1
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Pooja, Yadav S, Pawar R. Chemistry of Cyclo[18]Carbon (C 18): A Review. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400055. [PMID: 38994665 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-based allotropes are propelling a technological revolution in communication, sensing, and computing, concurrently challenging fundamental theories of the previous century. Nevertheless, the demand for advanced carbon-based materials remains substantial. The crux lies in the efficient and reliable engineering of novel carbon allotrope. Although C18 has undergone theoretical and experimental investigation for an extended period, its preparation and direct observation in the condensed phase occurred only recently through STM/AFM techniques. The distinctive cyclic ring structure and the dual 18-center π delocalization character introduce various uncommon properties to C18, rendering it a subject worthy of in-depth exploration. In this context, this review delves into past developments contributing to the state-of-the-art understanding of C18 and provides insights into how future endeavours can expedite practical applications. Encompassing a broad spectrum, this review comprehensively investigates almost all facets of C18, including geometric characteristics, electron delocalization, bonding nature, aromaticity, reactivity, electronic excitation, UV/Vis spectrum, intermolecular interaction, response to external fields, electron affinity, ionization, and other molecular properties. Moreover, the review also outlines representative strategies for the direct synthesis and characterization of C18 using atom manipulation techniques. Following this, C18-based complexes are summarized, and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemical devices, optoelectronics, and sensing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry (LACTMC), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Sarita Yadav
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry (LACTMC), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry (LACTMC), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
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2
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Zhu C, Saquet A, Maraval V, Bijani C, Cui X, Poater A, Chauvin R. From Stilbenes to carbo-Stilbenes: an Encouraging Prospect. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400451. [PMID: 38407368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Beyond previously described carbo-naphthalene and carbo-biphenyl, a novel type of bis-carbo-benzenic molecules is envisaged from the stilbene parent. The synthesis, structure, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of two such carbo-stilbenes are described at complementary experimental and computational DFT levels. In the selected targets, the bare skeletal carbo-mer of carbo-stilbene is decorated by 8 or 10 phenyl groups, 0 or 2 tert-butyl groups, and 2 n-octyl chains, the later substituents being introduced to compensate anticipated solubility issues. As in the parent stilbene series, isomers of the phenylated carbo-stilbenes are characterized. The cis- and trans-isomers are, however, formed in almost equal amounts and could not be separated by either chromatography or crystallization. Nevertheless, due to a slow interconversion at the NMR time scale (up to 55 °C) the 1H NMR signals of both isomers of the two carbo-stilbenes could be tentatively assigned. The calculated structure of the cis-isomer exhibits a helical shape, consistent with the observed magnetic shielding of phenyl p-CH nuclei residing inside the shielding cone of the facing C18 ring. The presence of the two isomers in solution also gives rise to quite broad UV-vis absorption spectra with main bands at ca 460, 560 and 710 nm, and a significant bathochromic shift for the decaphenylated carbo-stilbene vs the di-tert-butyl-octaphenylated counterpart. Square wave voltammograms do not show any resolution of the two isomers, giving a reversible reduction wave at -0.65 or -0.58 V/SCE, and an irreversible oxidation peak at 1.11 V/SCE, those values being classical for most carbo-benzene derivatives. Calculated NICS values (NICS(1)=-12.5±0.2 ppm) also indicate that the aromatic nature of the C18 rings is not markedly affected by the dialkynylbutatriene (DAB) connector between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwei Zhu
- Faculté Science et Ingénierie - Département de Chimie., Unsaturated molecules for physics, biology and chemistry group., Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31-062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Alix Saquet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Maraval
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Xiuling Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia, Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Remi Chauvin
- Faculté Science et Ingénierie - Département de Chimie., Unsaturated molecules for physics, biology and chemistry group., Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31-062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
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3
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Yamada M. Perspectives on push-pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:125-154. [PMID: 38292046 PMCID: PMC10825803 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Various push-pull chromophores can be synthesized in a single and atom-economical step through [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) reactions involving diverse electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes. In this review, a comprehensive investigation of the recent and noteworthy advancements in the research on push-pull chromophores prepared via the [2 + 2] CA-RE reaction is conducted. In particular, an overview of the physicochemical properties of the family of these compounds that have been investigated is provided to clarify their potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
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4
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Bajaj A, Ali ME. Anti-ohmic nanoconductors: myth, reality and promise. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9607-9616. [PMID: 36942699 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00366c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent accomplishment in the design of molecular nanowires characterized by increasing conductance with length has led to the origin of an extraordinary new family of molecular junctions referred to as "anti-ohmic" wires. Herein, this highly desirable, non-classical behavior, has been examined for molecules long-enough to exhibit pronounced diradical character in their ground state within the unrestricted DFT formalism with spin symmetry breaking. We demonstrate that highly conjugated acenes signal higher resistance in an open-shell singlet (OSS) configuration as compared to their closed-shell counterparts. This anomaly has been further proven for experimentally certified cumulene wires, which reveals phenomenal modulation in the transport characteristics such that an increasing conductance is observed in the closed-shell limit, while higher cumulenes in the OSS ground state yield regular decay of conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bajaj
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India.
