1
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Roy R, Brouillac C, Jacques E, Quinton C, Poriel C. π-Conjugated Nanohoops: A New Generation of Curved Materials for Organic Electronics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402608. [PMID: 38744668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanohoops, cyclic association of π-conjugated systems to form a hoop-shaped molecule, have been widely developed in the last 15 years. Beyond the synthetic challenge, the strong interest towards these molecules arises from their radially oriented π-orbitals, which provide singular properties to these fascinating structures. Thanks to their particular cylindrical arrangement, this new generation of curved molecules have been already used in many applications such as host-guest complexation, biosensing, bioimaging, solid-state emission and catalysis. However, their potential in organic electronics has only started to be explored. From the first incorporation as an emitter in a fluorescent organic light emitting diode (OLED), to the recent first incorporation as a host in phosphorescent OLEDs or as charge transporter in organic field-effect transistors and in organic photovoltaics, this field has shown important breakthroughs in recent years. These findings have revealed that curved materials can play a key role in the future and can even be more efficient than their linear counterparts. This can have important repercussions for the future of electronics. Time has now come to overview the different nanohoops used to date in electronic devices in order to stimulate the future molecular designs of functional materials based on these macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Roy
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32603
| | | | | | | | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
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2
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Li Z, Rong D, Yuan L, Zhao Z, Dai F, Chen L, Xie Y. Trace amounts of palladium catalysed the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of deactivated and hindered aryl chlorides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4559-4567. [PMID: 38769903 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00623b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Electron-rich and hindered aryl chlorides are the most challenging substrates in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) reactions. Herein, we report a highly efficient catalytic system for the SMC reaction using trace amounts of commercially available catalysts [Pd(PPh3)4/(t-Bu)PCy2; Pd loading as low as 9.5 × 10-5 mol%]. This catalytic system can efficiently couple deactivated and sterically hindered aryl chlorides with various substituted phenylboronic acids, even in one-pot multiple coupling reactions (yield of products up to 92%). The impact of solvents on SMC reactions and the mechanisms of by-product formation in aryl boronic acid couplings are analyzed using density functional theory (DFT). Utilizing trace amounts of commercially available catalysts avoids complex synthesis, reduces costs, and minimizes metal residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dayou Rong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Longfeng Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Fenghao Dai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Lijun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, China
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3
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Murugan G, Julietraja K, Alsinai A. Computation of Neighborhood M-Polynomial of Cycloparaphenylene and Its Variants. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:49165-49174. [PMID: 38162762 PMCID: PMC10753576 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In the domains of materials and chemical and physical sciences, a significant aspiration is to design and synthesize extensively conjugated macrocycles possessing precisely defined structures. This objective bears substantial promise across a wide range of scientific and technological fields. These molecules offer a unique blend of structural complexity and electronic properties that make them particularly intriguing for both theoretical and practical reasons. Cycloparaphenylene (CPP) radial π-conjugated macrocycles is a specific example of a conjugated macrocycle that has garnered significant attention in the field of chemistry and materials science. It consists of a series of benzene rings linked together in a cyclic arrangement, forming a one-dimensional structure. CPP systems have been on the rise due to their novel and captivating characteristics, encompassing properties, such as electronic properties, heightened electrical conductivity, optoelectronic traits, and mechanical properties. Given the potential applications of CPP, it becomes essential to analyze this structure from a theoretical standpoint. Molecular descriptors play a crucial role in the theoretical analysis of such structures. Research on molecular descriptors has unequivocally demonstrated their significant correlation with the diverse properties of chemical compounds. This article illustrates the neighborhood sum M-polynomial-based descriptors' calculation using edge-partition techniques for CPP and its sidewalls consisting of pyrene and hexabenzocoronene units. The examination of these neighborhood sum M-polynomial-based descriptors for these structures has the potential to establish a foundational framework for delving deeper into CPP and its associated properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindhan Murugan
- Department
of Mathematics, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai 600069, India
| | - Konsalraj Julietraja
- Department
of Mathematics, School of Engineering, Presidency
University, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Ammar Alsinai
- Department
of Mathematics, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen
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4
