting into the formation of C60 Im:ZnPc-H2 P supramolecular triad was probed by proton NMR, UV-Visible and fluorescence experiments at ambient temperature. The geometry and electronic structures were deduced from DFT calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(dp) level. Electrochemical studies revealed ZnPc to be a better electron donor compared to H2 P, and C60 to be the terminal electron acceptor. Fluorescence studies of the ZnPc-H2 P dyad revealed excitation energy transfer from 1 H2 P* to ZnPc within the fused dyad and was confirmed by femtosecond transient absorption studies. Similar to that reported earlier for the fused ZnPc-ZnP dyad, the energy transfer rate constant, kENT was in the order of 1012 s-1 in the ZnPc-H2 P dyad indicating an efficient process as a consequence of direct fusion of the two π-systems. In the presence of C60 Im bound to ZnPc, photoinduced electron transfer leading to H2 P-ZnPc.+ :ImC60 .- charge separated state was observed either by selective excitation of ZnPc or H2 P. The latter excitation involved an energy transfer followed by electron transfer mechanism. Nanosecond transient absorption studies revealed that the lifetime of charge separated state persists for about 120 ns indicating charge stabilization in the triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Jorge Follana-Berná
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Luis Martín-Gomis
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Adelais Trapali
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska, 68787, USA
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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12
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Tang S, Zhang X, Sun J, Niu D, Chruma JJ. 2-Azaallyl Anions, 2-Azaallyl Cations, 2-Azaallyl Radicals, and Azomethine Ylides. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10393-10457. [PMID: 30302999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the use of 2-azaallyl anions, 2-azaallyl cations, and 2-azaallyl radicals in organic synthesis up through June 2018. Particular attention is paid to both foundational studies and recent advances over the past decade involving semistabilized and nonstabilized 2-azaallyl anions as key intermediates in various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming processes. Both transition-metal-catalyzed and transition-metal-free transformations are covered. Azomethine ylides, which have received significant attention elsewhere, are discussed briefly with the primary focus on critical comparisons with 2-azaallyl anions in regard to generation and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jason J Chruma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
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13
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Follana-Berná J, Seetharaman S, Martín-Gomis L, Charalambidis G, Trapali A, Karr PA, Coutsolelos AG, Fernández-Lázaro F, D'Souza F, Sastre-Santos Á. Supramolecular complex of a fused zinc phthalocyanine-zinc porphyrin dyad assembled by two imidazole-C 60 units: ultrafast photoevents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7798-7807. [PMID: 29504005 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00382c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new zinc phthalocyanine-zinc porphyrin dyad (ZnPc-ZnP) fused through a pyrazine ring has been synthesized as a receptor for imidazole-substituted C60 (C60Im) electron acceptor. Self-assembly via metal-ligand axial coordination and the pertinent association constants in solution were determined by 1H-NMR, UV-Vis and fluorescence titration experiments at room temperature. The designed host was able to bind up to two C60Im electron acceptor guest molecules to yield C60Im:ZnPc-ZnP:ImC60 donor-acceptor supramolecular complex. The spectral data showed that the two binding sites behave independently with binding constants similar in magnitude. Steady-state fluorescence studies were indicative of an efficient singlet-singlet energy transfer from zinc porphyrin to zinc phthalocyanine within the fused dyad. Accordingly, the transient absorption studies covering a wide timescale of femto-to-milli seconds revealed ultrafast energy transfer from 1ZnP* to ZnPc (kEnT ∼ 1012 s-1) in the fused dyad. Further, a photo induced electron transfer was observed in the supramolecularly assembled C60Im:ZnPc-ZnP:ImC60 donor-acceptor complex leading to charge separated states, which persisted for about 200 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Follana-Berná
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203 Elche, Spain.
