1
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Gerwig M, Böhme U, Friebel M. Challenges in the Synthesis and Processing of Hydrosilanes as Precursors for Silicon Deposition. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400013. [PMID: 38757614 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Hydrosilanes are highly attractive compounds, which can be processed as liquids with printing technology to amorphous silicon films on nearly any solid substrate. The silicon layers can be processed for electronic devices like transistors or thin-film solar cells. The endothermic character of hydrosilanes with their positive enthalpies of formation results in favorable properties for processing. The larger the molecules, the lower their decomposition temperature and the higher their photoactivity. Cyclic hydrosilanes such as cyclopentasilane and cyclohexasilane can be easily deposited. The branched neopentasilane is more difficult to deposit but yields better-quality films after processing. The key challenge is the complex synthesis of the precursors and the hydrosilanes. The available preparative methods are presented in this review and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. The following synthesis methods are presented and discussed in this article: Wurtz coupling and other reductive coupling processes, dehydrogenative coupling of silanes, plasma synthesis of chlorinated polysilanes, amine- or chloride-induced disproportionations, and transformation of monosilane to higher silanes. Plasma synthesis is already carried out today as a continuous industrial process. The most effective synthesis methods in the laboratory are currently amine- and chloride-induced disproportionations. There is a great need to further optimize the syntheses of hydrosilanes and to develop new simple synthesis variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Gerwig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Mike Friebel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
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2
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Gasevic T, Bamberg M, Wicke J, Bolte M, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Grimme S, Hansen A, Wagner M, Bursch M. Confined Lewis Pairs: Investigation of the X - →Si 20 Interaction in Halogen-Encapsulating Silafulleranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314238. [PMID: 38059423 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A joint theoretical and experimental study on 32 endohedral silafullerane derivatives [X@Si20 Y20 ]- (X=F-I; Y=F-I, H, Me, Et) andT h ${T_h }$ -[Cl@Si20 H12 Y8 ]- (Y=F-I) is presented. First, we evaluated the structure-determining template effect of Cl- in a systematic series of concave silapolyquinane model systems. Second, we investigated the X- →Si20 interaction energy (E int ${E_{{\rm{int}}} }$ ) as a function of X- and Y and found the largestE int ${E_{{\rm{int}}} }$ values for electron-withdrawing exohedral substituents Y. Given that X- ions can be considered as Lewis bases and empty Si20 Y20 clusters as Lewis acids, we classify our inseparable host-guest complexes [X@Si20 Y20 ]- as "confined Lewis pairs". Third, 35 Cl NMR spectroscopy proved to be highly diagnostic for an experimental assessment of the Cl- →Si20 interaction as the paramagnetic shielding and, in turn, δ ${\delta }$ (35 Cl) of the endohedral Cl- ion correlate inversely withE int ${E_{{\rm{int}}} }$ . Finally, we disclose the synthesis of [PPN][Cl@Si20 Y20 ] (Y=Me, Et, Br) and provide a thorough characterization of these new silafulleranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gasevic
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Bamberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julius Wicke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Bamberg M, Gasevic T, Bolte M, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Grimme S, Bursch M, Wagner M. Regioselective Derivatization of Silylated [20]Silafulleranes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11440-11448. [PMID: 37171917 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Silafulleranes with endohedral Cl- ions are a unique, scarcely explored class of structurally well-defined silicon clusters and host-guest complexes. Herein, we report regioselective derivatization reactions on the siladodecahedrane [nBu4N][Cl@Si20(SiCl3)12Cl8] ([nBu4N][1]), which has its cluster surface decorated with 12 SiCl3 and 8 Cl substituents in perfect Th symmetry. The room-temperature reaction of [nBu4N][1] with excess iBu2AlH in ortho-difluorobenzene (oDFB) furnishes perhydrogenated [nBu4N][Cl@Si20(SiH3)12H8] ([nBu4N][2]) in 50% yield; the non-pyrophoric [2]- is the largest structurally authenticated (by X-ray diffraction) hydridosilane known to date. A simple switch from pure oDFB to an oDFB/Et2O solvent mixture suppresses core hydrogenation and results in the formation of [nBu4N][Cl@Si20(SiH3)12Cl8] ([nBu4N][3]). In addition to the exhaustive Cl/H exchange at all 44 Si-Cl bonds of [1]- and the regioselective 36-fold silyl group hydrogenation, we achieved the simultaneous introduction of Me substituents at all 8 SiCl vertices along with the conversion of all 12 SiCl3 to SiH3 groups by treating [nBu4N][1] with Me2AlH/Me3Al in oDFB ([nBu4N][Cl@Si20(SiH3)12Me8], [nBu4N][4]; 73%). Quantum-chemical free-energy calculations find an SN2-Si-type hydrogenation of the exohedral SiCl3 moieties in [1]- (trigonal-bipyramidal intermediate) slightly preferred over metathesis-like SNi-Si substitutions (four-membered transition state). Cage hydrogenation likely occurs via SNi-Si processes. The experimentally demonstrated influence of an Et2O co-solvent, which drastically increases the respective reaction barriers, is attributed to the increased stability of the resulting iBu2AlH-OEt2 adduct and its higher steric bulk compared to free iBu2AlH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bamberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasevic
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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4
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Sturm AG, Karaca US, Heinz M, Felder T, Lewis KM, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Siemens Reloaded: Chloride-Assisted Selective Hydrodechlorination of SiCl 4 to HSiCl 3. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201953. [PMID: 36479804 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Trichlorosilane is the key intermediate for the large-scale production of polycrystalline silicon in the Siemens and Union Carbide processes. Both processes, however, are highly inefficient, and over two thirds of the trichlorosilane employed is converted to unwanted silicon tetrachloride accumulating in millions of tons per year on a global scale. In this combined experimental and theoretical study we report an energetically and environmentally benign synthetic protocol for the highly selective conversion of SiCl4 to HSiCl3 using organohydridosilanes as recyclable hydrogen transfer reagents in combination with onium chlorides as efficient catalysts. We put the same protocol to further use demonstrating the quantitative conversion of higher oligosilane residues, which form as another unwanted and potentially hazardous byproduct of Siemens processes, to HSiCl3 in a low-temperature recycling step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Uhut S Karaca
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Myron Heinz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials, Chempark, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Kenrick M Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials, 769 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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5