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Oró A, Romeo-Gella F, Perles J, Fernández-García JM, Corral I, Martín N. Tetrahedraphene: A Csp 3 -centered 3D Molecular Nanographene Showing Aggregation-Induced Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312314. [PMID: 37846849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up synthesis of 3D tetrakis(hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenyl)methane, "tetrahedraphene", is reported. This molecular nanographene constituted by four hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) units attached to a central sp3 carbon atom, shows a highly symmetric arrangement of the HBC units disposed in the apex of a tetrahedron. The X-ray crystal structure reveals a tetrahedral symmetry of the molecule and the packing in the crystal is achieved mostly by CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions since the interstitial solvent molecules prevent the π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. In solution, tetrahedraphene shows the same electrochemical and photophysical properties as the hexa-t Bu-substituted HBC (t Bu-HBC) molecule. However, upon water addition, it undergoes a fluorescence change in solution and in the precipitated solid, showing an aggregation induced emission (AIE) process, probably derived from the restriction in the rotation and/or vibration of the HBCs. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations reveal that upon aggregation, the high energy region of the emission band decreases in intensity, whereas the intensity of the red edge emission signal increases and presents a smoother decay, compared to the non-aggregated molecule. All in all, the excellent correlation between our simulations and the experimental findings allows explaining the colour change observed in the different solutions upon increasing the water fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Oró
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Romeo-Gella
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio de Difracción de Rayos X de Monocristal, SIdI, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Shudo H, Kuwayama M, Segawa Y, Yagi A, Itami K. Half-substituted fluorocycloparaphenylenes with high symmetry: synthesis, properties and derivatization to densely substituted carbon nanorings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13494-13497. [PMID: 37882201 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04887j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated cycloparaphenylenes (FCPPs) have attracted attention as electron-accepting CPPs as well as strained fluoroarenes. Herein, we report the synthesis and properties of novel FCPPs; F16[8]CPP and F12[6]CPP. Furthermore, the derivatization of F16[8]CPP afforded a new carbon nanoring where sixteen pyrrole rings are densely substituted on the CPP framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Shudo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Motonobu Kuwayama
- JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Segawa
- JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
- JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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6
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Fan D, Du J, Dang J, Wang C, Mo Y. The strength and selectivity of perfluorinated nano-hoops and buckybowls for anion binding and the nature of anion-π interactions. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:138-148. [PMID: 35147229 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated cycloparaphenylenes (F-[n]CPP, n = 5-8), boron nitride nanohoop (F-[5]BNNH), and buckybowls (F-BBs) were proposed as anion receptors via anion-π interactions with halide anions (Cl- , Br- and I- ), and remarkable binding strengths up to -294.8 kJ/mol were computationally verified. The energy decomposition approach based on the block-localized wavefunction method, which combines the computational efficiency of molecular orbital theory and the chemical intuition of ab initio valence bond theory, was applied to the above anion-π complexes, in order to elucidate the nature and selectivity of these interactions. The overall attraction is mainly governed by the frozen energy component, in which the electrostatic interaction is included. Remarkable binding strengths with F-[n]CPPs can be attributed to the accumulated anion-π interactions between the anion and each conjugated ring on the hoop, while for F-BBs, additional stability results from the curved frameworks, which distribute electron densities unequally on π-faces. Interestingly, the strongest host was proved to be the F-[5]BNNH, which exhibits the most significant anisotropy of the electrostatic potential surface due to the difference in the electronegativities of nitrogen and boron. The selectivity of each host for anions was explored and the importance of the often-overlooked Pauli exchange repulsion was illustrated. Chloride anion turns out to be the most favorable anion for all receptors, due to the smallest ionic radius and the weakest destabilizing Pauli exchange repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fan
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingshuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Prabhu S, Murugan G, Therese SK, Arulperumjothi M, Siddiqui MK. Molecular Structural Characterization of Cycloparaphenylene and its Variants. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1942082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Prabhu
- Department of Mathematics, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Murugan
- Department of Mathematics, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Kulandai Therese
- Department of Mathematics, St. Mary’s College, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Arulperumjothi
- Department of Mathematics, Loyola College, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Kohrs D, Becker J, Wegner HA. A Modular Synthesis of Substituted Cycloparaphenylenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104239. [PMID: 35001444 PMCID: PMC9302675 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a modular synthesis providing access to substituted cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) of different sizes. A key synthon introducing two geminal ester units was efficiently prepared by [2+2+2] cycloaddition. This building block can be conveniently converted to macrocyclic precursors controlling the ring size of the final CPP. Efficient reductive aromatization through single-electron transfer provided the substituted nanohoops in a straightforward manner. The tBu ester substitution pattern enables a tube-like arrangement in the solid-state governed by van der Waals interactions that exhibits one of the tightest packings of CPPs in tube direction, thus opening new avenues in the crystal design of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kohrs
