1
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Magis D, Cabrera-Trujillo JJ, Vignolle J, Sotiropoulos JM, Taton D, Miqueu K, Landais Y. Expedient Synthesis of Thermally Stable Acyclic Amino(haloaryl)carbenes: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of "Push-Pull" Stabilized Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38857384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
A library of novel structurally related singlet carbenes, namely, acyclic amino(haloaryl)carbenes, was designed by a high-yielding two-step procedure, and their chemical stability explored both experimentally and theoretically. Thanks to a careful selection of both the amino and the aryl substitution pattern, these carbenes exhibit a wide range of stability and reactivity, spanning from rapid self-dimerization for carbenes featuring ortho-F substituents to very high chemical stability as bare carbenes, up to 60 °C for several hours for compounds carrying ortho-Br substituents. Their structure was determined through NMR and X-ray diffraction studies, and their reactivity evaluated in benchmark reactions, highlighting the ambiphilic character of this novel class of singlet carbenes. In contrast with previously reported aryl substituents incorporating o-CF3 and t-Bu groups, which were considered "spectator", the high chemical stability of some of these carbenes relates to the stabilization of the σ-orbital of the carbene center by the π-accepting haloaryl substituent through delocalization. Kinetic protection of the carbene center is also provided by the ortho-halogen atoms, as demonstrated computationally. This push-pull stabilization effect makes acyclic amino(haloaryl) carbenes among the most ambiphilic stable carbenes reported to date, holding promise for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Magis
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR 5255), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Jorge Juan Cabrera-Trujillo
- E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Joan Vignolle
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP-ENSMAC, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO, UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP-ENSMAC, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO, UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Yannick Landais
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR 5255), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
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2
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Donthireddy SNR, Rit A. Heteroditopic NHC Ligand Supported Manganese(I) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity as Non-bifunctional Phosphine-Free Catalyst for the α-Alkylation of Nitriles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302504. [PMID: 37807667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, several manganese(I) complexes of chelating heteroditopic ligands Mn1-3, featuring ImNHC (imidazol-2-ylidene) connected to a 1,2,3-triazole-N or tzNHC (1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene) donors via a methylene spacer, with possible modifications at the triazole backbone have been synthesized and completely characterized. Notably, the CO stretching frequencies, electrochemical analysis, and frontier orbital analysis certainly suggest that the chelating ImNHC-tzNHC ligands have stronger donation capabilities than the related ImNHC-Ntz ligand in the synthesized complexes. Moreover, these well-defined phosphine-free Mn(I)-NHC complexes have been found to be effective non-bifunctional catalysts for the α-alkylation of nitriles using alcohols and importantly, the catalyst Mn1 containing ImNHC connected to a weaker triazole-N donor displayed higher activity compared to Mn2/Mn3 containing an unsymmetrical bis-carbene donors (ImNHC and tzNHC). A wide range of aryl nitriles were coupled with diverse (hetero)aromatic as well as aliphatic alcohols to get the corresponding products in good to excellent yields (32 examples, up to 95 % yield). The detailed mechanistic studies including deuterium labelling experiments reveal that the reaction follows a Borrowing Hydrogen pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnab Rit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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3
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Hanson MD, Simpson SM. Geometric and Electronic Effects in the Binding Affinity of Imidazole-Based N-Heterocyclic Carbenes to Cu(100)- and Ag(100)-Based Pd and Pt Single-Atom Alloy Surfaces. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37402-37412. [PMID: 37841151 PMCID: PMC10568601 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
We have conducted nonlocal periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) adsorbed to Pd/Cu(100), Pt/Cu(100), Pd/Ag(100), and Pt/Ag(100) single atom alloys (SAAs) utilizing the nonlocal optPBE-vdW functional. NHCs with electron donating groups (EDGs) are predicted to bind more strongly to the SAA surface compared to NHCs functionalized with electron withdrawing groups (EWGs). Our calculations show that NHCs typically bind to SAA geometries containing a small space between the heteroatom sites for the SAAs considered. Generally, this pattern is predicted to persist for a single NHCs or for a pair of NHCs bound to the SAA surfaces. Approximate linear relationships between NMR-based parameters and NHC-SAA binding energies are uncovered. We predict that the binding of NHCs to SAA surfaces is composition-dependent and heteroatom geometry dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Hanson
- Department
of Chemistry, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, New York 13214, United States
| | - Scott M. Simpson
- Department
of Chemistry, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, New York 14778, United States
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4
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Pasyukov DV, Shevchenko MA, Astakhov AV, Minyaev ME, Zhang Y, Chernyshev VM, Ananikov VP. New class of RSO 2-NHC ligands and Pd/RSO 2-NHC complexes with tailored electronic properties and high performance in catalytic C-C and C-N bonds formation. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12067-12086. [PMID: 37581341 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium salts have found ubiquitous applications as N-heterocyclic carbene precursors and metal nanoparticle stabilizers in catalysis and metallodrug research. Substituents directly attached to the imidazole ring can have a significant influence on the electronic, steric, and other properties of NHC-proligands as well as their metal complexes. In the present study, for the first time, a new type of Pd/NHC complex with the RSO2 group directly attached to the imidazol-2-ylidene ligand core was designed and synthesized. The electronic properties as well as structural features of the new ligands were evaluated by means of experimental and computational methods. Interestingly, the introduction of a 4-aryl(alkyl)sulfonyl group only slightly decreased the electron donation, but it significantly increased the π-acceptance and slightly enhanced the buried volume (%Vbur) of new imidazol-2-ylidenes. New Pd/NHC complexes were obtained through selective C(2)H-palladation of some of the synthesized 4-RSO2-functionalized imidazolium salts under mild conditions. Several complexes demonstrated good activity in the catalysis of model cross-coupling reactions, outperforming the activity of similar complexes with non-substituted NHC ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Pasyukov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