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14
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Fidan I, Luneau D, Ahsen V, Hirel C. Revisiting the Ullman's Radical Chemistry for Phthalocyanine Derivatives. Chemistry 2018; 24:5359-5365. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Fidan
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Gebze; 41400 Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Dominique Luneau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615), Campus de La Doua; 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Vefa Ahsen
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Gebze; 41400 Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Catherine Hirel
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Gebze; 41400 Kocaeli Turkey
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15
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Cerqueira AFR, Moura NMM, Serra VV, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Neves MGPMS. β-Formyl- and β-Vinylporphyrins: Magic Building Blocks for Novel Porphyrin Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081269. [PMID: 28758915 PMCID: PMC6152163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins bearing formyl or vinyl groups have been explored as starting materials to prepare new compounds with adequate features for different applications. In this review it is discussed mainly synthetic strategies based on the reaction of meso-tetraarylporphyrins bearing those groups at β-pyrrolic positions. The use of some of the obtained porphyrin derivatives for further transformations, namely via pericyclic reactions, is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F R Cerqueira
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Nuno M M Moura
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Vanda Vaz Serra
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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16
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Ray A, Bhattacharya S. Photophysical insights behind zinc naphthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle interaction and its effect over supramolecular interaction between zinc napthalocyanine and PyC 60 in solution. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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18
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Gomes AT, Freire PC, Domingos CR, Neves MG, Cavaleiro JA, Almeida Paz FA, Saraiva JA, Tomé AC. Synthesis under high hydrostatic pressure — a new method to prepare 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(substituted amino)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl]porphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461650111x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin reacts with primary alkylamines and heterocyclic amines, at 50°C and under high pressure (450 MPa), to produce the [Formula: see text]-substituted tetraamino derivatives in high yields. Under similar conditions, the reaction with the bulky dibutylamine and dipentylamine affords the corresponding mono-substituted dialkylaminoporphyrins in 10% yield. This new protocol arises as a considerable improvement of the methods already known, which usually require high temperatures and are not effective when using secondary amines having long alkyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T.P.C. Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia C. Freire
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Maria G.P.M.S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A.S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A. Almeida Paz
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. Saraiva
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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19
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Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Kobayashi N. Preface — Special Issue in Honor of Professor Tomás Torres. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Rotas G, Martín-Gomis L, Ohkubo K, Fernández-Lázaro F, Fukuzumi S, Tagmatarchis N, Sastre-Santos Á. Axially Substituted Silicon Phthalocyanine as Electron Donor in a Dyad and Triad with Azafullerene as Electron Acceptor for Photoinduced Charge Separation. Chemistry 2016; 22:15137-15143. [PMID: 27595991 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a donor-acceptor silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc)-azafullerene (C59 N) dyad 1 and of the first acceptor-donor-acceptor C59 N-SiPc-C59 N dumbbell triad 2 was accomplished. The two C59 N-based materials were comprehensively characterized with the aid of NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-MS as well as DFT calculations and their redox and photophysical properties were evaluated with CV and steady-state and time-resolved absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements. Notably, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy assays revealed that both dyad 1 and triad 2 undergo, after selective photoexcitation of the SiPc moiety, photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of the SiPc moiety to the azafullerene counterpart to produce the charge-separated state, with lifetimes of 660 ps, in the case of dyad 1, and 810 ps, in the case of triad 2. The current results are expected to have significant implications en route to the design of advanced C59 N-based donor-acceptor systems targeting energy conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Rotas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Luis Martín-Gomis
- División de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- División de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea. .,Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 116 35 Athens, Greece.
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- División de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain.
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21
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Ray A, Kundu K, Kundu K, Nayak SK, Bhattacharya S. Spectroscopic and theoretical insights on non-covalent interaction between fullerenes and Xantheno-linked benzo-15-crown-5 receptor in solution. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Rodríguez-Morgade MS. A Colorful Life: Scientific Achievements of Tomás Torres in the Fields of Phthalocyanines, Molecular Materials and Nanoscience. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most important achievements of Tomás Torres in the last few decades within the fields of Phthalocyanines and related compounds, Molecular Materials and Nanoscience are revised and his recognized international prestige in these areas highlighted on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
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23
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Synthesis of highly water-soluble trisulfonated phthalocyanine with single carboxylic acid via palladium-catalyzed cyanation reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Ray A, Banerjee S, Ghosh S, Bauri AK, Bhattacharya S. Chemical physics behind formation of efficient charge-separated state for complexation between PC70BM and designed diporphyrin in solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 152:64-69. [PMID: 26189161 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports supramolecular interaction of [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) with two designed diporphyrin molecules having dithiophene (1) and carbazole (2) spacer in solvent having varying polarity. Studies on complex formation reveal relatively higher binding constant for PC70BM/2 complex in all the solvent studied. Solvent dependence of charge separation and charge recombination processes in PC70BM/diporphyrin non-covalent complexes has been well established in present work. Donor-acceptor geometry and stabilization of the singlet excited state of the diporphyrin during charge recombination are considered to be the possible reasons for this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713 104, India
| | - Shrabanti Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Raja Rammohan Roy Mahavidyalaya, Radhanagore, Hooghly 712 406, India
| | - Shalini Ghosh
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, AP 500 046, India
| | - Ajoy K Bauri
- Bio-organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sumanta Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713 104, India.