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa)Justus Liebig University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392GiessenGermany
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa)Justus Liebig University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392GiessenGermany
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9
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Hauschildt SJ, Wu Z, Uersfeld D, Schmid P, Götz C, Engel V, Engels B, Müllen K, Basché T. Excitation localization in a trimeric perylenediimide macrocycle: Synthesis, theory, and single molecule spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:044304. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0077676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Hauschildt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zehua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Uersfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Schmid
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Götz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Engel
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Basché
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Wang J, Zhang X, Jia H, Wang S, Du P. Large π-Extended and Curved Carbon Nanorings as Carbon Nanotube Segments. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4178-4190. [PMID: 34713698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusDesigning and synthesizing topologically unique molecules is a long-term challenge for synthetic chemists. Classical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of π-conjugated planar organic compounds with rich photophysical and electronic properties, while nonplanar/curved PAHs have different molecular orbital arrangements and demonstrate unique properties. The chemistry of curved aromatic molecules has been of significant interest to explore the relationship between π conjugation and molecular geometry, which offers an attractive combination of fundamental problems, potential applications, and aesthetic appeal. Remarkable advances have been made in the last few decades during the discovery of novel curved aromatic molecules, including corannulenes, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Especially, there has been increasing interest in making single-chirality CNTs and their curved molecular components (known as finite segments of CNTs) with a fixed geometry. The most representative examples of such organic molecules are cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) and related carbon nanorings, which possess cylindrical topologies and nanoscale conjugated segments similar to CNTs. CPPs, as the shortest cross-section and the simplest structure of armchair CNTs, have been synthetically accessible since 2008. Recent years have witnessed breakthroughs and rapid development in the synthesis of CPP-based nanorings as well as their derived molecules. In these molecules, the distortion from aromatic planarity can induce radially oriented π systems and further affect their electronic, optical, self-assembly, and charge-transport characteristics. These unique and interesting carbon nanorings are potentially useful in a variety of optoelectronic and biomedical materials. It is well-known that extension of the π-conjugated system facilitates the delocalization of π electrons and the redistribution of electronic clouds, leading to rich diversification of physical properties in the fields of electronics, optics, and supramolecular chemistry. Therefore, the precise design and controllable synthesis of carbon nanorings with large π conjugation will promote important advances in synthetic chemistry. To date, a number of π-extended carbon nanorings have been reported, and they exhibit novel physicochemical properties resulting from their fascinating topologies and structures. However, challenges still remain in the synthesis of π-extended carbon nanorings and their structural analogues and exploration of their unique properties.In this Account, we give a brief overview of our efforts to synthesize large π-extended carbon nanorings using different strategies and explore their novel applications. In 2013 we started our research on the synthesis of carbon nanorings with large π-conjugated structures. This research project has led to (i) the successful preparation of a series of carbon nanorings with inserted PAHs, especially with various nanographenes inserted, such as hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene; (ii) the design and synthesis of a series of carbon nanorings consisting solely of PAHs; and (iii) the initial synthesis of π-extended carbon-nanoring-based polymers as the long polymeric segments of CNTs, in which macrocyclic CPPs as the basic repeating blocks were covalently coupled together. Herein we describe in detail how these challenging π-extended carbon nanorings were synthesized, and their interesting physical properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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11
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Wang S, Li X, Zhuang G, Chen M, Huang P, Yang S, Du P. Synthesis and properties of a nanographene-embedded conjugated macrocyclic nanoring via the Scholl reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9104-9107. [PMID: 34498619 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03374c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct π-extension by the Scholl reaction for solution-based growth of armchair edges in curved macrocyclic hydrocarbon nanostructures is a great challenge. To date, several attempts at direct π-extension of small highly strained macrocycles have failed. Herein, we report a fixed two-bond approach for direct functionalization of small strained macrocyclic nanorings. The reaction occurs selectively to produce large π-extended molecular crowns with high yields. The design of these precursors features two peripheral C-C bonds that are readily incorporated into the extended aromatic moiety to overcome strain-induced side reactions, such as 1,2-phenyl shift. The crown-shaped macrocycle 10 showed a significant redshift (∼100 nm for absorption) compared with its precursor. This synthesis strategy could pave the way towards the π-extension of strained conjugated macrocycles and their potential applications in electron-transport devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Xingcheng Li
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310032, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Pingsen Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, P. R. China.
