1
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Nagy S, Richter D, Dargó G, Orbán B, Gémes G, Höltzl T, Garádi Z, Fehér Z, Kupai J. Cinchona-Based Hydrogen-Bond Donor Organocatalyst Metal Complexes: Asymmetric Catalysis and Structure Determination. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300180. [PMID: 38189585 PMCID: PMC11004460 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the synthesis of cinchona (thio)squaramide and a novel cinchona thiourea organocatalyst. These catalysts were employed in pharmaceutically relevant catalytic asymmetric reactions, such as Michael, Friedel-Crafts, and A3 coupling reactions, in combination with Ag(I), Cu(II), and Ni(II) salts. We identified several organocatalyst-metal salt combinations that led to a significant increase in both yield and enantioselectivity. To gain insight into the active catalyst species, we prepared organocatalyst-metal complexes and characterized them using HRMS, NMR spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP-D4/def2-TZVP), which allowed us to establish a structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsMűegyetem rkp. 31111BudapestHungary
- Euroapi Hungary Kft.Tó utca 1–51045BudapestHungary
| | - Dóra Richter
- Department of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsMűegyetem rkp. 31111BudapestHungary
| | - Gyula Dargó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsMűegyetem rkp. 31111BudapestHungary
| | - Balázs Orbán
- ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research GroupDepartment of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsMűegyetem rkp. 31111BudapestHungary
- Furukawa Electric Institute of TechnologyKésmárk utca 28/A1157BudapestHungary
| | - Gergő Gémes
- Department of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsMűegyetem rkp. 31111BudapestHungary
| | - Tibor Höltzl
- ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research GroupDepartment of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsMűegyetem rkp. 31111BudapestHungary
- Furukawa Electric Institute of TechnologyKésmárk utca 28/A1157BudapestHungary
| | - Zsófia Garádi
- Department of PharmacognosySemmelweis UniversityÜllői út. 261085BudapesHungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Fehér
- Department of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsMűegyetem rkp. 31111BudapestHungary
| | - József Kupai
- Department of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsMűegyetem rkp. 31111BudapestHungary
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2
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Gallarati S, van Gerwen P, Laplaza R, Brey L, Makaveev A, Corminboeuf C. A genetic optimization strategy with generality in asymmetric organocatalysis as a primary target. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3640-3660. [PMID: 38455002 PMCID: PMC10915838 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06208b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A catalyst possessing a broad substrate scope, in terms of both turnover and enantioselectivity, is sometimes called "general". Despite their great utility in asymmetric synthesis, truly general catalysts are difficult or expensive to discover via traditional high-throughput screening and are, therefore, rare. Existing computational tools accelerate the evaluation of reaction conditions from a pre-defined set of experiments to identify the most general ones, but cannot generate entirely new catalysts with enhanced substrate breadth. For these reasons, we report an inverse design strategy based on the open-source genetic algorithm NaviCatGA and on the OSCAR database of organocatalysts to simultaneously probe the catalyst and substrate scope and optimize generality as a primary target. We apply this strategy to the Pictet-Spengler condensation, for which we curate a database of 820 reactions, used to train statistical models of selectivity and activity. Starting from OSCAR, we define a combinatorial space of millions of catalyst possibilities, and perform evolutionary experiments on a diverse substrate scope that is representative of the whole chemical space of tetrahydro-β-carboline products. While privileged catalysts emerge, we show how genetic optimization can address the broader question of generality in asymmetric synthesis, extracting structure-performance relationships from the challenging areas of chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gallarati
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Puck van Gerwen
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research - Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Ruben Laplaza
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research - Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Lucien Brey
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Alexander Makaveev
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research - Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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3
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Kupai J, Dargó G, Nagy S, Kis D, Bagi P, Mátravölgyi B, Tóth B, Huszthy P, Drahos L. Application of Proline-Derived (Thio)squaramide Organocatalysts in Asymmetric Diels–Alder and Conjugate Addition Reactions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe synthesis of chiral proline-derived squaramide and thiosquaramide organocatalysts, which are capable of the dual activation in asymmetric reactions is reported. The (thio)squaramide moiety can form hydrogen bonds to activate the substrates and to stereocontrol the reaction, while the pyrrolidine unit can form enamines to activate carbonyl compounds via aminocatalysis. Comparing the performance of thiosquaramide to squaramide, the Diels–Alder reaction of (anthracen-9-yl)acetaldehyde and trans-β-nitrostyrene was examined, which has been investigated in the literature using quantum chemical calculations. Both squaramide and thiosquaramide gave excellent yields (up to 99%) and enantiomeric excess values (up to 98%). Moreover, their catalytic performance was compared in conjugate addition of lawsone to β,γ-unsaturated α-keto ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Kupai
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics
| | - Gyula Dargó
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics
| | - Sándor Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics
| | - Dávid Kis
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics
| | - Péter Bagi
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics
| | - Béla Mátravölgyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics
| | - Blanka Tóth
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology & Economics
| | - Péter Huszthy
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences
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4
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Smajlagic I, White B, Azeez O, Pilkington M, Dudding T. Organocatalysis Linked to Charge-Enhanced Acidity with Superelectrophilic Traits. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivor Smajlagic