| | - Md Ehesan Ali
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India.
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5
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Jia S, Li S, Liu Y, Qin W, Yan H. Enantioselective Control of Both Helical and Axial Stereogenic Elements though an Organocatalytic Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Jia
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesChongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Shan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesChongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesChongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Wenling Qin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesChongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Hailong Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesChongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
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6
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Jia S, Li S, Liu Y, Qin W, Yan H. Enantioselective Control of Both Helical and Axial Stereogenic Elements though an Organocatalytic Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18496-18501. [PMID: 31608559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereo- and enantio-selective method for the asymmetric synthesis of molecules containing helicenes and stereogenic axes was developed based on organocatalysis. Various compounds bearing both helical and axial stereogenic elements were obtained in excellent enantioselectivities. The mechanism study revealed that the reaction proceeded through two stages: 1) The first cyclization produces a reaction intermediate containing a stereogenic axis. 2) The dynamic kinetic resolution of helix reaction intermediate following with cyclization generates a helix and another stereogenic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Jia
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Shan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Wenling Qin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
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7
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Directing isomerization reactions of cumulenes with electric fields. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4482. [PMID: 31578333 PMCID: PMC6775130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric fields have been proposed as having a distinct ability to catalyze chemical reactions through the stabilization of polar or ionic intermediate transition states. Although field-assisted catalysis is being researched, the ability to catalyze reactions in solution using electric fields remains elusive and the understanding of mechanisms of such catalysis is sparse. Here we show that an electric field can catalyze the cis-to-trans isomerization of [3]cumulene derivatives in solution, in a scanning tunneling microscope. We further show that the external electric field can alter the thermodynamics inhibiting the trans-to-cis reverse reaction, endowing the selectivity toward trans isomer. Using density functional theory-based calculations, we find that the applied electric field promotes a zwitterionic resonance form, which ensures a lower energy transition state for the isomerization reaction. The field also stabilizes the trans form, relative to the cis, dictating the cis/trans thermodynamics, driving the equilibrium product exclusively toward the trans.
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8
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Xu W, Leary E, Hou S, Sangtarash S, González MT, Rubio‐Bollinger G, Wu Q, Sadeghi H, Tejerina L, Christensen KE, Agraït N, Higgins SJ, Lambert CJ, Nichols RJ, Anderson HL. Unusual Length Dependence of the Conductance in Cumulene Molecular Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8378-8382. [PMID: 31026371 PMCID: PMC6563095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cumulenes are sometimes described as "metallic" because an infinitely long cumulene would have the band structure of a metal. Herein, we report the single-molecule conductance of a series of cumulenes and cumulene analogues, where the number of consecutive C=C bonds in the core is n=1, 2, 3, and 5. The [n]cumulenes with n=3 and 5 have almost the same conductance, and they are both more conductive than the alkene (n=1). This is remarkable because molecular conductance normally falls exponentially with length. The conductance of the allene (n=2) is much lower, because of its twisted geometry. Computational simulations predict a similar trend to the experimental results and indicate that the low conductance of the allene is a general feature of [n]cumulenes where n is even. The lack of length dependence in the conductance of [3] and [5]cumulenes is attributed to the strong decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gap with increasing length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Edmund Leary
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of LiverpoolOxford StreetLiverpoolL69 3BXUK
| | - Songjun Hou
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | | | - M. Teresa González
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Gabino Rubio‐Bollinger
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Lara Tejerina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | | - Nicolás Agraït
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | | | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of LiverpoolOxford StreetLiverpoolL69 3BXUK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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9
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Xu W, Leary E, Hou S, Sangtarash S, González MT, Rubio‐Bollinger G, Wu Q, Sadeghi H, Tejerina L, Christensen KE, Agraït N, Higgins SJ, Lambert CJ, Nichols RJ, Anderson HL. Unusual Length Dependence of the Conductance in Cumulene Molecular Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Edmund Leary
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Songjun Hou
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - M. Teresa González
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Gabino Rubio‐Bollinger
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Lara Tejerina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Nicolás Agraït
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | | | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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10