| | - Maxim A Shevchenko
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander V Astakhov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail E Minyaev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2, Nengyuan Road, Wushan Street, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Victor M Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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5
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Löwe P, Wünsche MA, Purtscher FRS, Gamper J, Hofer TS, Wilm LFB, Röthel MB, Dielmann F. Terminal methylene phosphonium ions: precursors for transient monosubstituted phosphinocarbenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7928-7935. [PMID: 37502319 PMCID: PMC10370551 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolable singlet carbenes are among the most important tools in chemistry, but generally require the interaction of two substituents with the electron deficient carbon atom. We herein report a synthetic approach to monosubstituted phosphinocarbenes via deprotonation of hitherto unknown diprotic terminal methylene phosphonium ions. Two methylene phosphonium salts bearing bulky N-heterocyclic imine substituents at the phosphorus atom were isolated and fully characterized. Deprotonation studies indicate the formation of transient monosubstituted carbenes that undergo intermolecular cycloadditions or intramolecular Buchner ring expansion to afford a cycloheptatriene derivative. The reaction mechanism of the latter transformation was elucidated using DFT calculations, which reveal the ambiphilic nature of the phosphinocarbene enabling the insertion into the aromatic C-C bond. Additional computational studies on the role of substituent effects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Löwe
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marius A Wünsche
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Felix R S Purtscher
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Jakob Gamper
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas S Hofer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Lukas F B Wilm
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Maike B Röthel
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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6
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Ritch JS. Chalcogen-substituted carbenes: a density functional study of structure, stability, and donor ability. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16828-16836. [PMID: 37283867 PMCID: PMC10240176 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03324d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcogen-substituted carbenes are examined computationally using density functional theory. Several approaches are used to assess the stability and reactivity of chalcogenazol-2-ylidene carbenes (NEHCs; E = O, S, Se, Te). The known unsaturated species 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene is studied at the same level of theory as the NEHC molecules, as a reference. Electronic structures, stability towards dimerization, and ligand properties are discussed. The results highlight the NEHCs as potentially valuable ancillary ligands for stabilizing low-valent metals or paramagnetic main group molecules. A simple, effective computational method for evaluating σ donor ability and π acidity of carbenes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Ritch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg 515 Portage Avenue Winnipeg MB R3B 2E9 Canada +1-204-774-2401 +1-204-786-9730
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7
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Blyth MT, Coote ML. Manipulation of N-heterocyclic carbene reactivity with practical oriented electric fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:375-383. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electric fields can be used to tune the nucleophilicity and electrophilicity of N-heterocyclic carbenes and enhance their catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T. Blyth
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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8
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Cui L, Du M, Guo S. Preparation, Characterization and Stability Studies of Gold Nanoparticles Capped by 1,2,3‐Triazole‐Based Mesoionic Carbenes. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Cui
- Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University
| | - Mingwei Du
- Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University
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9
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Schmidt A, Hillrichs K, Namyslo JC, Lederle F, Hübner EG. Pyrazoles in the Intersection of Mesomeric Betaines and N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Formation of NHC Selenium Adducts of Pyrazolium-4-aminides. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStarting from 4-nitropyrazole, eight mesoionic pyrazolium-4-aminides were prepared by a six-step reaction sequence. The deprotonation of 1,2-disubstituted 4-amido-1H-pyrazolium salts by an anion exchange resin in its hydroxide form is the final step of the synthesis. A tautomeric equilibrium between the mesoionic compounds (pyrazolium-4-aminides) and N-heterocyclic carbenes (pyrazol-3-ylidenes) can be formulated; however, the NHC tautomers were not detected by means of NMR spectroscopy in polar aprotic solvents such as DMSO-d
6 or MeCN-d
3. Apart from tautomerism, anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes can be formulated as a result of a deprotonation of the mesoionic compounds. Trapping reactions were performed with selenium, which resulted in the formation of pyrazole-3-selenones. Methylation at the selenium atom gave the corresponding 3-(methylselanyl)-4-amido-1H-pyrazolium salts, which were deprotonated to give new mesomeric betaines, 3-(methylselanyl)-1H-pyrazolium-4-aminides as unique compounds. DFT-calculations as well as 77Se NMR spectroscopic measurements were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Kai Hillrichs
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Felix Lederle
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems
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10
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Bakhonsky VV, Becker J, Mlostoń G, Schreiner PR. N-Alkoxyimidazolylidines (NOHCs): nucleophilic carbenes based on an oxidized imidazolium core. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1538-1541. [PMID: 35006231 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05696d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the first preparation of N-alkoxyimidazolylidene (NOHC), a nucleophilic carbene based on an oxidized imidazolium core. The Arduengo-type analogous carbene center shows the most upfield 13C NMR shift compared to common NHCs. The obtained gold(I) complex of the carbene follows the 13C NMR upfield trend and shows the marked influence the alkoxy substituents. Similarly, the 77Se and 15N NMR shifts of a range of NOHC-selenium adducts show increased σ-donation and decreased π-back donation in the bonding with the nucleophile. This extension of the NHC family provides altered electronic properties for the use of such carbenes as ligands or catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V Bakhonsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17,, 35392 Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Organic Chemistry, National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Prosp. Peremohy 37, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17,, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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11