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Köstler B, Gilmer J, Bolte M, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Albert P, Fantuzzi F, Wagner M. Group IV heteroadamantanes: synthesis of Si 6Sn 4 and site-selective derivatization of Si 6Ge 4. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2295-2298. [PMID: 36744715 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mixed heteroadamantanes Si6Ge4 and Si6Sn4 are readily accessible from Me2ECl2/Si2Cl6/cat. Cl- (4 × EMe2, 2 × SiCl2, 4 × Si-SiCl3 vertices; E = Ge, Sn). Different from Si6Ge4, two skeletal isomers are formed in the case of Si6Sn4. Site-selective SiCl3-methylation of Si6Ge4 was achieved, leaving the SiCl2 groups untouched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Köstler
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Jannik Gilmer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Philipp Albert
- Smart Materials, Evonik Operations GmbH, Untere Kanalstraße 3, Rheinfelden 79618, Germany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Park Wood Rd, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
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6
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Köstler B, Bae H, Gilmer J, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Albert P, Fantuzzi F, Wagner M. Dope it with germanium: selective access to functionalized Si 5Ge heterocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:716-719. [PMID: 36541103 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Cl- diadduct [nBu4N]2[A·2Cl] of the mixed cyclohexatetrelane (SiCl2)5(GeMe2), A, is accessible from Me2GeCl2, 6 eq. Si2Cl6, and 2 eq. [nBu4N]Cl in one step (96%). Free, tenfold functionalized A can be released from the primary product by decomplexation with AlCl3 (78%). Insight into the assembly mechanism of [nBu4N]2[A·2Cl] and the reactivity of A is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Köstler
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Hyunwoo Bae
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Jannik Gilmer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Philipp Albert
- Smart Materials, Evonik Operations GmbH, Untere Kanalstraße 3, Rheinfelden 79618, Germany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Park Wood Road, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
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7
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Varadwaj PR. Tetrel Bonding in Anion Recognition: A First Principles Investigation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238449. [PMID: 36500544 PMCID: PMC9738195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five molecule-anion complex systems [I4Tt···X-] (Tt = C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb; X = F, Cl, Br, I and At) were examined using density functional theory (ωB97X-D) and ab initio (MP2 and CCSD) methods to demonstrate the ability of the tetrel atoms in molecular entities, I4Tt, to recognize the halide anions when in close proximity. The tetrel bond strength for the [I4C···X-] series and [I4Tt···X-] (Tt = Si, Sn; X = I, At), was weak-to-moderate, whereas that in the remaining 16 complexes was dative tetrel bond type with very large interaction energies and short Tt···X close contact distances. The basis set superposition error corrected interaction energies calculated with the highest-level theory applied, [CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPPD], ranged from -3.0 to -112.2 kcal mol-1. The significant variation in interaction energies was realized as a result of different levels of tetrel bonding environment between the interacting partners at the equilibrium geometries of the complex systems. Although the ωB97X-D computed intermolecular geometries and interaction energies of a majority of the [I4Tt···X-] complexes were close to those predicted by the highest level of theory, the MP2 results were shown to be misleading for some of these systems. To provide insight into the nature of the intermolecular chemical bonding environment in the 25 molecule-anion complexes investigated, we discussed the charge-density-based topological and isosurface features that emanated from the application of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and independent gradient model approaches, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R. Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; or
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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8
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Sturm AG, Santowski T, Felder T, Lewis KM, Holthausen MC, Auner N. Müller–Rochow Reloaded: Single-Step Synthesis of Bifunctional Monosilanes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Sturm
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials, Chempark, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Kenrick M. Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials, 769 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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9
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203947. [PMID: 35438836 PMCID: PMC9325378 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anionic hypercoordinated silicates with weak donors were proposed as key intermediates in numerous silicon-based reactions. However, their short-lived nature rendered even spectroscopic observations highly challenging. Here, we characterize hypercoordinated silicon anions, including the first bromido-, iodido-, formato-, acetato-, triflato- and sulfato-silicates. This is enabled by a new, donor-free polymeric form of Lewis superacidic bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane 1. Spectroscopic, structural, and computational insights allow a reassessment of Gutmann's empirical rules for the role of silicon hypercoordination in synthesis and catalysis. The electronic perturbations of 1 exerted on the bound anions indicate pronounced substrate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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10
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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11
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Lainer T, Fischer RC, Haas M. The Synthesis of Tris(silyl)silanides Revisited. A Study of Reactivity and Stability. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Haas
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Stremayergasse 9/V 8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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12
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Ryll C, Kraushaar K, Wagler J, Brendler E, Kroke E. Disilanes with Pentacoordinate Si Atoms by Carbon Dioxide Insertion into Aminodisilanes: Syntheses, Molecular Structures, and Dynamic Behavior. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9527-9536. [PMID: 35350308 PMCID: PMC8945131 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The insertion of carbon dioxide into the Si-N bonds of aminodisilanes ((RR'N) n Me3-n Si)2 affords carbamoyloxydisilanes ((RR'NC(O)O) n Me3-n Si)2. Some of the obtained insertion products feature pentacoordinate silicon atoms in the solid state and in solution, with two carbamoyloxy moieties bridging the Si-Si bond. The aminodisilanes and their insertion products were extensively analyzed, including single-crystal X-ray structure analyses. The temperature dependence of the higher coordination was investigated using variable temperature NMR experiments.
