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Research progress of azido-containing Pt(IV) antitumor compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113927. [PMID: 34695775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a long-known incurable disease, and the medical use of cisplatin has been a significant discovery. However, the side-effects of cisplatin necessitate the development of new and improved drug. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the photoactivatable Pt(IV) compounds Pt[(X1)(X2)(Y1)(Y2)(N3)2], which have a completely novel mechanism of action. Pt(IV) can efficiently overcome the side-effects of cisplatin and other drugs. Here, we have demonstrated, summarized and discussed the effects and mechanism of these compounds. Compared to the relevant articles in the literature, we have provided a more detailed introduction and a made comprehensive classification of these compounds. We believe that our results can effectively provide a reference for the development of these drugs.
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2
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Shaili E, Romero MJ, Salassa L, Woods JA, Butler JS, Romero-Canelón I, Clarkson G, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ, Farrer NJ. Platinum(IV)-azido monocarboxylato complexes are photocytotoxic under irradiation with visible light. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10593-10607. [PMID: 34278398 PMCID: PMC8335519 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01730f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Complexes trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)(OCOR)(py)2] where py = pyridine and where OCOR = succinate (1); 4-oxo-4-propoxybutanoate (2) and N-methylisatoate (3) have been synthesized by derivation of trans,trans,trans-[Pt(OH)2(N3)2(py)2] (4) and characterised by NMR and EPR spectroscopy, ESI-MS and X-ray crystallography. Irradiation of 1-3 with green (517 nm) light initiated photoreduction to Pt(ii) and release of the axial ligands at a 3-fold faster rate than for 4. TD-DFT calculations showed dissociative transitions at longer wavelengths for 1 compared to 4. Complexes 1 and 2 showed greater photocytotoxicity than 4 when irradiated with 420 nm light (A2780 cell line IC50 values: 2.7 and 3.7 μM) and complex 2 was particularly active towards the cisplatin-resistant cell line A2780cis (IC50 3.7 μM). Unlike 4, complexes 1-3 were phototoxic under green light irradiation (517 nm), with minimal toxicity in the dark. A pKa(H2O) of 5.13 for the free carboxylate group was determined for 1, corresponding to an overall negative charge during biological experiments, which crucially, did not appear to impede cellular accumulation and photocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evyenia Shaili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Marίa J Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and Departamento de Didácticas Aplicadas, Facultade de Formación do Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia, 20018, Spain and Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia, 20018, Spain and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Spain
| | - Julie A Woods
- Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology and Photobiology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jennifer S Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Guy Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Nicola J Farrer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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3
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Freitag L, González L. The Role of Triplet States in the Photodissociation of a Platinum Azide Complex by a Density Matrix Renormalization Group Method. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4876-4881. [PMID: 34006109 PMCID: PMC8165699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Platinum azide complexes are appealing anticancer photochemotherapy drug candidates because they release cytotoxic azide radicals upon light irradiation. Here we present a density matrix renormalization group self-consistent field (DMRG-SCF) study of the azide photodissociation mechanism of trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2], including spin-orbit coupling. We find a complex interplay of singlet and triplet electronic excited states that falls into three different dissociation channels at well-separated energies. These channels can be accessed either via direct excitation into barrierless dissociative states or via intermediate doorway states from which the system undergoes non-radiative internal conversion and intersystem crossing. The high density of states, particularly of spin-mixed states, is key to aid non-radiative population transfer and enhance photodissociation along the lowest electronic excited states.