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Spisak SN, Bühringer MU, Wei Z, Zhou Z, Tykwinski RR, Petrukhina MA. Structural and Electronic Effects of Stepwise Reduction of a Tetraaryl[3]Cumulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Martina U. Bühringer
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
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11
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Spisak SN, Bühringer MU, Wei Z, Zhou Z, Tykwinski RR, Petrukhina MA. Structural and Electronic Effects of Stepwise Reduction of a Tetraaryl[3]Cumulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2023-2028. [PMID: 30560557 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reduction of a [3]cumulene ([3]TrTol) has been explored using alkali metals. Mono- and doubly reduced forms of [3]TrTol were isolated as solvent-separated ion pairs with {Na(18-crown-6)THF2 }+ and {K(18-crown-6)THF2 }+ counterions and crystallographically characterized. This allowed analysis of structural parameters of the "naked" anions of [3]TrTol without interference from metal binding. The dianion of [3]TrTol was also isolated as a contact-ion complex with {Cs(18-crown-6)}+ cations, thereby adding the effect of metal coordination to the core. Structural comparisons of anions to the neutral molecule, [3]TrTol, outline monotonic increases in bond-length alternation (BLA) upon stepwise reduction. The greatest BLA value is found for the contact-ion complex, which shows an alternating sequence of short and long carbon-carbon bonds, consistent with the structure of an alkyne. In contrast to studies on tetraphenyl[3]cumulene, the cumulenic framework of [3]TrTol remains planar in all the derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Spisak
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Martina U Bühringer
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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12
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Bühringer MU, Padberg K, Phleps MD, Maid H, Placht C, Neiss C, Ferguson MJ, Görling A, Tykwinski RR. Doppelbindungen? Untersuchungen der Rotationsbarrieren von cumulenischen C=C‐Bindungen in Tetraaryl[
n
]cumulenen (
n=
3, 5, 7, 9). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina U. Bühringer
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Kevin Padberg
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Martin D. Phleps
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Harald Maid
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Christian Placht
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Christian Neiss
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
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13
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Bühringer MU, Padberg K, Phleps MD, Maid H, Placht C, Neiss C, Ferguson MJ, Görling A, Tykwinski RR. Double Bonds? Studies on the Barrier to Rotation about the Cumulenic C=C Bonds of Tetraaryl[
n
]cumulenes (
n=
3, 5, 7, 9). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8321-8325. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina U. Bühringer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Kevin Padberg
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Martin D. Phleps
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Harald Maid
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Placht
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Neiss
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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14
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Michinobu T, Diederich F. The [2+2] Cycloaddition-Retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) Click Reaction: Facile Access to Molecular and Polymeric Push-Pull Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3552-3577. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 1 52-8552 Japan
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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15
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Michinobu T, Diederich F. Die [2+2]-Cycloadditions-Retroelektrocyclisierungs(CA-RE)-Klick-Reaktion: ein einfacher Zugang zu molekularen und polymeren Push-pull-Chromophoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH-Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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16
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Haberland S, Finke AD, Kerisit N, Katan C, Trolez Y, Gawel P, Leito I, Lõkov M, Järviste R, Kaupmees K, Trapp N, Ruhlmann L, Boudon C, Himmel D, Diederich F. Enhancement of Push-Pull Properties of Pentafulvene and Pentafulvalene Derivatives by Protonation at Carbon. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Haberland
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Aaron D. Finke
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Kerisit
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claudine Katan
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, CNRS; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes France
| | - Yann Trolez
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, CNRS; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes France
| | - Przemyslaw Gawel
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a, Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Märt Lõkov
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a, Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Robert Järviste
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a, Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a, Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide; Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177, CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67081 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Corinne Boudon
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide; Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177, CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67081 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF and; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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17
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Barry BM, Soper RG, Hurmalainen J, Mansikkamäki A, Robertson KN, McClennan WL, Veinot AJ, Roemmele TL, Werner‐Zwanziger U, Boeré RT, Tuononen HM, Clyburne JAC, Masuda JD. Mono‐ and Bis(imidazolidinium ethynyl) Cations and Reduction of the Latter To Give an Extended Bis‐1,4‐([3]Cumulene)‐
p
‐carboquinoid System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:749-754. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Barry
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Platteville Platteville WI 5 3818-3099 USA