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25
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Kirner SV, Henkel C, Guldi DM, Megiatto JD, Schuster DI. Multistep energy and electron transfer processes in novel rotaxane donor-acceptor hybrids generating microsecond-lived charge separated states. Chem Sci 2015; 6:7293-7304. [PMID: 28757988 PMCID: PMC5512142 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02895g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new set of [Cu(phen)2]+ based rotaxanes, featuring [60]-fullerene as an electron acceptor and a variety of electron donating moieties, namely zinc porphyrin (ZnP), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and ferrocene (Fc), has been synthesized and fully characterized with respect to electrochemical and photophysical properties. The assembly of the rotaxanes has been achieved using a slight variation of our previously reported synthetic strategy that combines the Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (the "click" or CuAAC reaction) with Sauvage's metal-template protocol. To underline our results, complementary model rotaxanes and catenanes have been prepared using the same strategy and their electrochemistry and photo-induced processes have been investigated. Insights into excited state interactions have been afforded from steady state and time resolved emission spectroscopy as well as transient absorption spectroscopy. It has been found that photo-excitation of the present rotaxanes triggers a cascade of multi-step energy and electron transfer events that ultimately leads to remarkably long-lived charge separated states featuring one-electron reduced C60 radical anion (C60˙-) and either one-electron oxidized porphyrin (ZnP˙+) or one-electron oxidized ferrocene (Fc˙+) with lifetimes up to 61 microseconds. In addition, shorter-lived charge separated states involving one-electron oxidized copper complexes ([Cu(phen)2]2+ (τ < 100 ns)), one-electron oxidized zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc˙+; τ = 380-560 ns), or ZnP˙+ (τ = 2.3-8.4 μs), and C60˙- have been identified as intermediates during the sequence. Detailed energy diagrams illustrate the sequence and rate constants of the photophysical events occurring with the mechanically-linked chromophores. This work pioneers the exploration of mechanically-linked systems as platforms to position three distinct chromophores, which are able to absorb light over a very wide range of the visible region, triggering a cascade of short-range energy and electron transfer processes to afford long-lived charge separated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina V Kirner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Christian Henkel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Jackson D Megiatto
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , NY 10003 , USA .
| | - David I Schuster
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , NY 10003 , USA .
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26
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Ray A, Pal H, Ramanan V, Bhattacharya S. New photophysical insights on effect of gold nanoparticles on the interaction between phthalocyanine and PC(70)BM in solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:992-1001. [PMID: 26123516 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced processes in phthalocyanine/functionalized gold nanoparticles (Pc/AuNps) have been investigated by spectroscopic measurements. It is observed while AuNps reduce the magnitude of binding constant for the non-covalent complexation between [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) and H2-Pc by 15.8 times in comparison to PC70BM/ZnPc system in toluene, fluorescence of ZnPc is strongly quenched in presence of AuNp. Fluorescence lifetime determined by time-correlated single photon counting is also strongly reduced for ZnPc in presence of AuNp compared to H2-Pc. Symbolic enhancement in quantum yield of charge-separation associated with well-defined electrostatic interaction has been confirmed for PC70BM/ZnPc supramolecule in presence of AuNp. Transient absorption measurements establish that energy transfer mechanism is operative for both PC70BM/H2-Pc and PC70BM/ZnPc supramolecules in absence and presence of AuNp in toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Ray
- The University of Burdwan, Department of Chemistry, Golapbag, Burdwan 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Haridas Pal
- Molecular Photochemistry Section, Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Vadivel Ramanan
- National Centre for Ultrafast Processes, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Sumanta Bhattacharya
- The University of Burdwan, Department of Chemistry, Golapbag, Burdwan 713 104, West Bengal, India.