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13
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Beck AD, Haufe S, Tillmann J, Waldvogel SR. Challenges in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Si
2
Cl
6
Starting from Tetrachlorosilane and Trichlorosilane. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Beck
- Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Wacker Chemie AG Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Wacker Chemie AG Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
| | - Jan Tillmann
- Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Wacker Chemie AG Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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14
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Zhang N, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Wang D, Peng W, Zhang J, Zhang J, Liu J. Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of Si 2Cl 6 and HCl catalyzed by amine catalysts. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02834d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of this reaction is of great significance to the treatment of by-products in the polysilicon industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qing Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Danqi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wencai Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianshu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinli Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Jichang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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15
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Kunkel C, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Albert P, Wagner M. Subvalent mixed Si xGe y oligomers: (Cl 3Si) 4Ge and Cl 2(Me 2EtN)SiGe(SiCl 3) 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12028-12031. [PMID: 34714311 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05604b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(Cl3Si)4Ge (1; 91%) is accessible from GeCl4, the Si2Cl6/[nBu4N]Cl silylation system, and excess SiCl4. A key intermediate step involves Cl- sequestration with AlCl3 in the course of the reaction between the first-formed germanide [(Cl3Si)3Ge]- and SiCl4. The related adduct Cl2(Me2EtN)SiGe(SiCl3)2 (2; quantitative conversion) was prepared either by amine-induced cleavage of 1 or by a bottom-up synthesis starting from GeCl4 and Si2Cl6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Kunkel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Philipp Albert
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Smart Materials, Untere Kanalstraße 3, 79618 Rheinfelden, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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16
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Georg I, Bursch M, Endeward B, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Grimme S, Wagner M. The power of trichlorosilylation: isolable trisilylated allyl anions, allyl radicals, and allenyl anions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12419-12428. [PMID: 34603672 PMCID: PMC8480423 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03958j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of hexachloropropene (Cl2C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
]]>
C(Cl)–CCl3) with Si2Cl6 and [nBu4N]Cl (1 : 4 : 1) in CH2Cl2 results in a quantitative conversion to the trisilylated, dichlorinated allyl anion salt [nBu4N][Cl2CC(SiCl3)–C(SiCl3)2] ([nBu4N][1]). Tetrachloroallene Cl2CCCCl2 was identified as the first intermediate of the reaction cascade. In the solid state, [1]− adopts approximate Cs symmetry with a dihedral angle between the planes running through the olefinic and carbanionic fragments of [1]− of CC–Si//Si–C–Si = 78.3(1)°. One-electron oxidation of [nBu4N][1] with SbCl5 furnishes the distillable blue radical 1˙. The neutral propene Cl2CC(SiCl3)–C(SiCl3)2H (2) was obtained by (i) protonation of [1]− with HOSO2CF3 (HOTf) or (ii) H-atom transfer to 1˙ from 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Quantitative transformation of all three SiCl3 substituents in 2 to Si(OMe)3 (2OMe) or SiMe3 (2Me) substituents was achieved by using MeOH/NMe2Et or MeMgBr in CH2Cl2 or THF, respectively. Upon addition of 2 equiv. of tBuLi, 2Me underwent deprotonation with subsequent LiCl elimination, 1,2-SiMe3 migration and Cl/Li exchange to afford the allenyl lithium compound Me3Si(Li)CCC(SiMe3)2 (Li[4]), which is an efficient building block for the introduction of Me, SiMe3, or SnMe3 (5) groups. The trisilylated, monochlorinated allene Cl3Si(Cl)CCC(SiCl3)2 (6), was obtained from [nBu4N][1] through Cl−-ion abstraction with AlCl3 and rearrangement in CH2Cl2 (1˙ forms as a minor side product, likely because the system AlCl3/CH2Cl2 can also act as a one-electron oxidant). Treatment of hexachloropropene (Cl2CC(Cl)–CCl3) with Si2Cl6 and [nBu4N]Cl (1 : 4 : 1) in CH2Cl2 results in a quantitative conversion to the trisilylated, dichlorinated allyl anion salt [nBu4N][Cl2CC(SiCl3)–C(SiCl3)2] ([nBu4N][1]).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Georg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Burkhard Endeward
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
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17
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Koestler B, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. Selective One-Pot Syntheses of Mixed Silicon-Germanium Heteroadamantane Clusters. Chemistry 2021; 27:14401-14404. [PMID: 34387917 PMCID: PMC8596519 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Si x Ge y alloys are emerging materials for modern semiconductor technology. Well-defined model systems of the bulk structures aid in understanding their intrinsic characteristics. Three such model clusters have now been realized in the form of the Si x Ge y heteroadamantanes [0] , [1] , and [2] via selective one-pot syntheses starting from Me 2 GeCl 2 , Si 2 Cl 6 , and [nBu 4 N]Cl. Compound [0] contains 6 GeMe 2 and 4 SiSiCl 3 vertices, while one and two of the GeMe 2 groups are replaced by SiCl 2 moieties in compounds [1] and [2] , respectively. Chloride ion-mediated rearrangement quantitatively converts [2] into [1] at room temperature and finally into [0] at 60 °C, which is not only remarkable in view of the rigidity of these cage structures but also sheds light on the assembly mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Koestler
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Fachbereich 14 Biochemie Chemie und Pharmazie, Inorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Michael Bolte