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Brandon White
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Oyindamola Azeez
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, Canada
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5
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Gallarati S, Laplaza R, Corminboeuf C. Harvesting the fragment-based nature of bifunctional organocatalysts to enhance their activity. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the activity of bifunctional organocatalysts: a fragment-based approach coupled with activity maps helps identifying better-performing catalytic motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gallarati
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Laplaza
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research – Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research – Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Zhu L, Yang H, Wong MW. Asymmetric Nucleophilic Allylation of α-Chloro Glycinate via Squaramide Anion-Abstraction Catalysis: SN1 or SN2 Mechanism, or Both? J Org Chem 2021; 86:8414-8424. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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7
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Non-Covalent Interactions in Enantioselective Organocatalysis: Theoretical and Mechanistic Studies of Reactions Mediated by Dual H-Bond Donors, Bifunctional Squaramides, Thioureas and Related Catalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral bifunctional dual H-bond donor catalysts have become one of the pillars of organocatalysis. They include squaramide, thiosquaramide, thiourea, urea, and even selenourea-based catalysts combined with chiral amines, cinchona alkaloids, sulfides, phosphines and more. They can promote several types of reactions affording products in very high yields and excellent stereoselectivities in many cases: conjugate additions, cycloadditions, the aldol and Henry reactions, the Morita–Baylis–Hilman reaction, even cascade reactions, among others. The desire to understand mechanisms and the quest for the origins of stereoselectivity, in attempts to find guidelines for developing more efficient catalysts for new transformations, has promoted many mechanistic and theoretical studies. In this review, we survey the literature published in this area since 2015.
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8
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Lane JDE, Berry SN, Lewis W, Ho J, Jolliffe KA. Diaminomethylenemalononitriles and Diaminomethyleneindanediones as Dual Hydrogen Bond Donors for Anion Recognition. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4957-4964. [PMID: 33755453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diaminomethylenemalononitriles (DMMs) and diaminomethyleneindanediones (DMIs) are dual H-bond donors that have previously been used as organocatalysts, but their anion binding ability has not been investigated. We report the synthesis of both alkyl- and aryl-substituted DMMs and DMIs, together with a comparison of their anion binding ability with that of the analogous thioureas. The DMMs display affinity for monovalent anions, with similar anion binding affinities observed to that of the thioureas in acetonitrile, albeit with differing trends for the N,N'-dialkyl versus N,N'-diaryl compounds. In contrast, the DMIs do not bind to monovalent anions under similar conditions as a result of conformational locking through the formation of intramolecular H-bonds. This can be overcome upon addition of sulfate ions, and binding of sulfate is enhanced in a more competitive solvent (DMSO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob D E Lane
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart N Berry
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Katrina A Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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9
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Mała ŻA, Janicki MJ, Niedźwiecka NH, Góra RW, Konieczny KA, Kowalczyk R. Stereoselectivity Enhancement During the Generation of Three Contiguous Stereocenters in Tetrahydrothiophenes. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta A. Mała
- Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Mikołaj J. Janicki
- Physical and Quantum Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Natalia H. Niedźwiecka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Robert W. Góra
- Physical and Quantum Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Krzysztof A. Konieczny
- Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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10
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López R, Palomo C. N,N-Diacylaminals as Emerging Tools in Synthesis: From Peptidomimetics to Asymmetric Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:20-29. [PMID: 32667706 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N,N-Diacylaminals are flexible molecular scaffolds that have commonly been utilized as amide surrogates in peptidomimetics. The singularities of this motif as an N-acyl imine equivalent and as hydrogen-bond donor have recently opened new synthetic opportunities, especially in the field of asymmetric catalysis. This concept article highlights this diverse synthetic potential and provides the elements necessary for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
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11
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Sandler I, Larik FA, Mallo N, Beves JE, Ho J. Anion Binding Affinity: Acidity versus Conformational Effects. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8074-8084. [PMID: 32407087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-level quantum chemical calculations were used to elucidate the gas- and solution-phase conformational equilibria for a series of symmetrically substituted (thio)ureas, (thio)squaramides, and croconamides. Gas-phase calculations predict that the thermodynamic conformer of many of these anion receptors is not the dual-hydrogen-bond-facilitating anti-anti conformer as is commonly assumed. For N,N'-diaryl thiosquaramides and croconamides, the syn-syn conformer is typically the predominant conformer. Solution-phase calculations show that the anti-anti conformer is increasingly stabilized as the polarity of the solvent increases. However, the syn-syn conformer remains the lowest energy conformation for croconamides. These predictions are used to explain the acidity versus chloride binding affinity correlations recently reported for some of these compounds. The chloride binding constants for thioureas and croconamides are significantly lower than expected on the basis of their pKa values, and this may be due in part to the need for these receptors to reorganize into the anti-anti conformer. Experimental NMR nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurements of an asymmetrically substituted squaramide and its thio analogue are consistent with the syn-syn conformation being predominant at 298 K. The conformational equilibria should therefore be an important consideration for the design and development of future anion receptors and organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolde Sandler