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12
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Mirzaei S, Castro E, Hernández Sánchez R. Conjugated Molecular Nanotubes. Chemistry 2021; 27:8642-8655. [PMID: 33780560 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular compounds with permanent tubular architectures displaying radial π-conjugation are exceedingly rare. Their radial and axial delocalization presents them with unique optical and electronic properties, such as remarkable tuning of their Stokes shifts, and redox switching between global and local aromaticity. Although these tubular compounds display large internal void spaces, these attributes have not been extensively explored, thus presenting future opportunities in the development of materials. By using cutting-edge synthetic methodologies to bend aromatic surfaces, large opportunities in synthesis, property discovery, and applications are expected in new members of this family of conjugated molecular nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Edison Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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13
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Liu H, Zhuang G, Wang S, Huang P, Chen M, Yang S, Du P. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of [3]Cyclo-1,8-pyrenes via [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7038-7045. [PMID: 33914535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of the crown-like structure of [3]cyclo-1,8-pyrenes (compounds 9 and 10). Planar pyrenyl arylene-ethynylene macrocycles are used as the precursors to synthesize these pyrene-based cycloarenes by [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with good yields. These molecules are confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The structure of 9 was unambiguously determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their photophysical properties are investigated by steady-state absorption, fluorescence, and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies, combined with theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310032, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, China
| | - Pingsen Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, China
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14
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Wang J, Ju YY, Low KH, Tan YZ, Liu J. A Molecular Transformer: A π-Conjugated Macrocycle as an Adaptable Host. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11814-11818. [PMID: 33751785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a facile method to synthesize a series of macrocycles with different conformations. The planar macrocycle dimer (1), twisted macrocycle trimer (2) and "figure-eight" tetramer (3) are clearly elucidated by X-ray single-crystal analysis, in which the electron-rich phenanthrene units offer the possibility of supramolecular assembly. As expected, in the solid state, 1 and 3 assemble into a columnar stack and an interlocking dimer, respectively, via π-π interactions between the phenanthrene units. Compared to the rigid conformation of dimer 1, the structure of tetramer 3 is more flexible due to its enlarged ring size. 3 can deform from a figure-eight into a boat-shaped geometry to host a planar electron-deficient guest using its electron-rich phenanthrene units. When assembled with spherical electron-deficient C60 , interestingly, 3 further undergoes a conformational transformation from a figure-eight to a belt shape in order to host C60 . These supramolecular assembly behaviors of 3 demonstrate that it is an adaptable macrocyclic host for both planar molecules and fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang-Yang Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Wang J, Ju Y, Low K, Tan Y, Liu J. A Molecular Transformer: A π‐Conjugated Macrocycle as an Adaptable Host. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junting Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Yang‐Yang Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Kam‐Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Yuan‐Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
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16
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Li K, Xu Z, Deng H, Zhou Z, Dang Y, Sun Z. Dimeric Cycloparaphenylenes with a Rigid Aromatic Linker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Han Deng
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhennan Zhou
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
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17
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Li K, Xu Z, Deng H, Zhou Z, Dang Y, Sun Z. Dimeric Cycloparaphenylenes with a Rigid Aromatic Linker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7649-7653. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Han Deng
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhennan Zhou
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
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18
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Han Y, Dong S, Shao J, Fan W, Chi C. Synthesis of a Sidewall Fragment of a (12,0) Carbon Nanotube. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2658-2662. [PMID: 33047813 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a carbon nanobelt (CNB) is a very challenging task in organic chemistry. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of an octabenzo[12]cyclacene based CNB (6), which can be regarded as a sidewall fragment of a (12,0) carbon nanotube. The key intermediate compound, a tetraepoxy nanobelt (5), was first synthesized by Diels-Alder reaction, and subsequent reductive aromatization gave the fully conjugated CNB 6. X-ray crystallographic analysis unambiguously confirmed the belt-shaped structure of 6. 1 H NMR spectrum and theoretical calculations (ACID, NICS, and 2D/3D ICSS) revealed localized aromaticity and stronger shielding chemical environment in the inner region of the belt. The optical properties (absorption and emission) of 6 were studied and correlated to its electronic structure. Strain analysis indicates that the phenyl substituents at the zigzag edges are crucial to the successful synthesis of 6. This report presents a new strategy towards highly strained CNBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaoqiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiawei Shao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Han Y, Dong S, Shao J, Fan W, Chi C. Synthesis of a Sidewall Fragment of a (12,0) Carbon Nanotube. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Shaoqiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jiawei Shao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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20
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Luo Z, Yang X, Cai K, Fu X, Zhang D, Ma Y, Zhao D. Toward Möbius and Tubular Cyclopolyarene Nanorings via Arylbutadiyne Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Kang Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiangyu Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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21
