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Kikuchi M, Hayashi T, Matsuno T, Kuroda K, Shimojima A. Direct cross-linking of silyl-functionalized cage siloxanes via nonhydrolytic siloxane bond formation for preparing nanoporous materials. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6256-6263. [PMID: 38501342 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Bottom-up synthesis of siloxane-based nanoporous materials from siloxane oligomers is promising for constructing well-defined structures at a molecular level. Herein, we report the synthesis of nanoporous materials consisting of cage-type siloxanes through the nonhydrolytic siloxane bond formation reaction. Cage siloxanes with double-n-ring geometries (n = 4 or 6) modified with dimethylsilyl and dimethylethoxysilyl groups are synthesized and directly cross-linked using a B(C6F5)3 catalyst, resulting in the formation of porous networks composed of alternating cage siloxane nodes and tetramethyldisiloxane (-SiMe2OSiMe2-) linkers. Compared with conventional hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of alkoxysilyl-modified cage siloxanes under acid conditions, the non-hydrolytic condensation reaction was found favorable for the formation of porous siloxane networks without unwanted cleavage of the siloxane bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miharu Kikuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Taiki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Takamichi Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Sato Y, Hayami R, Yamamoto K, Gunji T. Syntheses and properties of Cu(II), Al(III), and Ti(IV) coordination polymers using an acetylacetonato-terminated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Hayashi T, Sato N, Wada H, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Variation of counter quaternary ammonium cations of anionic cage germanoxanes as building blocks of nanoporous materials. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8497-8505. [PMID: 34047738 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01122g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Double-four ring (D4R)-type cage germanoxanes, having a fluoride anion in the cage, contain organic ammonium cations as counter cations outside the cage, and they are attractive as unique nano-building blocks of anionic porous materials. Although the variety of counter cations directly included in the cage germanoxane synthesis is limited, this study demonstrates that other tetraalkylammonium cations can be introduced by cation exchange in both discrete and cross-linked states. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) of a discrete cage germanoxane was replaced with tetrabutylammonium (TBA) in an organic solvent, which provides another starting material. TEA and TBA cations in cross-linked networks formed by hydrosilylation reactions of dimethylvinylsilylated cage germanoxanes with various oligosiloxanes as linkers were exchanged with tetramethylammonium (TMA) cations. The variation in the pore volume, which depends on the type of introduced counter cations and oligosiloxane linkers, is verified. In terms of bottom-up synthesis of nanoporous materials from cage-type germanoxanes, the selection of both the counter cation and cross-linker is important to vary the porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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Tsukada S, Ogawa T, Susami Y, Yamamoto K, Gunji T. Easy and environmentally friendly synthesis method for T 8H (HSiO 3/2) 8. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1833332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Tsukada
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuma Susami
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamamoto
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Gunji
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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Sato N, Tochigi K, Kuroda Y, Wada H, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Synthesis and crystal structure of double-three ring (D3R)-type cage siloxanes modified with dimethylsilanol groups. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1969-1975. [PMID: 30539183 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04244f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The controlled assembly of molecular building blocks enables the rational design of nanomaterials. In this study, two types of cage-type oligosiloxanes with double-three ring (D3R) structures are modified with dimethylsilanol groups to form supramolecular assemblies. One is the siloxane cage derived from Si(OEt)4 (denoted as the Q6 cage), and the other is the organosiloxane cage derived from (EtO)3Si-CH2-Si(OEt)3 (denoted as the T6 cage). The syntheses of the silanol-modified cages are performed in two steps: (i) dimethylsilylation of the corner Si-O- groups on the Q6 and T6 cages to introduce Si-H groups and (ii) subsequent oxidation of the Si-H groups to Si-OH groups. Dimethylsilylation of the cages is conducted at much lower temperatures (-94 and -78 °C for Q6 and T6 cages, respectively) than those used for conventional silylation, which is the key to suppressing the deterioration of the unstable D3R structure. The subsequent oxidation of the Si-H groups proceeds successfully, and the crystallization of these molecules is induced by the hydrogen bonds of the silanol groups. The crystal structure of the Q6 cage modified with dimethylsilanol groups can be regarded as a layered structure with tetrahydrofuran between the layers. In contrast, the T6 cage modified with dimethylsilanol groups assembled to form a more densely packed structure with no included solvent molecules. The differences between the crystal structures are discussed in terms of the shape of the cages. The insight into the effect of the shape of the cage on its assembly behavior will lead to the designable synthesis of crystalline siloxane-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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Sato N, Kuroda Y, Wada H, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Preparation of Siloxane‐Based Microporous Crystals from Hydrogen‐Bonded Molecular Crystals of Cage Siloxanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:17033-17038. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study Waseda University 1–6-1 Nishiwaseda Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050 Japan
- Current address: Green Hydrogen Research Center Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240–8501 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology Waseda University 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0051 Japan