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fayaz Ali Larik
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Neil Mallo
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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12
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Rostami A, Ebrahimi A, Husband J, Anwar MU, Csuk R, Al-Harrasi A. Squaramide-Quaternary Ammonium Salt as an Effective Binary Organocatalytic System for Oxazolidinone Synthesis from Isocyanates and Epoxides. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rostami
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center (NMSRC); University of Nizwa; 616 Nizwa Sultanate of Oman
| | - Amirhossein Ebrahimi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center (NMSRC); University of Nizwa; 616 Nizwa Sultanate of Oman
| | - John Husband
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; Sultan Qaboos University; PO Box 36, Al-Khod 123 Muscat Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Usman Anwar
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center (NMSRC); University of Nizwa; 616 Nizwa Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rene Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-str. 2; College of Science; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; 06120 Halle Saale Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center (NMSRC); University of Nizwa; 616 Nizwa Sultanate of Oman
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13
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Abstract
Since the beginning of the millennium, organocatalysis has been gaining a predominant role in asymmetric synthesis and it is, nowadays, a foundation of catalysis. Synergistic catalysis, combining two or more different catalytic cycles acting in concert, exploits the vast knowledge acquired in organocatalysis and other fields to perform reactions that would be otherwise impossible. Merging organocatalysis with photo-, metallo- and organocatalysis itself, researchers have ingeniously devised a range of activations. This feature review, focusing on selected synergistic catalytic approaches, aims to provide a flavor of the creativity and innovation in the area, showing ground-breaking examples of organocatalysts, such as proline derivatives, hydrogen bond-mediated, Cinchona alkaloids or phosphoric acids catalysts, which work cooperatively with different catalytic partners.
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14
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Rodríguez-Ferrer P, Naharro D, Maestro A, Andrés JM, Pedrosa R. Chiral Bifunctional Thiosquaramides as Organocatalysts in the Synthesis of Enantioenriched 3,3-Disubstituted Oxindoles. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodríguez-Ferrer
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Daniel Naharro
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Alicia Maestro
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - José M. Andrés
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Rafael Pedrosa
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Valladolid; Paseo de Belén 7 47011 Valladolid Spain
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15
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Nagy S, Fehér Z, Dargó G, Barabás J, Garádi Z, Mátravölgyi B, Kisszékelyi P, Dargó G, Huszthy P, Höltzl T, Balogh GT, Kupai J. Comparison of Cinchona Catalysts Containing Ethyl or Vinyl or Ethynyl Group at Their Quinuclidine Ring. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3034. [PMID: 31540532 PMCID: PMC6766286 DOI: 10.3390/ma12183034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cinchona organocatalysts with different substituents at their quinuclidine unit have been described and tested, but the effect of those saturation has not been examined before. This work presents the synthesis of four widely used cinchona-based organocatalyst classes (hydroxy, amino, squaramide, and thiourea) with different saturation on the quinuclidine unit (ethyl, vinyl, ethynyl) started from quinine, the most easily available cinchona derivative. Big differences were found in basicity of the quinuclidine unit by measuring the pKa values of twelve catalysts in six solvents. The effect of differences was examined by testing the catalysts in Michael addition reaction of pentane-2,4-dione to trans-β-nitrostyrene. The 1.6-1.7 pKa deviation in basicity of the quinuclidine unit did not result in significant differences in yields and enantiomeric excesses. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed that the ethyl, ethynyl, and vinyl substituents affect the acid-base properties of the cinchona-thiourea catalysts only slightly, and the most active neutral thione forms are the most stable tautomers in all cases. Due to the fact that cinchonas with differently saturated quinuclidine substituents have similar catalytic activity in asymmetric Michael addition application of quinine-based catalysts is recommended. Its vinyl group allows further modifications, for instance, recycling the catalyst by immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Fehér
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gergő Dargó
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Chemical Department, Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc., P.O. Box 27, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Júlia Barabás
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Garádi
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Mátravölgyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Kisszékelyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gyula Dargó
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Huszthy
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Höltzl
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Furukawa Electric Institute of Technology, Késmárk utca 28/A, H-1158 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - György Tibor Balogh
- Chemical Department, Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc., P.O. Box 27, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - József Kupai
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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16
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Ormandyová K, Bilka S, Mečiarová M, Šebesta R. Bifunctional Thio/Squaramide Catalyzed Stereoselective Michael Additions of Aldehydes to Nitroalkenes towards Synthesis of Chiral Pyrrolidines. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Ormandyová
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of Natural SciencesComenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Bilka
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of Natural SciencesComenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Mária Mečiarová