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D̵ord̵ević N, Huynh HV. Stereoelectronic Evaluation of Pyrazole- and Indazole-Derived N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja D̵ord̵ević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117453, Republic of Singapore
| | - Han Vinh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117453, Republic of Singapore
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12
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Illam PM, Rit A. Electronically tuneable orthometalated RuII–NHC complexes as efficient catalysts for C–C and C–N bond formations via borrowing hydrogen strategy. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01767e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of simple and electronically tuneable cyclometalated RuII–NHC complexes have been explored as efficient catalysts for various C–C/N bond forming reactions via a BH methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnab Rit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
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13
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Dong Z, Blaskovits JT, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Sienkiewicz A, Corminboeuf C, Severin K. Tuning the π-Accepting Properties of Mesoionic Carbenes: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study. Chemistry 2021; 27:11983-11988. [PMID: 34105837 PMCID: PMC8456875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mesoionic imidazolylidenes are recognized as excellent electron‐donating ligands in organometallic and main group chemistry. However, these carbene ligands typically show poor π‐accepting properties. A computational analysis of 71 mesoionic imidazolylidenes that bear different aryl or heteroaryl substituents in C2 position was performed. The study has revealed that a diphenyltriazinyl (Dpt) substituent renders the corresponding carbene particularly π‐acidic. The computational results could be corroborated experimentally. A mesoionic imidazolylidene with a Dpt substituent was found to be a better σ‐donor and a better π‐acceptor compared to an Arduengo‐type N‐heterocyclic carbene. To demonstrate the utility of the new carbene, the ligand was used to stabilize a low‐valent paramagnetic tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Terence Blaskovits
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Sienkiewicz
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,ADSresonances Sarl, Route de Genève 60B, 1028, Préverenges, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Mummel S, Lederle F, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Sydnone Methides-A Forgotten Class of Mesoionic Compounds for the Generation of Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18882-18887. [PMID: 34153173 PMCID: PMC8456854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sydnone methides are described from which only one single example has been mentioned in the literature so far. Their deprotonation gave anions which can be formulated as π-electron rich anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. Sulfur and selenium adducts were stabilized as their methyl ethers, and mercury, gold as well as rhodium complexes of the sydnone methide carbenes were prepared. Sydnone methide anions also undergo C-C coupling reactions with 1-fluoro-4-iodobenzene under Pd(PPh3 )4 and CuBr catalysis. 77 Se NMR resonance frequencies and 1 JC4-Se as well as 1 JC4-H coupling constants have been determined to gain knowledge about the electronic properties of the anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. The carbene carbon atom of the sydnone methide anion 3 j resonates at δ=155.2 ppm in 13 C NMR spectroscopy at -40 °C which is extremely shifted upfield in comparison to classical N-heterocyclic carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mummel
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
| | - Felix Lederle
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHIFiber Optical Sensor SystemsAm Stollen 19HD-38640GoslarGermany
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHIFiber Optical Sensor SystemsAm Stollen 19HD-38640GoslarGermany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- University of HelsinkiDepartment of ChemistryP.O. Box 55FIN-00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Organic ChemistryLeibnizstrasse 6D-38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany
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15
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Mummel S, Lederle F, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Sydnonmethide – fast vergessene Mesoionen als Vorläufermoleküle von anionischen N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mummel
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Felix Lederle
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut HHI Faseroptische Sensorsysteme Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Deutschland
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
- Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut HHI Faseroptische Sensorsysteme Am Stollen 19H 38640 Goslar Deutschland
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Martin Nieger
- Universität Helsinki Department für Chemie P.O. Box 55 00014 Helsinki Finnland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Technische Universität Clausthal Institut für Organische Chemie Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
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16
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Abstract
Computational methods have emerged as a powerful tool to augment traditional experimental molecular catalyst design by providing useful predictions of catalyst performance and decreasing the time needed for catalyst screening. In this perspective, we discuss three approaches for computational molecular catalyst design: (i) the reaction mechanism-based approach that calculates all relevant elementary steps, finds the rate and selectivity determining steps, and ultimately makes predictions on catalyst performance based on kinetic analysis, (ii) the descriptor-based approach where physical/chemical considerations are used to find molecular properties as predictors of catalyst performance, and (iii) the data-driven approach where statistical analysis as well as machine learning (ML) methods are used to obtain relationships between available data/features and catalyst performance. Following an introduction to these approaches, we cover their strengths and weaknesses and highlight some recent key applications. Furthermore, we present an outlook on how the currently applied approaches may evolve in the near future by addressing how recent developments in building automated computational workflows and implementing advanced ML models hold promise for reducing human workload, eliminating human bias, and speeding up computational catalyst design at the same time. Finally, we provide our viewpoint on how some of the challenges associated with the up-and-coming approaches driven by automation and ML may be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Soyemi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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17