| | - R. Graeme Soper
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Juha Hurmalainen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Jyväskylä P.O Box 35 University of Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Akseli Mansikkamäki
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Jyväskylä P.O Box 35 University of Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | | | - William L. McClennan
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Alex J. Veinot
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Tracey L. Roemmele
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | | | - René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Jyväskylä P.O Box 35 University of Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Jason A. C. Clyburne
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Jason D. Masuda
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
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18
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Barry BM, Soper RG, Hurmalainen J, Mansikkamäki A, Robertson KN, McClennan WL, Veinot AJ, Roemmele TL, Werner‐Zwanziger U, Boeré RT, Tuononen HM, Clyburne JAC, Masuda JD. Mono‐ and Bis(imidazolidinium ethynyl) Cations and Reduction of the Latter To Give an Extended Bis‐1,4‐([3]Cumulene)‐p‐carboquinoid System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Barry
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Platteville Platteville WI 5 3818-3099 USA
| | - R. Graeme Soper
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Juha Hurmalainen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Jyväskylä P.O Box 35 University of Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Akseli Mansikkamäki
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Jyväskylä P.O Box 35 University of Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | | | - William L. McClennan
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Alex J. Veinot
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Tracey L. Roemmele
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | | | - René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Jyväskylä P.O Box 35 University of Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Jason A. C. Clyburne
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Jason D. Masuda
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
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19
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Gruber M, Padberg K, Min J, Waterloo AR, Hampel F, Maid H, Ameri T, Brabec CJ, Tykwinski RR. Acenequinocumulenes: Lateral and Vertical π-Extended Analogues of Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). Chemistry 2017; 23:17829-17835. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gruber
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Kevin Padberg
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jie Min
- Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET); Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Martensstrasse 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas R. Waterloo
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Harald Maid
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Tayebeh Ameri
- Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET); Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Martensstrasse 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET); Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Martensstrasse 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
- Current address: Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
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20
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A Four-Step Synthesis of Substituted 5,11-Dicyano-6,12-diaryltetracenes with Enhanced Stability and High Fluorescence Emission. Chemistry 2017; 24:159-168. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Li Z, Zhu Z, Chueh CC, Jo SB, Luo J, Jang SH, Jen AKY. Rational Design of Dipolar Chromophore as an Efficient Dopant-Free Hole-Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11833-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong’an Li
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sae Byeok Jo
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jingdong Luo
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sei-Hum Jang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alex K.-Y. Jen
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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22
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Machado DFS, Lopes TO, Lima IT, da Silva Filho DA, de Oliveira HCB. Strong Solvent Effects on the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Z and E isomers from Azo-Enaminone Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Gawel P, Halabi EA, Schweinfurth D, Trapp N, Ruhlmann L, Boudon C, Diederich F. Synthesis of Dicyano-Substituted Benzo[c]fluorenes from Tetraaryl[3]cumulenes. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Gawel
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Elias A. Halabi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - David Schweinfurth
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide; Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177; Université de Strasbourg; 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Corinne Boudon
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide; Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177; Université de Strasbourg; 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
For the last 60+ years, the synthesis and study of cumulenes and polyynes have been the focus of a small, but dedicated, group of researchers. Many of the remarkable electronic, optical, and structural properties of cumulenes and polyynes had already been identified in the earliest reports. The molecular lengths achievable by the initial syntheses were, unfortunately, somewhat limited by synthetic methods available. For the past 15 years, we have worked toward expanding on the synthesis of cumulenes and polyynes through the development of new methods and stabilization motifs. As new compounds have become available, homologous series of cumulenes and polyynes have then been examined as a function of molecular length. While we are not yet there, we would like to eventually provide a general description of the sp-carbon allotrope carbyne, and this account presents some of our efforts toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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