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of Natural SciencesComenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of Natural SciencesComenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
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17
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Lin Y, Zhao BL, Du DM. Bifunctional Squaramide-Catalyzed Asymmetric [3 + 2] Cyclization of 2-(1-Methyl-2-oxoindolin-3-yl)malononitriles with Unsaturated Pyrazolones To Construct Spirooxindole-Fused Spiropyrazolones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10209-10220. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo-Liang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Ming Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Dong M, Ji Z, Zhang B, Guo C, Jiao M, Chen B. A computational study into the origin of reactivity and selectivity of organocatalyzed [2 + 2] reactions between α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and nitroolefins. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Dong
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing PR China
| | - Ziyue Ji
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing PR China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing PR China
| | - Chenchen Guo
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing PR China
| | - Mingyang Jiao
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing PR China
| | - Bo‐Zhen Chen
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing PR China
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19
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Nagy S, Dargó G, Kisszékelyi P, Fehér Z, Simon A, Barabás J, Höltzl T, Mátravölgyi B, Kárpáti L, Drahos L, Huszthy P, Kupai J. New enantiopure binaphthyl-cinchona thiosquaramides: synthesis and application for enantioselective organocatalysis. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06451b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Binaphthyl-cinchona squaramide and thiosquaramide were applied as organocatalysts in three types of asymmetric reactions with excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
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20
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Parrish RM, Thompson KC, Martínez TJ. Large-Scale Functional Group Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory on Graphical Processing Units. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1737-1753. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Parrish
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Keiran C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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21
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Alegre-Requena JV, Marqués-López E, Herrera RP. Optimizing the Accuracy and Computational Cost in Theoretical Squaramide Catalysis: The Henry Reaction. Chemistry 2017; 23:15336-15347. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan V. Alegre-Requena
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Eugenia Marqués-López
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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22
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Ho J, Zwicker VE, Yuen KKY, Jolliffe KA. Quantum Chemical Prediction of Equilibrium Acidities of Ureas, Deltamides, Squaramides, and Croconamides. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10732-10736. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junming Ho
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vincent E. Zwicker
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Karen K. Y. Yuen
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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23
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Alegre-Requena JV, Marqués-López E, Herrera RP. “Push–Pull π+/π–” (PPππ) Systems in Catalysis. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan V. Alegre-Requena
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis
Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eugenia Marqués-López
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis
Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis
Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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24
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Dos Santos WD. Carrying pieces of information in organocatalytic bytes: Semiopoiesis-A new theory of life and its origins. Biosystems 2017; 164:167-176. [PMID: 28698018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Living beings have been classically described as autopoietic machines: chemical systems, which maintain a reproducible steady state by producing their components and boundaries. On the other hand, very simple autopoietic micelles have been produced in laboratory. They consist in micelles able to catalyse the production of their own surfactants. However is very clear that these autopoietic systems are unable to evolve. In this way, these autopoietic micelles cannot be associated to living organisms, which are always linked by evolutionary relationships. Here I claim that living beings are a class of autopoietic systems able to conserve molecular information, a feature denoted by the term semiopoiesis. By defining the molecular information of their products, semiopoietic systems control their interaction with the medium and, by being able to convey molecular information beneficial to the maintenance of the organization to their offspring, semiopoietic systems can evolve by natural selection. Information can be described as a specific state or order assumed among a set of other possible states or orders. Thus, molecular information is the specific order by which the molecular components are ordered, such as the sequence of nucleotides in nucleic acids or of amino acids in proteins. However, molecular information is not limited to copolymers. The atoms in small organic compounds may also present diverse orders, giving rise to isomers. Different isomers can present very distinct chemical and physical properties such that the biophysical-chemical properties of an organic compound are determined by its composition and molecular information i.e. the specific positions in which their atoms are posited. This molecular information can be conserved during reactions catalysed by selective organocatalysts. In this way, organocatalysts appear as plausible candidates to primitive hosts for the genetic information, before the emergence of systems based in biopolymers. The bases of a putative organocatalysts-based evolution are discussed. Finally, I argue that organocatalytic micelles can be designed to produce programmable materials, artificial photosynthesis, self-building materials and artificial life with relevant industrial impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderley Dantas Dos Santos
- State University of Maringa, Department of Biochemistry, Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, Bloco I-89, Room 15, Maringa, Parana, Brazil.