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Luo Z, Yang X, Cai K, Fu X, Zhang D, Ma Y, Zhao D. Toward Möbius and Tubular Cyclopolyarene Nanorings via Arylbutadiyne Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14854-14860. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Kang Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiangyu Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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22
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Magiera KM, Aryal V, Chalifoux WA. Alkyne benzannulations in the preparation of contorted nanographenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2372-2386. [PMID: 32196052 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanographenes are a popular area of research due to their promising properties for electronics. Over the last twenty years there has been a significant increase in interest in the development of contorted nanographenes. While many top-down techniques are employed in the synthesis of these planar nanographenes, the use of alkynes in bottom-up syntheses allows for easy functionalization and the development of contorted nanographenes. The syntheses of contorted nanographenes with a focus on utilizing alkynes is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie M Magiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Vivek Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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23
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Kawanishi T, Ishida K, Kayahara E, Yamago S. Selective and Gram-Scale Synthesis of [8]Cycloparaphenylene. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2082-2091. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kawanishi
- Oji R&D Center, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., LTD., Toshima, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0003, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ishida
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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25
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Abstract
Cycloparaphenylenes are important compounds for their photophysical and electronic properties. The curved structure of these compounds induces an alteration of the aromatic character of these compounds. D values have been used to describe the aromatic character of compounds from [5]- to [10]cycloparaphenylene. D values are compared with HOMED and with the strain energy are obtained by using an homodesmotic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, V.le dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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26
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Saha NK, Mitra NK, Johnson KF, Merner BL. π-Extension of Strained Benzenoid Macrocycles Using the Scholl Reaction. Org Lett 2018; 20:6855-6858. [PMID: 30346179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of bent p-terphenyl-containing macrocycles have been synthesized and then regioselectively brominated, arylated, and subsequently subjected to a Scholl-based cyclodehydrogenation reaction. Shortening the alkyloxy bridging unit of these macrocycles increases the bend in the p-terphenyl unit, as well as the strain energy (SE) of the central para-phenylene ring system. For the first time, incremental increases in SE of the macrocyclic structure of this class of benzenoid compounds have been investigated in the context of π-extension to strained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon systems using the Scholl reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirob K Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Nirmal K Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Kara F Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Bradley L Merner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
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27
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Wu D, Cheng W, Ban X, Xia J. Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs): An Overview of Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Xiangtao Ban
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
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28
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Hashimoto S, Kayahara E, Mizuhata Y, Tokitoh N, Takeuchi K, Ozawa F, Yamago S. Synthesis and Physical Properties of Polyfluorinated Cycloparaphenylenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:5973-5976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigma Hashimoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Takeuchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yao Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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30
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Cui S, Zhuang G, Lu D, Huang Q, Jia H, Wang Y, Yang S, Du P. A Three-Dimensional Capsule-like Carbon Nanocage as a Segment Model of Capped Zigzag [12,0] Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Complexation with C70. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310032 China
| | - Dapeng Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Ya Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
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31
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Cui S, Zhuang G, Lu D, Huang Q, Jia H, Wang Y, Yang S, Du P. A Three-Dimensional Capsule-like Carbon Nanocage as a Segment Model of Capped Zigzag [12,0] Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Complexation with C70. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9330-9335. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310032 China
| | - Dapeng Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Ya Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
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32
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Kayahara E, Sun L, Onishi H, Suzuki K, Fukushima T, Sawada A, Kaji H, Yamago S. Gram-Scale Syntheses and Conductivities of [10]Cycloparaphenylene and Its Tetraalkoxy Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18480-18483. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Liansheng Sun
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fukushima
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sawada
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaji
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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33
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Golder MR, Zakharov LN, Jasti R. Stereochemical implications toward the total synthesis of aromatic belts. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) fragments has long captivated organic chemists, despite the simplistic, symmetric nature of the requisite achiral targets. Such molecules hold the potential to allow for the synthesis of homogeneous CNTs, rendering their properties more suitable for advanced applications in electronics and sensing. The [n]cycloparaphenylene family, comprised of molecules with para-linked phenyl rings in a contiguous macrocycles, represents a major landmark towards achieving absolute control of CNT architecture from the bottom-up. Attempts towards accessing the [n]cyclacene and [n]cyclophenacene families, both of which are comprised of double-stranded macrocyclic belts, have only recently been successful, however. These targets have been plagued by unstable, strained intermediates and stereochemical pitfalls that have largely thwarted accessing these fascinating structures. Herein, we disclose our synthetic strategy toward overcoming several stereochemical challenges en route to [n]cyclophenacenes via highly substituted [n]cycloparaphenylene precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Golder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR – Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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34