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4
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Yao K, Bertran A, Howarth A, Goicoechea JM, Hare SM, Rees NH, Foroozandeh M, Bowen AM, Farrer NJ. A visible-light photoactivatable di-nuclear Pt IV triazolato azido complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11287-11290. [PMID: 31475995 PMCID: PMC6984334 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel PtIV triazolato azido complex [3]-[N1,N3] has been synthesised via a strain-promoted double-click reaction (SPDC) between a PtIV azido complex (1) and the Sondheimer diyne (2). Photoactivation of [3]-[N1,N3] with visible light (452 nm) in the presence of 5'-guanosine monophosphate (5'-GMP) produced both PtIV and PtII 5'-GMP species; EPR spectroscopy confirmed the production of both azidyl and hydroxyl radicals. Spin-trapping of photogenerated radicals - particularly hydroxyl radicals - was significantly reduced in the presence of 5'-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezi Yao
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Arnau Bertran
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Alison Howarth
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Samuel M. Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Mohammadali Foroozandeh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Alice M. Bowen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Nicola J. Farrer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
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6
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Galmés B, Martínez D, Infante‐Carrió MF, Franconetti A, Frontera A. Theoretical ab Initio Study on Cooperativity Effects between Nitro π‐hole and Halogen Bonding Interactions. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1135-1144. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartomeu Galmés
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes Balears Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares) SPAIN
| | - Daniel Martínez
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes Balears Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares) SPAIN
| | - Maria F. Infante‐Carrió
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes Balears Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares) SPAIN
| | - Antonio Franconetti
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes Balears Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares) SPAIN
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes Balears Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares) SPAIN
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7
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Shi H, Imberti C, Sadler PJ. Diazido platinum(iv) complexes for photoactivated anticancer chemotherapy. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00288j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diazido Pt(iv) complexes with a general formula [Pt(N3)2(L)(L′)(OR)(OR′)] are a new generation of anticancer prodrugs designed for use in photoactivated chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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8
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Bassolino G, Nançoz C, Thiel Z, Bois E, Vauthey E, Rivera-Fuentes P. Photolabile coumarins with improved efficiency through azetidinyl substitution. Chem Sci 2017; 9:387-391. [PMID: 29629108 PMCID: PMC5868312 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03627b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of photoactivatable coumarins in water has been enhanced by substitution with azetidine.
Azetidinyl substituents have been recently used to improve the fluorescence quantum yield of several classes of fluorophores. Herein, we demonstrate that other useful photochemical processes can be modulated using this strategy. In particular, we prepared and measured the quantum yield of photorelease of a series of 7-azetidinyl-4-methyl coumarin esters and compared it to their 7-diethylamino and julolidine-fused analogues. The efficiency of the photorelease reactions of the azetidinyl-substituted compounds was 2- to 5-fold higher than the corresponding diethylamino coumarins. We investigated the origin of this effect in model fluorophores and in the photoactivatable esters, and found that H-bonding with the solvent seems to be the prominent deactivation channel inhibited upon substitution with an azetidinyl ring. We anticipate that this substitution strategy could be used to modulate other photochemical processes with applications in chemical biology, catalysis and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bassolino
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , HCI G329, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - Christoph Nançoz
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Geneva , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland .
| | - Zacharias Thiel
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , HCI G329, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - Estelle Bois
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Geneva , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland .
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Geneva , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland .
| | - Pablo Rivera-Fuentes
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , HCI G329, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
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9
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Tsipis AC, Karapetsas IN. Prediction of 195 Pt NMR of photoactivable diazido- and azine-Pt(IV) anticancer agents by DFT computational protocols. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:145-153. [PMID: 27628024 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
195 Pt NMR chemical shifts for a series of large-sized photoactivable anticancer diazido-Pt(IV), homopiperizine-Pt(IV) and multifunctional azine-Pt(IV) complexes hardly to be probed experimentally and by sophisticated four-component and two-component relativistic calculations are predicted with high accuracy by density functional theory computational protocols. The calculated 195 Pt NMR chemical shifts constitute a crucial descriptor for making highly predictive one-parameter quantitative structure activity relationships models that help in designing photoactivable Pt(IV)-based antitumor agents with high cytotoxicity and selectivity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios C Tsipis
- Laboratory of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis N Karapetsas