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25
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Rostami A, Sadeh E, Ahmadi S. Exploration of tertiary aminosquaramide bifunctional organocatalyst in controlled/living ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rostami
- Department of Polymer and Material Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran 19839-4716 I. R. Iran
| | - Elahe Sadeh
- Department of Polymer and Material Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran 19839-4716 I. R. Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Ahmadi
- Department of Polymer and Material Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran 19839-4716 I. R. Iran
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26
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Rombola M, Sumaria CS, Montgomery TD, Rawal VH. Development of Chiral, Bifunctional Thiosquaramides: Enantioselective Michael Additions of Barbituric Acids to Nitroalkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5297-5300. [PMID: 28375610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a general method for the synthesis of chiral thiosquaramides, a class of bifunctional catalysts not previously described in the literature. Thiosquaramides are found to be more acidic and significantly more soluble in nonpolar solvents than their oxosquaramide counterparts, and they are excellent catalysts for the unreported, enantioselective conjugate addition reaction of the barbituric acid pharmacaphore to nitroalkenes, delivering the chiral barbiturate derivatives in high yields and high enantioselectivities, even with catalyst loadings as low as 0.05 mol%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rombola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago , 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chintan S Sumaria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago , 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Thomas D Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago , 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Viresh H Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago , 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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27
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Grayson MN. Mechanism and Origins of Stereoselectivity in the Cinchona Thiourea- and Squaramide-Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of Nitroalkanes to Enones. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4396-4401. [PMID: 28319377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report density functional theory calculations that examine the mechanism and origins of stereoselectivity of Soós' landmark discovery from 2005 that cinchona thioureas catalyze the asymmetric Michael addition of nitroalkanes to enones. We show that the electrophile is activated by the catalyst's protonated amine and that the nucleophile binds to the thiourea moiety by hydrogen bonding. These results lead to the correction of published mechanistic work which did not consider this activation mode. We have also investigated the corresponding cinchona squaramide-catalyzed reaction and found that it proceeds by the same mechanism despite the differences in the geometry of the two catalysts' hydrogen-bond-donating groups, which demonstrates the generality of this mechanistic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Grayson
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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28
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Tukhvatshin RS, Kucherenko AS, Nelyubina YV, Zlotin SG. Tertiary Amine-Derived Ionic Liquid-Supported Squaramide as a Recyclable Organocatalyst for Noncovalent “On Water” Catalysis. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rinat S. Tukhvatshin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky
Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Kucherenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky
Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Nelyubina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute
of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, Vavilova
Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky
Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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29
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Ximenis M, Bustelo E, Algarra AG, Vega M, Rotger C, Basallote MG, Costa A. Kinetic Analysis and Mechanism of the Hydrolytic Degradation of Squaramides and Squaramic Acids. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2160-2170. [PMID: 28107005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolytic degradation of squaramides and squaramic acids, the product of partial hydrolysis of squaramides, has been evaluated by UV spectroscopy at 37 °C in the pH range 3-10. Under these conditions, the compounds are kinetically stable over long time periods (>100 days). At pH >10, the hydrolysis of the squaramate anions shows first-order dependence on both squaramate and OH-. At the same temperature and [OH-], the hydrolysis of squaramides usually displays biphasic spectral changes (A → B → C kinetic model) with formation of squaramates as detectable reaction intermediates. The measured rates for the first step (k1 ≈ 10-4 M-1 s-1) are 2-3 orders of magnitude faster than those for the second step (k2 ≈ 10-6 M-1 s-1). Experiments at different temperatures provide activation parameters with values of ΔH⧧ ≈ 9-18 kcal mol-1 and ΔS⧧ ≈ -5 to -30 cal K-1 mol-1. DFT calculations show that the mechanism for the alkaline hydrolysis of squaramic acids is quite similar to that of amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ximenis