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Kayahara E, Qu R, Yamago S. Bromination of Cycloparaphenylenes: Strain-Induced Site-Selective Bis-Addition and Its Application for Late-Stage Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto 611 0011 Japan
| | - Rui Qu
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto 611 0011 Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto 611 0011 Japan
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35
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Kayahara E, Qu R, Yamago S. Bromination of Cycloparaphenylenes: Strain-Induced Site-Selective Bis-Addition and Its Application for Late-Stage Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10428-10432. [PMID: 28665009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bromination of [n]cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) is herein reported. Small [n]CPPs (n<8) underwent a bis-bromine addition reaction with high site selectively to produce tetrabromo adducts in moderate to excellent yields. Theoretical calculations revealed that thermodynamic stability dictates both the reactivity and site selectivity of the reaction. The addition product was further converted into the octabromo product by a FeBr3 -catalyzed site-selective bromination reaction. The tetra- and octabromine adducts were then transformed into mono- to tetrabromo CPPs, which were further converted into several CPP derivatives. Therefore, bromination and subsequent transformations provide a path for late-stage functionalization of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611 0011, Japan
| | - Rui Qu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611 0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611 0011, Japan
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36
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Marshall JL, Lehnherr D, Lindner BD, Tykwinski RR. Reductive Aromatization/Dearomatization and Elimination Reactions to Access Conjugated Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Heteroacenes, and Cumulenes. Chempluschem 2017; 82:967-1001. [PMID: 31961601 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acenes, heteroacenes, conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (collectively referred to in this review as conjugated polycyclic molecules, CPMs) have fascinated chemists since they were first isolated and synthesized in the mid 19th century. Most recently, these compounds have shown significant promise as the active components in organic devices (e.g., solar cells, thin-film transistors, light-emitting diodes, etc.), and, since 2001, a plethora of publications detail synthetic strategies to produce CPMs. In this review, we discuss reductive aromatization, reductive dearomatization, and elimination/extrusion reactions used to form CPMs. After a brief discussion on early methods to synthesize CPMs, we detail the use of reagents used for the reductive (de)aromatization of precursors containing 1,4-diols/diethers, including SnCl2 and iodide (I- ). Extension of these methods to carbomers and cumulenes is briefly discussed. We then describe low-valent metal species used to reduce endoxides to CPMs, and discuss the methods to directly reduce acenediones and acenones to the respective acene. In the final section, we describe methods used to affect aromatization to the desired CPM via extrusion of small, volatile molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Benjamin D Lindner
- Department for Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICCM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.,Department for Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICCM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Nishigaki S, Fukui M, Sugiyama H, Uekusa H, Kawauchi S, Shibata Y, Tanaka K. Synthesis, Structures, and Photophysical Properties of Alternating Donor–Acceptor Cycloparaphenylenes. Chemistry 2017; 23:7227-7231. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nishigaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Miho Fukui
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Haruki Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Susumu Kawauchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Yu Shibata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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38
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Pawar SK, Yang MC, Su MD, Liu RS. Gold-Catalyzed Oxidative [2+2+1] Annulations of Aryldiazo Nitriles with Imines To Yield Polyarylated Imidazolium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Chemistry; National Chia-Yi, University; Chiayi Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Chemistry; National Chia-Yi, University; Chiayi Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rai-Shung Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing-Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan, ROC
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39
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Pawar SK, Yang MC, Su MD, Liu RS. Gold-Catalyzed Oxidative [2+2+1] Annulations of Aryldiazo Nitriles with Imines To Yield Polyarylated Imidazolium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5035-5039. [PMID: 28371080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gold-catalyzed oxidative [2+2+1] annulations between two imines and one α-cyano arylgold carbene afforded polyarylated imidazolium salts and molecular hydrogen efficiently. Control experiments suggest that the gold catalyst alone facilitates the main annulation, whereas Ag+ avoids the formation of inactive LAuCN. DFT calculations suggest that the success of this annulation relies on a 6 π-electrocyclization of cyano-free intermediates with cis-configured imines as initial reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kundlik Pawar
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chia-Yi, University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chia-Yi, University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rai-Shung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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40
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Abstract
Abstract
Cycloparaphenylenes and analogues thereof are substances having excellent structural and electronic properties due to radial π-conjugation modes and porous structures. Since they are partial structures of carbon nanotubes, they have also attracted attention as a template for carbon nanotube synthesis. In this chapter, we introduce a series of research on the synthesis of cycloparaphenylenes and their analogues.