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Sambade D, Collins C, Parkin G. Structure and Bonding of 1,2,4-Triazole Thiones Derived from Nitron. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Grineva AA, Filippov OA, Canac Y, Sortais JB, Nefedov SE, Lugan N, César V, Valyaev DA. Experimental and Theoretical Insights into the Electronic Properties of Anionic N-Heterocyclic Dicarbenes through the Rational Synthesis of Their Transition Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4015-4025. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina A. Grineva
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oleg A. Filippov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sortais
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sergei E. Nefedov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Noël Lugan
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Vincent César
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Dmitry A. Valyaev
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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19
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Krahfuss MJ, Radius U. N-Heterocyclic silylenes as ambiphilic activators and ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6752-6765. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments of the use of N-heterocyclic silylenes (NHSis), higher homologues of Arduengo-carbenes, as ambiphilic activators and ligands are highlighted and a comparison of NHSi ligands with NHC and phosphine ligands is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam J. Krahfuss
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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20
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Gupta R, Rezabal E, Hasrack G, Frison G. Comparison of Chemical and Interpretative Methods: the Carbon-Boron π-Bond as a Test Case*. Chemistry 2020; 26:17230-17241. [PMID: 32780465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations and NBO, ETS-NOCV, QTAIM and ELF interpretative approaches have been carried out on C-donor ligand-stabilized dihydrido borenium cations. Numerous descriptors of the C-B π-bond strength obtained from orbital localization, energy partitioning or topological methods as well as from structural and chemical parameters have been calculated for 39 C-donor ligands including N-heterocyclic carbenes and carbones. Comparison of the results allows the identification of relative and absolute descriptors of the π interaction. For both families of descriptors excellent correlations are obtained. This enables the establishment of a π-donation capability scale and shows that the interpretative methods, despite their conceptual differences, describe the same chemical properties. These results also reveal noticeable shortcomings in these popular methods, and some precautions that need to be taken to interpret their results adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gupta
- LCM, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Elixabete Rezabal
- LCM, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France.,Faculty of Chemistry, Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018, Donostia, Spain
| | - Golshid Hasrack
- LCM, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Gilles Frison
- LCM, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
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21
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22
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Melancon KM, Cundari TR. Computational investigations of NHC-backbone configurations for applications in organocatalytic umpolung reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7437-7447. [PMID: 32940280 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) and multiconfigurational self-consistent field theory (MCSCF) methods are employed to investigate variation of the electronic properties of various N-heterocyclic carbenes. Alterations to the backbone by increased or decreased conjugation, heteroatom substitution in the NHC ring, and electron-donating or -withdrawing backbone substituents are modeled. The MCSCF calculations show extensive delocalization of both the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals for NHCs with polymerizable backbone substituents. The free energies of the intermediates and transition structures for benzoin condensation are also shown to be sensitive to substitution of the NHC backbone. Taken together, these results imply great sensitivity of the reactivity of poly(NHC) catalysts to backbone modification at this moiety. Implications with respect to enhancement of poly(NHC)s employed in umpolung catalysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kortney M Melancon
- University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry, Denton, Texas 76201, USA.
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry, Denton, Texas 76201, USA.
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23
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Krahfuß MJ, Nitsch J, Bickelhaupt FM, Marder TB, Radius U. N-Heterocyclic Silylenes as Ligands in Transition Metal Carbonyl Chemistry: Nature of Their Bonding and Supposed Innocence. Chemistry 2020; 26:11276-11292. [PMID: 32233000 PMCID: PMC7497151 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A study on the reactivity of the N-heterocyclic silylene Dipp2 NHSi (1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-diaza-2-silacyclopent-4-en-2-yliden) with the transition metal complexes [Ni(CO)4 ], [M(CO)6 ] (M=Cr, Mo, W), [Mn(CO)5 (Br)] and [(η5 -C5 H5 )Fe(CO)2 (I)] is reported. We demonstrate that N-heterocyclic silylenes, the higher homologues of the now ubiquitous NHC ligands, show a remarkably different behavior in coordination chemistry compared to NHC ligands. Calculations on the electronic features of these ligands revealed significant differences in the frontier orbital region which lead to some peculiarities of the coordination chemistry of silylenes, as demonstrated by the synthesis of the dinuclear, NHSi-bridged complex [{Ni(CO)2 (μ-Dipp2 NHSi)}2 ] (2), complexes [M(CO)5 (Dipp2 NHSi)] (M=Cr 3, Mo 4, W 5), [Mn(CO)3 (Dipp2 NHSi)2 (Br)] (9) and [(η5 -C5 H5 )Fe(CO)2 (Dipp2 NHSi-I)] (10). DFT calculations on several model systems [Ni(L)], [Ni(CO)3 (L)], and [W(CO)5 (L)] (L=NHC, NHSi) reveal that carbenes are typically the much better donor ligands with a larger intrinsic strength of the metal-ligand bond. The decrease going from the carbene to the silylene ligand is mainly caused by favorable electrostatic contributions for the NHC ligand to the total bond strength, whereas the orbital interactions were often found to be higher for the silylene complexes. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the contribution of σ- and π-interaction depends significantly on the system under investigation. The σ-interaction is often much weaker for the NHSi ligand compared to NHC but, interestingly, the π-interaction prevails for many NHSi complexes. For the carbonyl complexes, the NHSi ligand is the better σ-donor ligand, and contributions of π-symmetry play only a minor role for the NHC and NHSi co-ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam J. Krahfuß
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jörn Nitsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Center for, Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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24