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears , Palma 07122, Spain
| | - Emilio Bustelo
- Department of Materials Scientist, Metallurgic Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz , Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Andrés G Algarra
- Department of Materials Scientist, Metallurgic Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz , Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manel Vega
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears , Palma 07122, Spain
| | - Carmen Rotger
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears , Palma 07122, Spain
| | - Manuel G Basallote
- Department of Materials Scientist, Metallurgic Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz , Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears , Palma 07122, Spain
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30
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Grayson MN, Houk KN. Cinchona Urea-Catalyzed Asymmetric Sulfa-Michael Reactions: The Brønsted Acid−Hydrogen Bonding Model. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9041-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Grayson
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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31
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Kakeshpour T, Wu JI, Jackson JE. AMHB: (Anti)aromaticity-Modulated Hydrogen Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3427-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayeb Kakeshpour
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Judy I. Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - James E. Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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32
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Kumarswamyreddy N, Kesavan V. Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydrospiro[indoline-3,4′-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole] Derivatives via Michael/Hemiketalization Reaction. Org Lett 2016; 18:1354-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandarapu Kumarswamyreddy
- Chemical Biology Laboratory,
Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Venkitasamy Kesavan
- Chemical Biology Laboratory,
Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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33
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Roca-López D, Uria U, Reyes E, Carrillo L, Jørgensen KA, Vicario JL, Merino P. Mechanistic Insights into the Mode of Action of Bifunctional Pyrrolidine-Squaramide-Derived Organocatalysts. Chemistry 2015; 22:884-9. [PMID: 26612630 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic modes of action of three squaramide-derived bifunctional organocatalysts have been investigated using DFT methods. The [5+2] cycloaddition between oxidopyrylium ylides and enals was used as the model reaction. Two primary modes were possible for the different catalysts studied. The preference for one mode over the other was due to the possibility of additional favorable π-π interactions between the hydrogen-bond activated pyrylium ylide and an electron-deficient aromatic ring bonded to the squaramide NH group. The model can be extended to other reactions catalyzed by the same catalysts, such as formal [2+2] cycloadditions between nitroalkenes and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. The computational results were in excellent concurrence with the available experimental reports on the observed total enantioselectivity and differences in diastereoselectivity depending on the substrate and the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roca-López
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Asimétrica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Campus San Francisco, 5009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Uxue Uria
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Efraim Reyes
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luisa Carrillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Jose L Vicario
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Pedro Merino
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Asimétrica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Campus San Francisco, 5009, Zaragoza, Spain.
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34
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Experimental and Theoretical Studies in Hydrogen-Bonding Organocatalysis. Molecules 2015; 20:15500-24. [PMID: 26343615 PMCID: PMC6331831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral thioureas and squaramides are among the most prominent hydrogen-bond bifunctional organocatalysts now extensively used for various transformations, including aldol, Michael, Mannich and Diels-Alder reactions. More importantly, the experimental and computational study of the mode of activation has begun to attract considerable attention. Various experimental, spectroscopic and calculation methods are now frequently used, often as an integrated approach, to establish the reaction mechanism, the mode of activation or explain the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. This article comprises several case studies, sorted according to the method used in their study. The aim of this review is to give the investigators an overview of the methods currently utilized for mechanistic investigations in hydrogen-bonding organocatalysis.