- Laboratory of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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10
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Target-selective delivery and activation of platinum-based anticancer agents. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:911-27. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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11
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Elius Hossain M, Mahmudul Hasan M, Halim ME, Ehsan MQ, Halim MA. Interaction between transition metals and phenylalanine: a combined experimental and computational study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 138:499-508. [PMID: 25528509 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some transition metal complexes of phenylalanine of general formula [M(C9H10NO2)2]; where M=Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) are prepared in aqueous medium and characterized by spectroscopic, thermo-gravimetric (TG) and magnetic susceptibility analysis. Density functional theory (DFT) has been employed calculating the equilibrium geometries and vibrational frequencies of those complexes at B3LYP level of theory using 6-31G(d) and SDD basis sets. In addition, frontier molecular orbital and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations are performed with CAM-B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/SDD level of theories. Thermo-gravimetric analysis confirms the composition of the complexes by comparing the experimental and calculated data for C, H, N and metals. Experimental and computed IR results predict a significant change in vibrational frequencies of metal-phenylalanine complexes compared to free ligand. DFT calculation confirms that Mn, Co, Ni and Cu complexes form square planar structure whereas Zn adopts distorted tetrahedral geometry. The metal-oxygen bonds in the optimized geometry of all complexes are shorter compared to the metal-nitrogen bonds which is consistent with a previous study. Cation-binding energy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy indicates that these complexes are thermodynamically stable. UV-vis and TD-DFT studies reveal that these complexes demonstrate representative metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and d-d transitions bands. TG analysis and IR spectra of the metal complexes strongly support the absence of water in crystallization. Magnetic susceptibility data of the complexes exhibits that all except Zn(II) complex are high spin paramagnetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Elius Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M E Halim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Q Ehsan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad A Halim
- Bangladesh Institute of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, 38 Green Road West, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
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13
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Sen A, Luxford TFM, Yoshikawa N, Dessent CEH. Solvent evaporation versus proton transfer in nucleobase–Pt(CN)4,62− dianion clusters: a collisional excitation and electronic laser photodissociation spectroscopy study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:15490-500. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00989d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Zhao Y, Woods JA, Farrer NJ, Robinson KS, Pracharova J, Kasparkova J, Novakova O, Li H, Salassa L, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Song L, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. Diazido mixed-amine platinum(IV) anticancer complexes activatable by visible-light form novel DNA adducts. Chemistry 2013; 19:9578-91. [PMID: 23733242 PMCID: PMC4280898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platinum diam(m)ine complexes, such as cisplatin, are successful anticancer drugs, but suffer from problems of resistance and side-effects. Photoactivatable Pt(IV) prodrugs offer the potential of targeted drug release and new mechanisms of action. We report the synthesis, X-ray crystallographic and spectroscopic properties of photoactivatable diazido complexes trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(MA)(Py)] (1; MA=methylamine, Py=pyridine) and trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(MA)(Tz)] (2; Tz=thiazole), and interpret their photophysical properties by TD-DFT modelling. The orientation of the azido groups is highly dependent on H bonding and crystal packing, as shown by polymorphs 1p and 1q. Complexes 1 and 2 are stable in the dark towards hydrolysis and glutathione reduction, but undergo rapid photoreduction with UVA or blue light with minimal amine photodissociation. They are over an order of magnitude more potent towards HaCaT keratinocytes, A2780 ovarian, and OE19 oesophageal carcinoma cells than cisplatin and show particular potency towards cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells (A2780cis). Analysis of binding to calf-thymus (CT), plasmids, oligonucleotide DNA and individual nucleotides reveals that photoactivated 1 and 2 form both mono- and bifunctional DNA lesions, with preference for G and C, similar to transplatin, but with significantly larger unwinding angles and a higher percentage of interstrand cross-links, with evidence for DNA strand cross-linking further supported by a comet assay. DNA lesions of 1 and 2 on a 50 bp duplex were not recognised by HMGB1 protein, in contrast to cisplatin-type lesions. The photo-induced platination reactions of DNA by 1 and 2 show similarities with the products of the dark reactions of the Pt(II) compounds trans-[PtCl2(MA)(Py)] (5) and trans-[PtCl2(MA)(Tz)] (6). Following photoactivation, complex 2 reacted most rapidly with CT DNA, followed by 1, whereas the dark reactions of 5 and 6 with DNA were comparatively slow. Complexes 1 and 2 can therefore give rapid potent photocytotoxicity and novel DNA lesions in cancer cells, with no activity in the absence of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Julie A Woods
- Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, University of DundeeNinewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY (UK)
| | - Nicola J Farrer
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Kim S Robinson
- Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, University of DundeeNinewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY (UK)
| | - Jitka Pracharova
- Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Olga Novakova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Ana M Pizarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
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