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Kleinpeter E, Koch A. The 13 C chemical shift and the anisotropy effect of the carbene electron-deficient centre: Simple means to characterize the electron distribution of carbenes. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:280-292. [PMID: 31828861 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Both the 13 C chemical shift and the calculated anisotropy effect (spatial magnetic properties) of the electron-deficient centre of stable, crystalline, and structurally characterized carbenes have been employed to unequivocally characterize potential resonance contributors to the present mesomerism (carbene, ylide, betaine, and zwitter ion) and to determine quantitatively the electron deficiency of the corresponding carbene carbon atom. Prior to that, both structures and 13 C chemical shifts were calculated and compared with the experimental δ(13 C)/ppm values and geometry parameters (as a quality criterion for obtained structures).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Koch
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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25
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Horrer G, Krahfuß MJ, Lubitz K, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Radius U. N
‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Complexes of Titanium(IV) and Titanium(III). Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Günther Horrer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Katharina Lubitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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26
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Rottschäfer D, Glodde T, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. A crystalline C5-protonated 1,3-imidazol-4-ylidene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2027-2030. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09428h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The first C5-protonated 1,3-imidazole-based mesoionic carbene (iMICBp) has been isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Timo Glodde
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
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27
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Teng Q, Singh C, Han Y, Huynh HV. Fused azole-thiazolines via one-pot cyclization of functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene precursors. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2487-2491. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02548k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Various bi/tricyclic azole-thiazolines are obtained via a new one-pot protocol from cheap starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Teng
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- 117543 Singapore
- Republic of Singapore
| | - Chandan Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- 117543 Singapore
- Republic of Singapore
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- 117543 Singapore
- Republic of Singapore
| | - Han Vinh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- 117543 Singapore
- Republic of Singapore
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28
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Soleimani‐Amiri S. Singlet and triplet cyclonona‐3,5,7‐trienylidenes and their α, ά‐halogenated derivatives at DFT. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Girase TR, Kapdi AR. Novel Carbazole-Based N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands to Access Synthetically Relevant Stilbenes in Pd-Catalyzed Coupling Processes. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2611-2619. [PMID: 31034762 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of new carbazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been synthesized in a simple and facile synthetic route and subsequently used in a Pd/carbazole-based NHC catalytic system, which was found to be effective in catalyzing Heck reactions to provide substituted stilbene derivatives in good yields. Several bioactive stilbenes, including pterostilbene, pinosylvin, trimethoxy resveratrol, and resveratrol, were synthesized in good yields, and a 10 mmol scale-up was also performed for trimethoxy resveratrol. The synthetic application was also extended by performing a double-tandem chemoselective Heck reaction followed by Miyaura borylation in a one-pot procedure to give single-step access to synthetically useful stilbenyl boronate esters. Similarly, a unique triple-tandem protocol of a chemoselective Heck reaction/Miyaura borylation/Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction sequence was performed for the one-pot modification of biologically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejpalsingh Ramsingh Girase
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg Road, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Anant R Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg Road, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
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30
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Khorshidvand N, Kassaee MZ. Electronic effects on diaminocarbenes: a theoretical quest. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Malan FP, Singleton E, van Rooyen PH, Albrecht M, Landman M. Synthesis, Stability, and (De)hydrogenation Catalysis by Normal and Abnormal Alkene- and Picolyl-Tethered NHC Ruthenium Complexes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick P. Malan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 02 Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Eric Singleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 02 Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Petrus H. van Rooyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 02 Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marilé Landman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 02 Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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32
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Kleinpeter E, Koch A. Is the term “Carbene” justified for remote N-heterocyclic carbenes (r-NHCs) and abnormal N-heterocyclic carbenes (aNHCs/MICs)? Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Ligands, especially phosphines and carbenes, can play a key role in modifying and controlling homogeneous organometallic catalysts, and they often provide a convenient approach to fine-tuning the performance of known catalysts. The measurable outcomes of such catalyst modifications (yields, rates, selectivity) can be set into context by establishing their relationship to steric and electronic descriptors of ligand properties, and such models can guide the discovery, optimization, and design of catalysts. In this review we present a survey of calculated ligand descriptors, with a particular focus on homogeneous organometallic catalysis. A range of different approaches to calculating steric and electronic parameters are set out and compared, and we have collected descriptors for a range of representative ligand sets, including 30 monodentate phosphorus(III) donor ligands, 23 bidentate P,P-donor ligands, and 30 carbenes, with a view to providing a useful resource for analysis to practitioners. In addition, several case studies of applications of such descriptors, covering both maps and models, have been reviewed, illustrating how descriptor-led studies of catalysis can inform experiments and highlighting good practice for model comparison and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Durand