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Saito S, Wada H, Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Synthesis of Zeolitic Macrocycles Using Site-Selective Condensation of Regioselectively Difunctionalized Cubic Siloxanes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:14686-14691. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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Jin H, Bu Y, Li J, Liu J, Fen X, Dai L, Wang J, Lu J, Wang S. Strong Graphene 3D Assemblies with High Elastic Recovery and Hardness. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707424. [PMID: 30024064 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rational design and construction of 3D graphene assemblies is a crucial step to extend the graphene properties for practical applications. Here, a novel interfacially reactive self-assembling process is reported to prepare well-organized 3D honeycomb-like graphene assemblies with unique polygonal nanopores interconnected by silicon-oxygen chemical bonds. The newly developed silicate-bridged graphene assembly (SGA) exhibits an exceptionally high hardness of 13.09 GPa, outperforming all existing 3D graphene materials, while maintains high Young's modulus (162.96 GPa), elastic recovery (75.27%), and superb thermal stability (600 °C in air). The observed unusual merits are resulted from unique pore structure combining the mechanical stability of the trihedral-nanopore structure and the deformability of the other polygonal nanopores. As a filling material, a merely 0.05% (w/w) addition of SGA could double the impact resistance of unsaturated resins (e.g., polyester). While SGA is attractive for various applications, including body armors, wearable electronics, space elevators, and multifunctional reinforcement fibers for automobiles, and aerospace vehicles, the novel liquid sodium-water interfacial reactive self-assembling developed in this study could open avenues for further development of various well-defined 3D assemblies from graphene and many other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huile Jin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou New Material Technology Research Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yongfeng Bu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou New Material Technology Research Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou New Material Technology Research Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou New Material Technology Research Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xing Fen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou New Material Technology Research Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Liming Dai
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- UNSW-CWRU International Joint Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Jichang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Shun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
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Croissant JG, Cattoën X, Durand JO, Wong Chi Man M, Khashab NM. Organosilica hybrid nanomaterials with a high organic content: syntheses and applications of silsesquioxanes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19945-19972. [PMID: 27897295 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06862f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid materials garner properties from their organic and inorganic matrices as well as synergistic features, and therefore have recently attracted much attention at the nanoscale. Non-porous organosilica hybrid nanomaterials with a high organic content such as silsesquioxanes (R-SiO1.5, with R organic groups) and bridged silsesquioxanes (O1.5Si-R-SiO1.5) are especially attractive hybrids since they provide 20 to 80 weight percent of organic functional groups in addition to the known chemistry and stability of silica. In the organosilica family, silsesquioxanes (R-SiO1.5) stand between silicas (SiO2) and silicones (R2SiO), and are variously called organosilicas, ormosil (organically-modified silica), polysilsesquioxanes and silica hybrids. Herein, we comprehensively review non-porous silsesquioxane and bridged silsesquioxane nanomaterials and their applications in nanomedicine, electro-optics, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G Croissant
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Xavier Cattoën
- Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Olivier Durand
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier UMR-5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1cc, 1701 Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpelliercedex 05, France
| | - Michel Wong Chi Man
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier UMR-5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1cc, 1701 Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpelliercedex 05, France
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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Deshmukh A, Chiu CC, Chen YW, Kuo JL. Tunable Gravimetric and Volumetric Hydrogen Storage Capacities in Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25219-25228. [PMID: 27599537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the hydrogen adsorption in porous frameworks composed of silsesquioxane cages linked via boron substituted aromatic structures by first-principles modeling. Such polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) frameworks can be further modified by decorating them with metal atoms binding to the ring structures of the linkers. We have considered Sc- and Ti-doped frameworks which bind H2 via so-called Kubas interaction between hydrogen molecules and transition metal atoms. It will be demonstrated that the maximum H2 gravimetric capacity can be improved to more than 7.5 wt % by using longer linkers with more ring structures. However, the maximum H2 volumetric capacity can be tuned to more than 70 g/L by varying the size of silsesquioxane cages. We are optimistic that by varying the building blocks, POSS frameworks can be modified to meet the targets for the gravimetric and volumetric capacities set by the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Deshmukh
- Department of Physics, National Central University , Jung-Li 32001, Taiwan
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Zhang A, Gao H, Li W, Bai H, Wu S, Zeng Y, Cui W, Zhou X, Li L. Hybrid microporous polymers from double-decker-shaped silsesquioxane building blocks via Friedel-Crafts reaction. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jiang C, Yang W, Li L, Hou Y, Zhao X, Liu H. An Efficient Approach to Octabromophenylethyl-Functionalized Cage Silsesquioxane and Its Use in Constructing Hybrid Porous Materials. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wu Y, Li L, Yang W, Feng S, Liu H. Hybrid nanoporous polystyrene derived from cubic octavinylsilsesquioxane and commercial polystyrene via the Friedel–Crafts reaction. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14830d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of POSS-based nanoporous materials were prepared from commercial polystyrene and octavinylsilsesquioxane via the Friede–Crafts reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Liguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
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Zhou H, Ye Q, Neo WT, Song J, Yan H, Zong Y, Tang BZ, Hor TSA, Xu J. Electrospun aggregation-induced emission active POSS-based porous copolymer films for detection of explosives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13785-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06559j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun AIE-active POSS-based copolymer films exhibit an approximately 9-fold increase in response to explosive vapors compared to dense films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qun Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Teng Neo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Song
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yun Zong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
- Clear Water Bay
- Kowloon, China
| | - T. S. Andy Hor
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
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Alves F, Nischang I. Tailor‐Made Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Porous Materials Based on Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS) by the Step‐Growth Mechanism of Thiol‐Ene “Click” Chemistry. Chemistry 2013; 19:17310-3. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Alves
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Welser Strasse 42, 4060 Leonding (Austria)
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Welser Strasse 42, 4060 Leonding (Austria)
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