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35
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Wolters LP, Bickelhaupt FM. The activation strain model and molecular orbital theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015; 5:324-343. [PMID: 26753009 PMCID: PMC4696410 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation strain model is a powerful tool for understanding reactivity, or inertness, of molecular species. This is done by relating the relative energy of a molecular complex along the reaction energy profile to the structural rigidity of the reactants and the strength of their mutual interactions: ΔE(ζ) = ΔEstrain(ζ) + ΔEint(ζ). We provide a detailed discussion of the model, and elaborate on its strong connection with molecular orbital theory. Using these approaches, a causal relationship is revealed between the properties of the reactants and their reactivity, e.g., reaction barriers and plausible reaction mechanisms. This methodology may reveal intriguing parallels between completely different types of chemical transformations. Thus, the activation strain model constitutes a unifying framework that furthers the development of cross-disciplinary concepts throughout various fields of chemistry. We illustrate the activation strain model in action with selected examples from literature. These examples demonstrate how the methodology is applied to different research questions, how results are interpreted, and how insights into one chemical phenomenon can lead to an improved understanding of another, seemingly completely different chemical process. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:324-343. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lando P Wolters
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamAmsterdam, The Netherlands; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamAmsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, The Netherlands
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36
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Ghosh D, Gupta N, Abdi SHR, Nandi S, Khan NUH, Kureshy RI, Bajaj HC. Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Allylation of Isatins by Using a Chiral Amino Alcohol Derived Squaramide as Catalyst. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Chauhan P, Mahajan S, Kaya U, Hack D, Enders D. Bifunctional Amine-Squaramides: Powerful Hydrogen-Bonding Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Domino/Cascade Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201401003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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McGuirk CM, Katz MJ, Stern CL, Sarjeant AA, Hupp JT, Farha OK, Mirkin CA. Turning on catalysis: incorporation of a hydrogen-bond-donating squaramide moiety into a Zr metal-organic framework. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:919-25. [PMID: 25574688 DOI: 10.1021/ja511403t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that the incorporation of an acidic hydrogen-bond-donating squaramide moiety into a porous UiO-67 metal-organic framework (MOF) derivative leads to dramatic acceleration of the biorelevant Friedel-Crafts reaction between indole and β-nitrostyrene. In comparison, it is shown that free squaramide derivatives, not incorporated into MOF architectures, have no catalytic activity. Additionally, using the UiO-67 template, we were able to perform a direct comparison of catalytic activity with that of the less acidic urea-based analogue. This is the first demonstration of the functionalization of a heterogeneous framework with an acidic squaramide derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michael McGuirk
- Department of Chemistry and the International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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39
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Liu J, Chen C, Li Z, Wu W, Zhi X, Zhang Q, Wu H, Wang X, Cui S, Guo K. A squaramide and tertiary amine: an excellent hydrogen-bonding pair organocatalyst for living polymerization. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00508f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A hydrogen-bond motif based on a squaramide and sparteine efficiently promoted the ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide at ambient temperature.
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40
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Zhang H, Lin S, Jacobsen EN. Enantioselective selenocyclization via dynamic kinetic resolution of seleniranium ions by hydrogen-bond donor catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16485-8. [PMID: 25380129 PMCID: PMC4277748 DOI: 10.1021/ja510113s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Highly enantioselective selenocyclization
reactions are promoted
by the combination of a new chiral squaramide catalyst, a mineral
acid, and an achiral Lewis base. Mechanistic studies reveal that the
enantioselectivity originates from the dynamic kinetic resolution
of seleniranium ions through anion-binding catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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41
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Wheeler SE, Bloom JWG. Toward a more complete understanding of noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:6133-47. [PMID: 24937084 DOI: 10.1021/jp504415p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings, which include π-stacking interactions, anion-π interactions, and XH-π interactions, among others, are ubiquitous in chemical and biochemical systems. Despite dramatic advances in our understanding of these interactions over the past decade, many aspects of these noncovalent interactions have only recently been uncovered, with many questions remaining. We summarize our computational studies aimed at understanding the impact of substituents and heteroatoms on these noncovalent interactions. In particular, we discuss our local, direct interaction model of substituent effects in π-stacking interactions. In this model, substituent effects are dominated by electrostatic interactions of the local dipoles associated with the substituents and the electric field of the other ring. The implications of the local nature of substituent effects on π-stacking interactions in larger systems are discussed, with examples given for complexes with carbon nanotubes and a small graphene model, as well as model stacked discotic systems. We also discuss related issues involving the interpretation of electrostatic potential (ESP) maps. Although ESP maps are widely used in discussions of noncovalent interactions, they are often misinterpreted. Next, we provide an alternative explanation for the origin of anion-π interactions involving substituted benzenes and N-heterocycles, and show that these interactions are well-described by simple models based solely on charge-dipole interactions. Finally, we summarize our recent work on the physical nature of substituent effects in XH-π interactions. Together, these results paint a more complete picture of noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings and provide a firm conceptual foundation for the rational exploitation of these interactions in a myriad of chemical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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42
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Du H, Rodriguez J, Bugaut X, Constantieux T. Organocatalytic enantio- and diastereoselective conjugate addition to nitroolefins: when β-ketoamides surpass β-ketoesters. Chemistry 2014; 20:8458-66. [PMID: 24895115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our findings on the bifunctional squaramide-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of β-ketoamides to nitroolefins are disclosed. It appears that simple acyclic methylene β-ketoamides, unlike the extensively studied β-ketoesters, afford the products in excellent diastereoselectivities, and maintain high yields and enantioselectivities. Moreover, competition and kinetic studies were conducted to rationalize the observed reactivity and selectivity. The high level of diastereocontrol, along with the amenability of the amide group to postfunctionalization, dramatically increase the synthetic usefulness of the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Du