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
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34
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Schoeller WW. The Niecke Biradicals and Their Congeners – The Journey from Stable Biradicaloids to Their Utilization for the Design of Nonlinear Optical Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W. Schoeller
- Department of Chemistry University of Bielefeld P. O. Box 10 01 31 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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35
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Azofra LM, Veenboer RMP, Falivene L, Vummaleti SVC, Poater A, Nolan SP, Cavallo L. Quantifying electronic similarities between NHC–gold(i) complexes and their isolobal imidazolium precursors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:15615-15622. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02844g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The σ and π donor/acceptor properties of the carbon–gold bond are manifested by changes in 197Au spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Azofra
- CIDIA-FEAM (Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, avalada por el Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla)
- Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT)
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC)
- Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
- Spain
| | | | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Sai V. C. Vummaleti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Gent
- Belgium
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
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36
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Guisado-Barrios G, Soleilhavoup M, Bertrand G. 1 H-1,2,3-Triazol-5-ylidenes: Readily Available Mesoionic Carbenes. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3236-3244. [PMID: 30417642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classical carbenes are usually described as neutral compounds featuring a divalent carbon with only six electrons in their valence shell. It was only in 1988 that our group prepared the first isolable example, in which the carbene center was stabilized by a push-pull effect, using a phosphino and a silyl substituent. In the last 30 years, a myriad of acyclic and cyclic push-pull and push-push carbenes, bearing different heteroatom substituents, have been isolated. Among them, the so-called N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which include cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs), are arguably the most popular. They have found a vast number of applications ranging from catalysis to material science, and even in medicine. In this Account, we focus on the synthesis, structure, electronic properties, coordination, and applications of a different class of stable cyclic carbenes, namely, 1 H-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidenes. In contrast with NHCs and CAACs, these compounds have no reasonable canonical resonance forms that can be drawn showing a carbene without additional charges. According to the IUPAC, they belong to the family of mesoionic compounds and thus they are named mesoionic carbenes (MICs). In 2010, we prepared the first stable 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene, via a CuAAC reaction, followed by alkylation of the resulting 1,2,3-triazole, and deprotonation. Later, we synthesized more robust N3-arylated counterparts from 1,3-diarylated-1 H-1,2,3-triazolium salts. Both synthetic routes can be carried out in multigram scales, making these MICS readily available. Importantly, MICs do not dimerize which contrasts with NHCs that can give the corresponding Wanzlick-type olefin. This property leads to relaxed steric requirements for their isolation; even C-unsubstituted MICs can be stored for months in the solid state at room temperature. The practicality and easily scalable syntheses of MICs allow for the preparation of polycarbenes, such as bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidenes) (i-bitz), the analogues of the well-known 2,2'-bipyridines (bpy). MIC-transition metal complexes are excellent precatalysts for variety of chemical transformations, which include hydrohydrazination of alkynes, olefin metathesis, reductive formylation of amines with carbon dioxide and diphenylsilane, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of N-heteroarenes in water, cycloisomerization of enynes, asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, and water oxidation (WO) reactions. Besides their catalytic applications, MIC-transition metal complexes have found applications in material sciences as exemplified by the preparation of the first iron(III) complex that is luminescent at room temperature. The peculiar properties of mesoionic triazolylidenes, combined with their enhanced stability, position them as excellent candidates to address some current challenges such as access to high-oxidation-state 3d metal complexes, the stabilization of highly reactive main group elements, the stabilization of nanoparticles, the preparation of efficient catalysts and photosensitizers based on earth-abundant transition metals, and the functionalization of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Guisado-Barrios
- Institute of Advance Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Avenida Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Michèle Soleilhavoup
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United states
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United states
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Kassaee M, Khorshidvand N, Ahmadi A, Cummings P. Steric effects on normal and abnormal acyclic, cyclic-saturated, and cyclic-unsaturated diaminocarbenes using DFT method. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.Z. Kassaee
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - N. Khorshidvand
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - A.A. Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - P.T. Cummings
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee USA
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38
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Vivancos Á, Segarra C, Albrecht M. Mesoionic and Related Less Heteroatom-Stabilized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Catalysis, and Other Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9493-9586. [PMID: 30014699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic carbenes are a subclass of the family of N-heterocyclic carbenes that generally feature less heteroatom stabilization of the carbenic carbon and hence impart specific donor properties and reactivity schemes when coordinated to a transition metal. Therefore, mesoionic carbenes and their complexes have attracted considerable attention both from a fundamental point of view as well as for application in catalysis and beyond. As a follow-up of an earlier Chemical Reviews overview from 2009, the organometallic chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes with reduced heteroatom stabilization is compiled for the 2008-2017 period, including specifically the chemistry of complexes containing 1,2,3-triazolylidenes, 4-imidazolylidenes, and related 5-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes with reduced heteratom stabilization such as (is)oxazolylidenes, pyrrazolylidenes, and thiazolylidenes, as well as pyridylidenes as 6-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes with reduced heteroatom stabilization. For each ligand subclass, metalation strategies, electronic and steric properties, and applications, in particular, in metal-mediated catalysis, are compiled. Mesoionic carbenes demonstrate particularly high activity in (water) oxidation, hydrogen transfer reactions, and cyclization reactions. Unique features of these ligands are identified such as their dipolar structure, their specific donor properties, as well as stability aspects of the ligand and the complexes, which provides opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vivancos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Murcia , Apartado 4021 , 30071 Murcia , Spain