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41
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Hossain MA, Akiyama K, Sugiura KI. Pyren-2-yl-Substituted Biphenoquinone andp-Benzoquinone: Pyren-2-yl as a Weak Electron-Withdrawing Substituent. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Awlad Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Metropolitan University; 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachi-Oji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Metropolitan University; 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachi-Oji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Sugiura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Metropolitan University; 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachi-Oji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
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42
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Abdulkarim A, Hinkel F, Jänsch D, Freudenberg J, Golling FE, Müllen K. A New Solution to an Old Problem: Synthesis of Unsubstituted Poly(para-phenylene). J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16208-16211. [PMID: 27935679 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unsubstituted and structurally well-defined poly(para-phenylene) (PPP) has been long-desired as an organic semiconductor prototype of conjugated polymers. To date, several attempts to synthesize unsubstituted, pristine, high-molecular-weight PPP have failed. Here we solved this synthetic problem by a versatile precursor route. Suzuki polymerization of kinked disubstituted 1,4-dimethoxycyclohexadienylene monomers yielded a well-soluble, nonaromatic precursor polymer. Its solubility allowed processing by spin-coating into nanometer-thick films. Subsequent additive-free thermal treatment induced aromatization and led to exclusively para-connected, highly fluorescent PPP with a length of about 75 phenylene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdulkarim
- InnovationLab , Speyererstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 5128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Hinkel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jänsch
- InnovationLab , Speyererstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- InnovationLab , Speyererstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian E Golling
- InnovationLab , Speyererstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 5128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 5128 Mainz, Germany
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43
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Sun Z, Miyamoto N, Sato S, Tokuyama H, Isobe H. An Obtuse-angled Corner Unit for Fluctuating Carbon Nanohoops. Chem Asian J 2016; 12:271-275. [PMID: 27897398 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The invention of corner units was the key factor that allowed the synthesis of cyclo-para-phenylenes with strained curved π-systems. Despite only a few scarce instances of the development of corner units to date, a variety of structural congeners have been synthesized. These preceding corner units commonly possessed directing angles of ≤90°, which enabled the macrocyclization of multiple units, up to six. In this study, we introduce an obtuse-angled corner unit for the synthesis of cyclo-para-phenylene congeners. The corner unit with oxanorbornadiene possessed a directing angle of 126° and thus allowed for the macrocyclization of larger structures with up to seven units. Reductive aromatization was applicable to complete the cyclo-para-phenylene structures and afforded the congeners with multiple anthracenylene panels. Structural studies with experimental and theoretical methods revealed a fluctuating structure with an intrinsic non-belt shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- JST, ERATO, Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoya Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sota Sato
- JST, ERATO, Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tokuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- JST, ERATO, Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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44
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Sekiguchi R, Kudo S, Kawakami J, Sakai A, Ikeda H, Nakamura H, Ohta K, Ito S. Preparation of a Cyclic Polyphenylene Array for a Chiral-Type Carbon Nanotube Segment. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Kayahara E, Fukayama K, Nishinaga T, Yamago S. Size Dependence of [n]Cycloparaphenylenes (n=5-12) in Electrochemical Oxidation. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1793-7. [PMID: 27137132 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation processes of [n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs) (n=5-12) were systematically investigated by cyclic and rotating disk electrode voltammetry. All CPPs underwent pseudo-reversible two-electron oxidation irrespective of ring size, forming the corresponding radical cations and then dications. The results were in sharp contrast to those observed for linear oligoparaphenylenes, which only undergo one-electron oxidation. The difference in the first and second oxidation potentials in the CPP oxidation was affected by the ring size and became more significant as the decrease of CPP size. In other words, while the first oxidation from neutral CPP to the radical cation occurred faster as the size of CPP becomes smaller, the second oxidation from the radical cation to dication exhibited opposite size dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611 0011, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Fukayama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611 0011, Japan
| | - Tohru Nishinaga
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611 0011, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan.