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Fachbereich 14 Biochemie Chemie und Pharmazie, Inorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Fachbereich 14 Biochemie Chemie und Pharmazie, Inorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Goethe Universität, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, GERMANY
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18
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Abstract
The continuously decreasing size of device features in microelectronics draws growing attention to the structuring of silicon at the molecular level with powerful tools provided by synthetic chemistry. Silicon clusters are of particular importance in this regard not only as potential precursors for silicon deposition but also as well-defined model systems for bulk and surfaces of silicon at the nanoscale as well as possible starting points for future construction of molecularly precise device structures. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview about the state of the art in the synthesis of molecular silicon clusters, which are grouped into (1) electron-precise saturated clusters, (2) soluble polyhedral Zintl anions, and (3) unsaturated silicon clusters, the so-called siliconoids. Particular attention is paid to functionalization as it is generally considered a necessary prerequisite for the design and construction of more extended systems. The interrelations between the three different classes of molecular silicon clusters, e.g., arising from the introduction of negatively charged functional groups, are highlighted on grounds of NMR properties and computed electronic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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19
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Kapuśniak Ł, Plessow PN, Trzybiński D, Woźniak K, Hofmann P, Jolly PI. A Mild One-Pot Reduction of Phosphine(V) Oxides Affording Phosphines(III) and Their Metal Catalysts. Organometallics 2021; 40:693-701. [PMID: 33867621 PMCID: PMC8043083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The metal-free reduction
of a range of phosphine(V) oxides employing
oxalyl chloride as an activating agent and hexachlorodisilane as reducing
reagent has been achieved under mild reaction conditions. The method
was successfully applied to the reduction of industrial waste byproduct
triphenylphosphine(V) oxide, closing the phosphorus cycle to cleanly
regenerate triphenylphosphine(III). Mechanistic studies and quantum
chemical calculations support the attack of the dissociated chloride
anion of intermediated phosphonium salt at the silicon of the disilane
as the rate-limiting step for deprotection. The exquisite purity of
the resultant phosphine(III) ligands after the simple removal of volatiles
under reduced pressure circumvents laborious purification prior to
metalation and has permitted the facile formation of important transition
metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kapuśniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Philipp N Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Catalysis Research Laboratory (CaRLa), Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Phillip Iain Jolly
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Catalysis Research Laboratory (CaRLa), Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Yokouchi Y, Iwamoto T. One-Pot Condensation of a Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentasilane through Elimination of Iodotrimethylsilane Assisted by a Lewis Base. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yokouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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21
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Georg I, Bursch M, Stückrath JB, Alig E, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Grimme S, Wagner M. Building up Strain in One Step: Synthesis of an Edge-Fused Double Silacyclobutene from an Extensively Trichlorosilylated Butadiene Dianion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16181-16187. [PMID: 32484309 PMCID: PMC7540532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The exhaustive trichlorosilylation of hexachloro‐1,3‐butadiene was achieved in one step by using a mixture of Si2Cl6 and [nBu4N]Cl (7:2 equiv) as the silylation reagent. The corresponding butadiene dianion salt [nBu4N]2[1] was isolated in 36 % yield after recrystallization. The negative charges of [1]2− are mainly delocalized across its two carbanionic (Cl3Si)2C termini (α‐effect of silicon) such that the central bond possesses largely C=C double‐bond character. Upon treatment with 4 equiv of HCl, [1]2− is converted into neutral 1,2,3,4‐tetrakis(trichlorosilyl)but‐2‐ene, 3. The Cl− acceptor AlCl3, induces a twofold ring‐closure reaction of [1]2− to form a six‐membered bicycle 4 in which two silacyclobutene rings are fused along a shared C=C double bond (84 %). Compound 4, which was structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography, undergoes partial ring opening to a monocyclic silacyclobutene 2 in the presence of HCl, but is thermally stable up to at least 180 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Georg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julius B Stückrath
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Edith Alig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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22
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Georg I, Bursch M, Stückrath JB, Alig E, Bolte M, Lerner H, Grimme S, Wagner M. Building up Strain in One Step: Synthesis of an Edge‐Fused Double Silacyclobutene from an Extensively Trichlorosilylated Butadiene Dianion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Georg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Julius B. Stückrath
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Edith Alig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Hans‐Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
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23