| | - Candela Segarra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland.,Instituto de Tecnología Química , Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida de los Naranjos s/n , 46022 Valencia , Spain
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland
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39
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Cheng J, Wang L, Wang P, Deng L. High-Oxidation-State 3d Metal (Ti-Cu) Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligation. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9930-9987. [PMID: 30011189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High-oxidation-state 3d metal species have found a wide range of applications in modern synthetic chemistry and materials science. They are also implicated as key reactive species in biological reactions. These applications have thus prompted explorations of their formation, structure, and properties. While the traditional wisdom regarding these species was gained mainly from complexes supported by nitrogen- and oxygen-donor ligands, recent studies with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which are widely used for the preparation of low-oxidation-state transition metal complexes in organometallic chemistry, have led to the preparation of a large variety of isolable high-oxidation-state 3d metal complexes with NHC ligation. Since the first report in this area in the 1990s, isolable complexes of this type have been reported for titanium(IV), vanadium(IV,V), chromium(IV,V), manganese(IV,V), iron(III,IV,V), cobalt(III,IV,V), nickel(IV), and copper(II). With the aim of providing an overview of this intriguing field, this Review summarizes our current understanding of the synthetic methods, structure and spectroscopic features, reactivity, and catalytic applications of high-oxidation-state 3d metal NHC complexes of titanium to copper. In addition to this progress, factors affecting the stability and reactivity of high-oxidation-state 3d metal NHC species are also presented, as well as perspectives on future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , People's Republic of China
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Ardizzoia GA, Brenna S. Interpretation of Tolman electronic parameters in the light of natural orbitals for chemical valence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:5971-5978. [PMID: 28180221 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07793e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the nature and the strength of metal-ligand interactions in d- and f-block metal complexes has always been a central issue for both synthetic and theoretical chemists. These interactions are usually described according to the well accepted Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model, and thus over the years numerous research groups directed their efforts to shed light on the role of σ- and π-contributions. Among others, the electronic parameter introduced by Tolman in the 1970s represents a milestone in this field. Herein we present a quantitative description of the nickel-phosphine bond in Tolman's nickel(0) carbonyl complexes. The combination of Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence with Energy Decomposition Analysis resulted in the definition of a new parameter (Tphos) which comprises all the energetic contributions needed to describe the nickel-phosphine bond and thus stands as a reliable descriptor of the electronic properties of phosphines. Moreover, steric effects of phosphines (i.e. Tolman's cone angles) have been considered too, and a linear relation including Ni-P bond distances, Tphos and cone angle has been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Attilio Ardizzoia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio, 9, 22100 Como, Italy.
| | - Stefano Brenna
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio, 9, 22100 Como, Italy.
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Quadri CC, Lalrempuia R, Hessevik J, Törnroos KW, Le Roux E. Structural Characterization of Tridentate N-Heterocyclic Carbene Titanium(IV) Benzyloxide, Silyloxide, Acetate, and Azide Complexes and Assessment of Their Efficacies for Catalyzing the Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide with CO2. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie C. Quadri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ralte Lalrempuia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Julie Hessevik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karl W. Törnroos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erwan Le Roux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway
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Ramsden CA, Oziminski WP. A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Influencing Ease of Formation and σ-Bonding Strength of Oxa- and Thia-N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12485-12491. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Ramsden
- School
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech P. Oziminski
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modelling, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska
Street, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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43
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Gaggioli CA, Bistoni G, Ciancaleoni G, Tarantelli F, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Modulating the Bonding Properties of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): A Systematic Charge-Displacement Analysis. Chemistry 2017; 23:7558-7569. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Gaggioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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Schmitt HC, Flock M, Welz E, Engels B, Schneider H, Radius U, Fischer I. Electronic Structure and Excited-State Dynamics of an Arduengo-Type Carbene and its Imidazolone Oxidation Product. Chemistry 2017; 23:3084-3090. [PMID: 28071828 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe an investigation of the excited-state dynamics of isolated 1,3-di-tert-butyl-imidazoline-2-ylidene (tBu2 Im, C11 H20 N2 , m/z=180), an Arduengo-type carbene, by time- and frequency-resolved photoionization using a picosecond laser system. The energies of several singlet and triplet excited states were calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The S1 state of the carbene deactivates on a 100 ps time scale possibly by intersystem crossing. In the experiments we observed an additional signal at m/z=196, that was assigned to the oxidation product 1,3-di-tert-butyl-imidazolone, tBu2 ImO. It shows a well-resolved resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectrum with an origin located at 36951 cm-1 . Several low-lying vibrational bands could be assigned, with a lifetime that depends strongly on the excitation energy. At the origin the lifetime is longer than 3 ns, but drops to 49 ps at higher excess energies. To confirm formation of the imidazolone we also performed experiments on benzimidazolone (BzImO) for comparison. Apart from a redshift for BzImO the spectra of the two compounds are very similar. The TD-DFT values display a very good agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Schmitt