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille (France), Fax: (+33) 491-289-187
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43
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Kótai B, Kardos G, Hamza A, Farkas V, Pápai I, Soós T. On the mechanism of bifunctional squaramide-catalyzed organocatalytic Michael addition: a protonated catalyst as an oxyanion hole. Chemistry 2014; 20:5631-9. [PMID: 24677388 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A joint experimental-theoretical study of a bifunctional squaramide-amine-catalyzed Michael addition reaction between 1,3-dioxo nucleophiles and nitrostyrene has been undertaken to gain insight into the nature of bifunctional organocatalytic activation. For this highly stereoselective reaction, three previously proposed mechanistic scenarios for the critical CC bond-formation step were examined. Accordingly, the formation of the major stereoisomeric products is most plausible by one of the bifunctional pathways that involve electrophile activation by the protonated amine group of the catalyst. However, some of the minor product isomers are also accessible through alternative reaction routes. Structural analysis of transition states points to the structural invariance of certain fragments of the transition state, such as the protonated catalyst and the anionic fragment of approaching reactants. Our topological analysis provides deeper insight and a more general understanding of bifunctional noncovalent organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Kótai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, H-1025 Budapest (Hungary), Fax: (+36) 1-438-1145
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44
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Urbanietz G, Atodiresei I, Enders D. Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized Dihydro- and Tetrahydropyrans via an Organocatalytic Domino Michael-Hemiacetalization Reaction. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2014; 46:1261-1269. [PMID: 25284900 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1340826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Starting from α-hydroxymethyl nitroalkenes and various 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, a one-pot organocatalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of polyfunctionalized dihydro- and tetrahydropyran derivatives via a domino Michael-hemiacetalization sequence is reported. The title compounds bearing a variety of functional groups can be synthesized in this way in good yields (59-91%) and with moderate to excellent diastereoselectivities (26-98% de) and enantioselectivities (71-99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Urbanietz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Iuliana Atodiresei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dieter Enders
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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45
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Xue XS, Yang C, Li X, Cheng JP. Computational Study on the pKa Shifts in Proline Induced by Hydrogen-Bond-Donating Cocatalysts. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1166-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402605n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic
Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and
Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic
Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and
Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic
Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and
Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic
Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and
Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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46
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Sepúlveda D, Lu T, Wheeler SE. Performance of DFT methods and origin of stereoselectivity in bipyridine N,N′-dioxide catalyzed allylation and propargylation reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8346-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01719f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that many DFT methods correctly predict the stereoselectivity of bipyridine N,N′-dioxide catalyzed alkylation reactions despite predicting the incorrect low-lying transition state structures. A novel explanation of the origin of stereoselectivity in these reactions is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sepúlveda
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station, USA
| | - Tongxiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station, USA
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47
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Busschaert N, Elmes RBP, Czech DD, Wu X, Kirby IL, Peck EM, Hendzel KD, Shaw SK, Chan B, Smith BD, Jolliffe KA, Gale PA. Thiosquaramides: pH switchable anion transporters. Chem Sci 2014; 5:3617-3626. [PMID: 26146535 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of anions across cellular membranes is an important biological function governed by specialised proteins. In recent years, many small molecules have emerged that mimick the anion transport behaviour of these proteins, but only a few of these synthetic molecules also display the gating/switching behaviour seen in biological systems. A small series of thiosquaramides was synthesised and their pH-dependent chloride binding and anion transport behaviour was investigated using 1H NMR titrations, single crystal X-ray diffraction and a variety of vesicle-based techniques. Spectrophotometric titrations and DFT calculations revealed that the thiosquaramides are significantly more acidic than their oxosquaramide analogues, with pKa values between 4.0 and 9.0. This led to the observation that at pH 7.2 the anion transport ability of the thiosquaramides is fully switched OFF due to deprotonation of the receptor, but is completely switched ON at lower pH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- School of Chemistry (F11), The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Dawid D Czech
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Xin Wu
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Evan M Peck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Kevin D Hendzel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Scott K Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Bun Chan
- School of Chemistry (F11), The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Katrina A Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry (F11), The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Philip A Gale
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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48
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Leung FKC, Cui JF, Hui TW, Zhou ZY, Wong MK. Hydrogen bond donor–acceptor–donor organocatalysis for conjugate addition of benzylidene barbiturates via complementary DAD–ADA hydrogen bonding. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysts featuring a hydrogen bond donor–acceptor–donor structural element catalyze conjugate addition via complementary DAD–ADA hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco King-Chi Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Fang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Wai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Kin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong, China
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