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Gerwig M, Böhme U, Friebel M, Gründler F, Franze G, Rosenkranz M, Schmidt H, Kroke E. Syntheses and Molecular Structures of Liquid Pyrophoric Hydridosilanes. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:762-773. [PMID: 32728519 PMCID: PMC7383127 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisilane, isotetrasilane, neopentasilane, and cyclohexasilane have been prepared in gram scale. In-situ cryo crystallization of these pyrophoric liquids in sealed capillaries on the diffractometer allows access to the single crystal structures of these compounds. Structural parameters are discussed and compared to gas-phase electron diffraction structures from literature and with the results from quantum chemical calculations. Significantly higher packing indices are found for the silanes compared to the corresponding alkanes. Radiation with ultraviolet light (365 nm) and parallel ESR (EPR) measurement shows that cyclohexasilane is easily split into radicals, which subsequently leads to the formation of branched and chain-like oligomers. The other compounds form no radicals under these conditions. NMR spectra of all four compounds have been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Gerwig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Uwe Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Mike Friebel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Franziska Gründler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Georg Franze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstoffforschung Dresden Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Horst Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
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24
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Santowski T, Sturm AG, Lewis KM, Felder T, Holthausen MC, Auner N. Disilane Cleavage with Selected Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Salts. Chemistry 2019; 25:13202-13207. [PMID: 31355503 PMCID: PMC6856802 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The industry-scale production of methylchloromonosilanes in the Müller-Rochow Direct Process is accompanied by the formation of a residue, the direct process residue (DPR), comprised of disilanes Men Si2 Cl6-n (n=1-6). Great research efforts have been devoted to the recycling of these disilanes into monosilanes to allow reintroduction into the siloxane production chain. In this work, disilane cleavage by using alkali and alkaline earth metal salts is reported. The reaction with metal hydrides, in particular lithium hydride (LiH), leads to efficient reduction of chlorine containing disilanes but also induces disproportionation into mono- and oligosilanes. Alkali and alkaline earth chlorides, formed in the course of the reduction, specifically induce disproportionation of highly chlorinated disilanes, whereas highly methylated disilanes (n>3) remain unreacted. Nearly quantitative DPR conversion into monosilanes was achieved by using concentrated HCl/ether solutions in the presence of lithium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Kenrick M. Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc.769 Old Saw Mill River RdTarrytownNY10591USA
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials GmbH, Chempark51368LeverkusenGermany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
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25
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Glootz K, Himmel D, Kratzert D, Butschke B, Scherer H, Krossing I. Why Do Five Ga
+
Cations Form a Ligand‐Stabilized [Ga
5
]
5+
Pentagon and How Does a 5:1 Salt Pack in the Solid State? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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26
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Glootz K, Himmel D, Kratzert D, Butschke B, Scherer H, Krossing I. Why Do Five Ga + Cations Form a Ligand-Stabilized [Ga 5 ] 5+ Pentagon and How Does a 5:1 Salt Pack in the Solid State? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14162-14166. [PMID: 31369694 PMCID: PMC6790617 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the Ga+ source [Ga(PhF)2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- with the neutral σ-donor ligand dmap (4-Me2 N-C6 H4 N) produces the unexpectedly large and fivefold positively charged cluster cation salt [Ga5 (dmap)10 ]5+ ([Al(ORF )4 ]- )5 . It includes a regular and planar Ga5 pentagon with strong metal-metal bonding. Additionally, the compound represents the first salt in which an ionic 1:5 packing is realized. We discuss the nature of this structure which results from the conversion of the non-bonding 4s2 lone-pair orbitals into fully Ga-Ga-bonding orbitals and the solid-state arrangement of the ions constituting the lattice as an almost orthohexagonal AX5 lattice, possibly the aristotype of any 5:1 salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
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27
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Geeson MB, Ríos P, Transue WJ, Cummins CC. Orthophosphate and Sulfate Utilization for C-E (E = P, S) Bond Formation via Trichlorosilyl Phosphide and Sulfide Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6375-6384. [PMID: 30901207 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) or tetra- n-butylammonium bisulfate ([TBA][HSO4]) with trichlorosilane leads to the formation of the bis(trichlorosilyl)phosphide ([P(SiCl3)2]-, 1) and trichlorosilylsulfide ([Cl3SiS]-, 2) anions, respectively. Balanced equations for the formation of the TBA salts of anions 1 and 2 were formulated based on the identification of hexachlorodisiloxane and hydrogen gas as byproducts arising from these reductive processes: i) [H2PO4]- + 10HSiCl3 → 1 + 4O(SiCl3)2 + 6H2 for P and ii) [HSO4]- + 9HSiCl3 → 2 + 4O(SiCl3)2 + 5H2 for S. Hydrogen gas was identified by its subsequent use to hydrogenate an alkene ((-)-terpinen-4-ol) using Crabtree's catalyst ([(COD)Ir(py)(PCy3)][PF6], COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, py = pyridine, Cy = cyclohexyl). Phosphide 1 was generated in situ by the reaction of phosphoric acid and trichlorosilane and used to convert an alkyl chloride (1-chlorooctane) to the corresponding primary phosphine, which was isolated in 41% yield. Anion 1 was also prepared from [TBA][H2PO4] and isolated in 62% yield on a gram scale. Treatment of [TBA]1 with an excess of benzyl chloride leads to the formation of tetrabenzylphosphonium chloride, which was isolated in 61% yield. Sulfide 2 was used as a thionation reagent, converting benzophenone to thiobenzophenone in 62% yield. It also converted benzyl bromide to benzyl mercaptan in 55% yield. The TBA salt of trimetaphosphate ([TBA]3[P3O9]·2H2O), also a precursor to anion 1, was found to react with either trichlorosilane or silicon(IV) chloride to provide bis(trimetaphosphate)silicate, [TBA]2[Si(P3O9)2], characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and elemental analysis. Trichlorosilane reduction of [TBA]2[Si(P3O9)2] also provided anion 1. The electronic structures of 1 and 2 were investigated using a suite of theoretical methods; the computational studies suggest that the trichlorosilyl ligand is a good π-acceptor and forms σ-bonds with a high degree of s character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Geeson