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27
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Ray A, Bhattacharya S. Chemical physics behind phthalocyanine–gold nanoparticle interaction and its effect over supramolecular interaction between PC70BM and phthalocyanine in solution. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Lebedeva MA, Chamberlain TW, Khlobystov AN. Harnessing the Synergistic and Complementary Properties of Fullerene and Transition-Metal Compounds for Nanomaterial Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:11301-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Lebedeva
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Nanotechnology & Nanoscience Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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29
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Arero J, Kodis G, Schmitz RA, Méndez-Hernández DD, Moore TA, Moore AL, Gust D. Design, synthesis and photophysical studies of phenylethynyl-bridged phthalocyanine-fullerene dyads. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A zinc and a free base phthalocyanine-fulleropyrrolidine dyad in which the chromophores are linked by a phenylethynyl group have been prepared using a new synthetic route, and their photoelectrochemical properties have been investigated. The zinc dyad is readily soluble in a variety of solvents, and its spectroscopic properties have been determined in toluene and benzonitrile. In toluene, excitation of the zinc phthalocyanine is followed by rapid establishment of an equilibrium between the phthalocyanine and fullerene excited states. These excited states decay mainly to the ground state and the respective triplet states. The fullerene triplet then transfers its energy to form the phthalocyanine triplet. About 20% of the phthalocyanine excited states lead to formation of a charge-separated state. In benzonitrile, the same decay pathways are observed, but photoinduced electron transfer is much faster, and generates the charge separated state with a quantum yield of ≥85%. The charge separated state has a lifetime of 2.8 ns in toluene and 94 ps in benzonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaro Arero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gerdenis Kodis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Robert A. Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Thomas A. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ana L. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Devens Gust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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30
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Martín-Gomis L, Rotas G, Ohkubo K, Fernández-Lázaro F, Fukuzumi S, Tagmatarchis N, Sastre-Santos Á. Does a nitrogen matter? Synthesis and photoinduced electron transfer of perylenediimide donors covalently linked to C59N and C60 acceptors. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7437-7444. [PMID: 25828965 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The first perylenediimide (PDI) covalently linked to an azafullerene (C59N) is described. PDI-C59N and PDI-C60 dyads where PDI acts as an electron-donor moiety have been synthesized by connection of the balls to the PDI 1-bay position. Photoexcitation of the PDI unit in both systems results in formation of the charge-separated state by photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of the PDI moiety to the C59N or to the C60 moiety. The charge-separated state has a lifetime of 400 ps in the case of PDI-C59N and 120 ps for the PDI-C60 dyad in benzonitrile at 298 K. This result has significant implications for the design of organic solar cells based on covalent donor-acceptor systems using C59N as an electron acceptor, indicating that longer-lived charge-separated states can be attained using C59N systems instead of C60 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martín-Gomis
- Área de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain.
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31
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Kc CB, Lim GN, D'Souza F. Multi-modular, tris(triphenylamine) zinc porphyrin-zinc phthalocyanine-fullerene conjugate as a broadband capturing, charge stabilizing, photosynthetic 'antenna-reaction center' mimic. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:6813-6826. [PMID: 25806708 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A broadband capturing, charge stabilizing, photosynthetic antenna-reaction center model compound has been newly synthesized and characterized. The model compound is comprised of a zinc porphyrin covalently linked to three units of triphenylamine entities and a zinc phthalocyanine entity. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of zinc porphyrin complemented that of zinc phthalocyanine offering broadband coverage. Stepwise energy transfer from singlet excited triphenylamine to zinc porphyrin, and singlet excited zinc porphyrin to zinc phthalocyanine (kENT ∼ 10(11) s(-1)) was established from spectroscopic and time-resolved transient absorption techniques. Next, an electron acceptor, fullerene was introduced via metal-ligand axial coordination to both zinc porphyrin and zinc phthalocyanine centers, and they were characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. An association constant of 4.9 × 10(4) M(-1) for phenylimidazole functionalized fullerene binding to zinc porphyrin, and 5.1 × 10(4) M(-1) for it binding to zinc phthalocyanine was obtained. An energy level diagram for the occurrence of different photochemical events within the multi-modular donor-acceptor conjugate was established from spectral and electrochemical data. Unlike the previous zinc porphyrin-zinc phthalocyanine-fullerene conjugates, the newly assembled donor-acceptor conjugate has been shown to undergo the much anticipated initial charge separation from singlet excited zinc porphyrin to the coordinated fullerene followed by a hole shift process to zinc phthalocyanine resulting in a long-lived charge separated state as revealed by femto- and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopic techniques. The lifetime of the final charge separated state was about 100 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra B Kc
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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Tejerina L, Martínez-Díaz MV, Torres T. Convergent Strategy for the Regioselective Synthesis of Nonaggregated α-Triaryl-β-carboxy Zinc Phthalocyanines. Org Lett 2015; 17:552-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503557c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tejerina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Facultad de Ciencias, and ‡IMDEA Nanociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Facultad de Ciencias, and ‡IMDEA Nanociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Facultad de Ciencias, and ‡IMDEA Nanociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Ray A, Pal H, Bhattacharya S. Photophysical insights into fullerene–porphyrazine supramolecular interactions in solution. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02003d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This communication reports supramolecular interactions of a porphyrazine derivative, namely, 2,7,12,17-tetra-tert-butyl-5,10,15,20-tetraaza-21H,23H-porphine (1) with C60 and C70 in toluene and dichlorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Burdwan
- Burdwan-713 104
- India
| | - Haridas Pal
- Molecular Photochemistry Section
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400 085
- India
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Aragay G, Ventura B, Guerra A, Pintre I, Chiorboli C, García-Fandiño R, Flamigni L, Granja JR, Ballester P. Self-Sorting of cyclic peptide homodimers into a heterodimeric assembly featuring an efficient photoinduced intramolecular electron-transfer process. Chemistry 2014; 20:3427-38. [PMID: 24677609 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe the thermodynamic characterisation of the self-sorting process experienced by two homodimers assembled by hydrogen-bonding interactions through their cyclopeptide scaffolds and decorated with Zn-porphyrin and fullerene units into a heterodimeric assembly that contains one electron-donor (Zn–porphyrin) and one electron-acceptor group (fullerene). The fluorescence of the Zn-porphyrin unit is strongly quenched upon heterodimer formation. This phenomenon is demonstrated to be the result of an efficient photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) process occurring between the Zn-porphyrin and the fullerene units of the heterodimeric system. The recombination lifetime of the charge-separated state of the heterodimer complex is in the order of 180 ns. In solution, both homo- and heterodimers are present as a mixture of three regioisomers: two staggered and one eclipsed. At the concentration used for this study, the high stability constant determined for the heterodimer suggests that the eclipsed conformer is the main component in solution. The application of the bound-state scenario allowed us to calculate that the heterodimer exists mainly as the eclipsed regioisomer (75-90 %). The attractive interaction that exists between the donor and acceptor chromophores in the heterodimeric assembly favours their arrangement in close contact. This is confirmed by the presence of charge-transfer bands centred at 720 nm in the absorption spectrum of the heterodimer. PET occurs in approximately 75% of the chromophores after excitation of both Zn-porphyrin and fullerene chromophores. Conversely, analogous systems, reported previously, decorated with extended tetrathiafulvalene and fullerene units showed a PET process in a significantly reduced extent (33%). We conclude that the strength (stability constant (K) x effective molarity (EM)) of the intramolecular interaction established between the two chromophores in the Zn-porphyrin/fullerene cyclopeptide-based heterodimers controls the regioisomeric distribution and regulates the high extent to which the PET process takes place in this system.