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46
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Golder MR, Colwell CE, Wong BM, Zakharov LN, Zhen J, Jasti R. Iterative Reductive Aromatization/Ring-Closing Metathesis Strategy toward the Synthesis of Strained Aromatic Belts. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6577-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Golder
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Curtis E. Colwell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Bryan M. Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR
− Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Jingxin Zhen
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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47
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Li S, Huang C, Thakellapalli H, Farajidizaji B, Popp BV, Petersen JL, Wang KK. Syntheses and Structures of Functionalized [9]Cycloparaphenylenes as Carbon Nanohoops Bearing Carbomethoxy and N-Phenylphthalimido Groups. Org Lett 2016; 18:2268-71. [PMID: 27101316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Changfeng Huang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Haresh Thakellapalli
- C. Eugene Bennett Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Behzad Farajidizaji
- C. Eugene Bennett Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Brian V. Popp
- C. Eugene Bennett Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Petersen
- C. Eugene Bennett Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Kung K. Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
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48
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Sakamoto H, Fujimori T, Li X, Kaneko K, Kan K, Ozaki N, Hijikata Y, Irle S, Itami K. Cycloparaphenylene as a molecular porous carbon solid with uniform pores exhibiting adsorption-induced softness. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4204-4210. [PMID: 30155066 PMCID: PMC6013928 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular carbon nanoring, cycloparaphenylene (CPP), is fascinating as a new class of carbonaceous porous solids with the uniform structure of an all-benzene surface.
The molecular carbon nanoring, cycloparaphenylene (CPP), is fascinating as a new class of carbonaceous porous solids with the uniform structure of an all-benzene surface. We explored the feasibility of [12]CPP as a carbon-based porous material and uncovered its unique adsorption properties due to its shape and highly nonpolar surface. Unlike other porous carbon solids, [12]CPP shows stepwise adsorption behaviors sensitive to the functionalities of the guest molecules. In situ powder X-ray diffraction and infrared spectra provided insights into how [12]CPP accommodates the guest molecules with structural deformation retaining its structural periodicity during the whole adsorption process, which exemplifies that this molecular nanoring represents an unprecedented carbon-based soft porous solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Sakamoto
- JST-ERATO , Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ; .,Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science , Shinshu University , Nagano 380-8553 , Japan .
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science , Shinshu University , Nagano 380-8553 , Japan .
| | - Katsumi Kaneko
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science , Shinshu University , Nagano 380-8553 , Japan .
| | - Kai Kan
- JST-ERATO , Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ; .,Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Noriaki Ozaki
- JST-ERATO , Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ; .,Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Stephan Irle
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- JST-ERATO , Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ; .,Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
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49
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Segawa Y, Yagi A, Ito H, Itami K. A Theoretical Study on the Strain Energy of Carbon Nanobelts. Org Lett 2016; 18:1430-3. [PMID: 26953497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical study on the strain energy of carbon nanobelts, i.e. the belt-shaped molecules representing the sidewall structures of carbon nanotubes, is reported. The strain energy of carbon nanobelts with chiral indices (n,n), (n,0), and (n,m) was determined without considering hypothetical homodesmotic reactions. The calculated difference between the strain energy of carbon nanobelts and their possible precursors is expected to be of great utility for future synthetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Segawa
- JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Nishiuchi T, Uno SY, Hirao Y, Kubo T. Intramolecular Interaction, Photoisomerization, and Mechanical C-C Bond Dissociation of 1,2-Di(9-anthryl)benzene and Its Photoisomer: A Fundamental Moiety of Anthracene-Based π-Cluster Molecules. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2106-12. [PMID: 26828776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report variable and unique properties of 1,2-di(9-anthryl)benzene 1 as a fundamental moiety of anthracene-based π-cluster molecules. Due to a through-space π-conjugation between anthracene units, excimer emission at room temperature and charge delocalized state in radical cation state of 1 could be observed. Photoirradiation to 1 afforded an intramolecular [4 + 4] cyclized anthracene dimer 1' having a high strain energy with long C-C bond that exceeded 1.68 Å, resulting in C-C bond dissociation by simple mechanical grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shin-ya Uno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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