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Pablo Ríos
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Wesley J Transue
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Christopher C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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28
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Santowski T, Sturm AG, Lewis KM, Felder T, Holthausen MC, Auner N. Synthesis of Functional Monosilanes by Disilane Cleavage with Phosphonium Chlorides. Chemistry 2019; 25:3809-3815. [PMID: 30623999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Müller-Rochow direct process (DP) for the large-scale production of methylchlorosilanes Men SiCl4-n (n=1-3) generates a disilane residue (Men Si2 Cl6-n , n=1-6, DPR) in thousands of tons annually. This report is on methylchlorodisilane cleavage reactions with use of phosphonium chlorides as the cleavage catalysts and reaction partners to preferably obtain bifunctional monosilanes Mex SiHy Clz (x=2, y=z=1; x,y=1, z=2; x=z=1, y=2). Product formation is controlled by the reaction temperature, the amount of phosphonium chloride employed, the choice of substituents at the phosphorus atom, and optionally by the presence of hydrogen chloride, dissolved in ethers, in the reaction mixture. Replacement of chloro by hydrido substituents at the disilane backbone strongly increases the overall efficiency of disilane cleavage, which allows nearly quantitative silane monomer formation under comparably moderate conditions. This efficient workup of the DPR thus not only increases the economic value of the DP, but also minimizes environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Alexander G Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Kenrick M Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc., 769 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials GmbH, Chempark, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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29
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Teichmann J, Kunkel C, Georg I, Moxter M, Santowski T, Bolte M, Lerner H, Bade S, Wagner M. Tris(trichlorosilyl)tetrelide Anions and a Comparative Study of Their Donor Qualities. Chemistry 2019; 25:2740-2744. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Teichmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Chantal Kunkel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Isabelle Georg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Maximilian Moxter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Hans‐Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Stefan Bade
- Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH Untere Kanalstrasse 3 79618 Rheinfelden Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
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30
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Wang F, Zi W, Zhao BX, Du HB. Facile Solution Synthesis of Red Phosphorus Nanoparticles for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:356. [PMID: 30411163 PMCID: PMC6223392 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Red phosphorus (RP) has attracted extensive attention as an anodic material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity of 2596 mA h g- 1 and earth abundance. However, the facile and large-scale preparation of the red phosphorus nanomaterials via a solution synthesis remains a challenge. Herein, we develop a simple and facile solution method to prepare red phosphorus nanoparticles (RP NPs). PCl3 readily reacts with HSiCl3 in the presence of amines at room temperature to produce amorphous RP NPs with sizes about 100-200 nm in high yields. When used as an anode for rechargeable lithium ion battery, the RP NP electrode exhibits good electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 1380 mA h g- 1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g- 1, and Coulombic efficiencies reaching almost 100% for each cycle. The study shows that this solution synthesis is a facile and convenient approach for large-scale production of RP NP materials for use in high-performance Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Wenwen Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Bao Xun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Hong Bin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
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31
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Frohlich MT, Anderson KJ, Ugrinov A, Boudjouk P. Breaking Carbon-Chlorine Bonds with the Unconventional Lewis Acid Dodecachlorocyclohexasilane. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:14463-14466. [PMID: 30407799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
c-Si6Cl12 functions as a Lewis acid strong enough to abstract chloride ions from 2 mol of triphenylchloromethane to form the salt [Tr+]2[Si6Cl142-]. This is the first example of a Lewis acid "hole" breaking a carbon-halogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Frohlich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Kenneth J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Angel Ugrinov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Philip Boudjouk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
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32
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Sturm AG, Schweizer JI, Meyer L, Santowski T, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Lewis Base Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Monosilanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:17796-17801. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Lioba Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
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33
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Omatsu Y, Mizuhata Y, Tokitoh N. Synthesis of Dodecaallylhexasilacyclohexane and Its Convertibility. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Omatsu
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; 611-0011 Kyoto Gokasho, Uji Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; 611-0011 Kyoto Gokasho, Uji Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences; 611-0011 Kyoto Gokasho, Uji Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; 611-0011 Kyoto Gokasho, Uji Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences; 611-0011 Kyoto Gokasho, Uji Japan
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34