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Ray A, Bhattacharya S. Remarkable decrease in binding strength for a phthalocyanine–fulleropyrrolidine non-covalent system in the presence of silver nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46836d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Huang L, Cui X, Therrien B, Zhao J. Energy-funneling-based broadband visible-light-absorbing bodipy-C60 triads and tetrads as dual functional heavy-atom-free organic triplet photosensitizers for photocatalytic organic reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:17472-82. [PMID: 24318269 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
C60-bodipy triads and tetrads based on the energy-funneling effect that show broadband absorption in the visible region have been prepared as novel triplet photosensitizers. The new photosensitizers contain two or three different light-harvesting antennae associated with different absorption wavelengths, resulting in a broad absorption band (450-650 nm). The panchromatic excitation energy harvested by the bodipy moieties is funneled into a spin converter (C60), thus ensuring intersystem crossing and population of the triplet state. Nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption and spin density analysis indicated that the T1 state is localized on either C60 or the antennae, depending on the T1 energy levels of the two entities. The antenna-localized T1 state shows a longer lifetime (τ(T)=132.9 μs) than the C60-localized T1 state (ca. 27.4 μs). We found that the C60 triads and tetrads can be used as dual functional photocatalysts, that is, singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and superoxide radical anion (O2(.-)) photosensitizers. In the photooxidation of naphthol to juglone, the (1)O2 photosensitizing ability of the C60 triad is a factor of 8.9 greater than the conventional triplet photosensitizers tetraphenylporphyrin and methylene blue. The C60 dyads and triads were also used as photocatalysts for O2(.-)-mediated aerobic oxidation of aromatic boronic acids to produce phenols. The reaction times were greatly reduced compared with when [Ru(bpy)3Cl2] was used as photocatalyst. Our study of triplet photosensitizers has shown that broadband absorption in the visible spectral region and long-lived triplet excited states can be useful for the design of new heavy-atom-free organic triplet photosensitizers and for the application of these triplet photosensitizers in photo-organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, E-208, West Campus, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 411-8498-6236
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Topal SZ, Atilla D, Ertekin K, Tommasino JB, Luneau D, Gürek AG. Investigation of optical and electrochemical properties as well as metal ion sensitivities of different number of crown ether appended phthalocyanines. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612501477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report herein, the synthesis, and spectral and electrochemical characterization of a series of phthalocyaninato zinc complexes where two biomedically potential structures; crown ether and phthalocyanine moities were gathered on the same molecule. The effect of number of crown ether moieties on metal ion binding properties, as well as proton sensitivity were investigated by using electronic absorption and fluorescence emission spectra. Spectral behaviors of the zinc phthalocyanine complexes fused with one crown ether; Zn [ Pc (15 C 5)( C 6 H 13)6] and four crown ether; Zn [ Pc (15 C 5)4] in presence of Na + and K + ions were investigated into detail because of host-guest interactions of subjective ions with crown ether moieties, and compared with the crown ether free phthalocyanine; Zn [ Pc ( C 6 H 13)8].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Z. Topal
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 141, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Devrim Atilla
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 141, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Ertekin
- University of Dokuz Eylul, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Jean B. Tommasino
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615), 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Luneau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615), 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Ayşe G. Gürek
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 141, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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de la Torre G, Bottari G, Sekita M, Hausmann A, Guldi DM, Torres T. A voyage into the synthesis and photophysics of homo- and heterobinuclear ensembles of phthalocyanines and porphyrins. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8049-105. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60140d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Dual Role of Phthalocyanines in Carbon Nanostructure-Based Organic Photovoltaics. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2013_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Aguirre de Carcer García Í, Sevim AM, de la Escosura A, Torres T. Synthesis of unsymmetrical carboxyphthalocyanines by palladium-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of iodo-substituted precursors. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2237-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27468c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Li ZQ, Zhang YM, Guo DS, Chen HZ, Liu Y. Supramolecular Assembly with Multiple Preorganised π-Electronic Cages. Chemistry 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Huang D, Zhao J, Wu W, Yi X, Yang P, Ma J. Visible-Light-Harvesting Triphenylamine Ethynyl C60-BODIPY Dyads as Heavy-Atom-Free Organic Triplet Photosensitizers for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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López-Duarte I, Martínez-Díaz MV, Schwartz E, Koepf M, Kouwer PHJ, Rowan AE, Nolte RJM, Torres T. Postfunctionalization of Helical Polyisocyanopeptides with Phthalocyanine Chromophores by “Click Chemistry”. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ince M, Cardinali F, Yum JH, Martínez-Díaz MV, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M, Torres T. Convergent Synthesis of Near-Infrared Absorbing, “Push-Pull”, Bisthiophene-Substituted, Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines and their Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chemistry 2012; 18:6343-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Yang P, Wu W, Zhao J, Huang D, Yi X. Using C60-bodipy dyads that show strong absorption of visible light and long-lived triplet excited states as organic triplet photosensitizers for triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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