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Flock
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eileen Welz
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical und Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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45
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Iannuzzi TE, Gao Y, Baker TM, Deng L, Neidig ML. Magnetic circular dichroism and density functional theory studies of electronic structure and bonding in cobalt(ii)–N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:13290-13299. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01748k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The combination of simple cobalt salts and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands has been highly effective in C–H functionalization, hydroarylation and cross-coupling catalysis, though displaying a strong dependence on the identity of the NHC ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yafei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
| | - Tessa M. Baker
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Rochester
- Rochester
- USA
| | - Liang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
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46
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Gaggioli CA, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Harvey JN, Belanzoni P. The ligand effect on the oxidative addition of dioxygen to gold(i)–hydride complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11679-11690. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02170d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation energy barriers of the O2 to [LAuH] oxidative addition, calculated by including spin–orbit coupling (SOC) effects, quantitatively correlate with the σ donation component of the L–AuH bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Gaggioli
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM) – CNR
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM) – CNR
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
| | | | - Paola Belanzoni
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM) – CNR
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
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47
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Bayat M, Sedghi A, Ebrahimkhani L, Sabounchei SJ. N-Heterocyclic carbene or phosphorus ylide: which one forms a stronger bond with group 11 metals? A theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2016; 46:207-220. [PMID: 27924996 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03814j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene and phosphorus ylides are inorganic and organometallic ligands, and their coordination chemistry with transition elements, particularly group 11 metals, would be noticeable. This study seeks to characterize the structure and nature of the C→M bond of group 11 metals (M = Cu(i), Ag(i), Au(i)) in coordination with different monodentate phosphorus ylides {P(Ph)3CHR} and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC(R)) (where R = F, Cl, Br, CF3, CH3, H, C(CH3)3, Si(CH3)3, SiH3, Ph). In this regard, DFT calculations with the PBE/def2-TZVP level of theory were applied. The results show that the M←C bond interaction energies (ΔEint) related to [NHC(R) → MR'] and [{P(Ph)3CHR} → MCl] complexes (M = Cu(i), Ag(i), Au(i); R = F, Cl, Br, CF3, H, CH3, C(CH3)3, Si(CH3)3, SiH3, Ph; R' = Cl, OAc) are substantial and conform to the well-known V-shaped trend for the transition metals of the first, second, and third row in the following order: Ag(i) < Cu(i) < Au(i). The nature of the C→M bond in the complexes was analyzed using NBO, AIM, EDA, and ETS-NOCV. The nature of the C→M bond interactions in [NHC(R) → MR'] and [{P(Ph)3CHR} → MCl] complexes studied here is largely electrostatic, and this feature accounts for about 65%-74% of the total interaction energy. Furthermore, it is found that in the presence of electron-donating substituents, the group 11 metals form stronger bonds with NHC(R) rather than monodentate phosphorus ylides. Comparison of the EDA-NOCV results for the M←C bond with the same M atom and R substituent in [NHC(R) → MR'] and [{P(Ph)3CHR} → MCl] indicates that the monodentate phosphorus ylide ligands studied here ({P(Ph)3CHR}) are slightly better σ-donors and weaker π-acceptors than the corresponding NHC(R) ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bayat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Asieh Sedghi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Ramsden CA, Oziminski WP. Quantitative Index of the Relative Ease of Formation and σ-Bonding Strength of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10295-10301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Ramsden
- Lennard-Jones
Laboratories, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Wojciech P. Oziminski
- Laboratory
of Theoretical Methods and Computations, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska Street, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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49
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Ardizzoia GA, Bea M, Brenna S, Therrien B. A Quantitative Description of the σ-Donor and π-Acceptor Properties of Substituted Phenanthrolines. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Attilio Ardizzoia
- Department of Science and High Technology; University of Insubria; Via Valleggio, 9 22100 Como Italy
| | - Michela Bea
- Department of Science and High Technology; University of Insubria; Via Valleggio, 9 22100 Como Italy
| | - Stefano Brenna
- Department of Science and High Technology; University of Insubria; Via Valleggio, 9 22100 Como Italy
| | - Bruno Therrien
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Neuchâtel; Avenue de Bellevaux 51 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
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50
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Dos Santos HF, Vieira MA, Sánchez Delgado GY, Paschoal D. Ligand Exchange Reaction of Au(I) R-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes with Cysteine. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2250-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. F. Dos Santos
- Department
of Chemistry, NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário Martelos, 36.036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - M. A. Vieira
- Department
of Chemistry, NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário Martelos, 36.036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - G. Y. Sánchez Delgado
- Department
of Chemistry, NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário Martelos, 36.036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - D. Paschoal
- Department
of Chemistry, NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário Martelos, 36.036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, 27.930-560, Macaé, Brazil
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