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Schweizer JI, Sturm AG, Porsch T, Berger M, Bolte M, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Reactions of Si 2Br 6with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Timo Porsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Matthias Berger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
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35
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Wiesemann M, Hoge B. Pentafluoroethylated Compounds of Silicon, Germanium and Tin. Chemistry 2018; 24:16457-16471. [PMID: 29722451 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we present an account on pentafluoroethylated compounds of silicon, germanium and tin. The pronounced electron-withdrawing effect of the pentafluoroethyl group leads to a markedly increased Lewis acidity at the central atom which results in the stabilization of hypervalent complexes, anionic element(II) species as well as remarkable reactivities of element-element and element-hydrogen bonds. By addition to unsaturated C-C bonds or by reaction with organic halides as well as transition-metal complexes the molecules bearing a pentafluoroethyl-element group are readily accessible. Moreover, the utilization of pentafluoroethyl groups facilitates the formation of donor-stabilized germylenes and stannylenes. A series of such compounds serves as suitable pentafluoroethylation reagents. Conversely to the well-studied trifluoromethyl derivatives these compounds frequently exhibit a higher thermostability, which allows a more convenient handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wiesemann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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36
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Georg I, Teichmann J, Bursch M, Tillmann J, Endeward B, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Grimme S, Wagner M. Exhaustively Trichlorosilylated C1 and C2 Building Blocks: Beyond the Müller–Rochow Direct Process. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9696-9708. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Markus Bursch
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, Bonn 53115, Germany
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37
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Teichmann J, Köstler B, Tillmann J, Moxter M, Kupec R, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. Halide-Ion Diadducts of Perhalogenated Cyclopenta- and Cyclohexasilanes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Teichmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Benedikt Köstler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Jan Tillmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Maximilian Moxter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Robin Kupec
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
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38
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39
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Wiesemann M, Klösener J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. The Dynamic Equilibrium of Hexakis(pentafluoroethyl)distannane Adducts [XSn(C 2 F 5 ) 3 {Sn(C 2 F 5 ) 3 }] - (X=Cl, Br, I, Sn(C 2 F 5 ) 3 ). Chemistry 2018; 24:4336-4342. [PMID: 29240270 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The tin-tin bond cleavage of hexaorganodistannanes by nucleophiles is a long-known reaction and widely used for stannate formation or stannyl group transfer. Herein, we detail our experiments to provide analytical evidence for the existence of the reasonably stable anionic complexes [XSn(C2 F5 )3 {Sn(C2 F5 )3 }]- (X=Cl, Br, I, Sn(C2 F5 )3 ) derived from hexakis(pentafluoroethyl)distannane. NMR investigations at low temperature lend further mechanistic insights. Thus, by detection of the imposing ion [Sn(C2 F5 )3 {Sn(C2 F5 )3 }2 ]- , one can surmise that the chemistry of Sn2 (C2 F5 )6 has more in common with the isolobal iodine than with classical distannanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wiesemann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes Klösener
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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40
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Teichmann J, Wagner M. Silicon chemistry in zero to three dimensions: from dichlorosilylene to silafullerane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1397-1412. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As one of the simplest examples of functionalized Si(ii) species, the SiCl2/[SiCl3]− system is not only fundamentally interesting, but also an important starting point for the assembly of oligosilane chains, rings, and clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Teichmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - M. Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
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41
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Olaru M, Hesse MF, Rychagova E, Ketkov S, Mebs S, Beckmann J. The Weakly Coordinating Tris(trichlorosilyl)silyl Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16490-16494. [PMID: 29149501 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Closely following the procedure for the preparation of the base-stabilized dichlorosilylene complex NHCDipp ⋅SiCl2 reported by Roesky, Stalke, and co-workers (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5683-5686), a few crystals of the salt [NHCDipp -H⋅⋅⋅Cl⋅⋅⋅H-NHCDipp ]Si(SiCl3 )3 were isolated, aside from the reported byproduct [NHCDipp -H+ ⋅⋅⋅Cl- ], and characterized by X-ray crystallography (NHCDipp =N,N-di(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazo-2-ylidene). They contain the weakly coordinating anion Si(SiCl3 )3- , which was also obtained in high yields upon deprotonation of the conjugate Brønsted acid HSi(SiCl3 )3 with NHCDipp or PMP (PMP=1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine). The acidity of HSi(SiCl3 )3 was estimated by DFT calculations to be substantially higher than those of other H-silanes. Further DFT studies on the electronic structure of Si(SiCl3 )3- , including the electrostatic potential and the electron localizability, confirmed its low basicity and nucleophilicity compared with other silyl anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maxie F Hesse
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Rychagova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Ketkov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Olaru M, Hesse MF, Rychagova E, Ketkov S, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Das schwach koordinierende Tris(trichlorsilyl)silyl-Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Maxie F. Hesse
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Elena Rychagova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS; 49 Tropinin St. 603950 Nizhny Novgorod Russische Föderation
| | - Sergey Ketkov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS; 49 Tropinin St. 603950 Nizhny Novgorod Russische Föderation
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik; Freie Universität Berlin; Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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43
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Moxter M, Teichmann J, Lerner HW, Bolte M, Wagner M. Deca-chloro-cyclo-penta-silanes coordinated by pairs of chloride anions, with different cations, but the same solvent mol-ecules. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2017; 73:1903-1907. [PMID: 29250412 PMCID: PMC5730249 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989017016310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
We have determined the crystal structures of two deca-chloro-cyclo-penta-silanes, namely bis-(tetra-n-butyl-ammonium) dichloride deca-chloro-cyclo-penta-silane di-chloro-methane disolvate, 2C16H36N+·2Cl-·Si5Cl10·2CH2Cl2, (I), and bis-(tetra-ethyl-ammonium) dichloride deca-chloro-cyclo-penta-silane di-chloro-methane disolvate, 2C8H20N+·2Cl-·Si5Cl10·2CH2Cl2, (II), both of which crystallize with discrete cations, anions, and solvent mol-ecules. In (I), the complete deca-chloro-cyclo-penta-silane ring is generated by a crystallographic twofold rotation axis. In (II), one cation is located on a general position and the other two are disordered about centres of inversion. These are the first structures featuring the structural motif of a five-membered cyclo-penta-silane ring coordinated from both sides by a chloride ion. The extended structures of (I) and (II) feature numerous C-H⋯Cl inter-actions. In (II), the N atoms are located on centres of inversion and as a result, the ethyl-ene chains are disordered over equally occupied orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Moxter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Julian Teichmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Sun L, Wang F, Su T, Du H. Room-Temperature Solution Synthesis of Mesoporous Silicon for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40386-40393. [PMID: 29083851 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As an important optoelectronic and energy-storage material, porous silicon (PSi) has attracted great interest in various fields. The preparation of PSi, however, usually suffers from low yields and/or complicated syntheses. Herein, we report a facile solution method to prepare PSi with controllable high specific surface area. Commercial Zintl compound Mg2Si readily reacts with HSiCl3 in the presence of amines at room temperature to produce amorphous PSi in high yields, where in situ formed salt byproducts serve as templates to generate uniform mesopores of ca. 3.8 nm in diameter. After crystallization treatment at 700 °C in flow Ar gas for 40 min, the obtained crystalline PSi coated with carbon layers shows excellent electrochemical performance when served as lithium ion battery anodes. The reversible specific capacity is about 2250 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and the capacity retention is maintained at 90% after cycling at high current density of 2 A g-1 for 320 times. This simple, facile preparation method is very promising and paves the way for massive production of porous Si as high-performance anodes in Li-ion battery industry or for other applications, such as drug delivery systems and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology , Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tingting Su
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hongbin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
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Rottschäfer D, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Silylene-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene (Si−NHC). Chemistry 2017; 24:380-387. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse am Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Neumeyer F, Schweizer JI, Meyer L, Sturm AG, Nadj A, Holthausen MC, Auner N. Thermal Synthesis of Perchlorinated Oligosilanes: A Fresh Look at an Old Reaction. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Neumeyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Lioba Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Andor Nadj
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
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Teichmann J, Bursch M, Köstler B, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Grimme S, Wagner M. Trapping Experiments on a Trichlorosilanide Anion: a Key Intermediate of Halogenosilane Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8683-8688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Teichmann
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße
7, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Benedikt Köstler
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße
7, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße
7, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße
7, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße
7, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
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Schwarze N, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Das Tris(pentafluorethyl)silanid-Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Schwarze
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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Schwarze N, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. The Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:16156-16160. [PMID: 27902868 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silane, which is conveniently accessible by the treatment of Si(C2 F5 )3 X (X=Cl, Br) with Bu3 SnH, was successfully employed for hydrosilylation reactions. In the presence of a palladium catalyst, hydrosilylation of phenylacetylene with Si(C2 F5 )3 H affords the product of an α-addition whereas the reaction of trimethylsilylacetylene with the silane leads to the β-trans product. Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silane can be deprotonated by sterically demanding bases such as lithium diisopropylamide at low temperatures to give the corresponding silanide ion. The addition of crown ethers or cryptands to this highly reactive species enabled the isolation and characterization of salt-like tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Schwarze
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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