1
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Yao X, Wang Z, Qian M, Deng Q, Sun P. Kinetic Aspects of Esterification and Transesterification in Microstructured Reactors. Molecules 2024; 29:3651. [PMID: 39125055 PMCID: PMC11314161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microstructured reactors offer fast chemical engineering transfer and precise microfluidic control, enabling the determination of reactions' kinetic parameters. This review examines recent advancements in measuring microreaction kinetics. It explores kinetic modeling, reaction mechanisms, and intrinsic kinetic equations pertaining to two types of microreaction: esterification and transesterification reactions involving acids, bases, or biocatalysts. The utilization of a micro packed-bed reactor successfully achieves a harmonious combination of the micro-dispersion state and the reaction kinetic characteristics. Additionally, this review presents micro-process simulation software and explores the advanced integration of microreactors with spectroscopic analyses for reaction monitoring and data acquisition. Furthermore, it elaborates on the control principles of the micro platform. The superiority of online measurement, automation, and the digitalization of the microreaction process for kinetic measurements is highlighted, showcasing the vast prospects of artificial intelligence applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Zhenxue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ming Qian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qiulin Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
| | - Peiyong Sun
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China;
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2
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Lathrop SP, Mlinar LB, Manjrekar ON, Zhou Y, Harper KC, Sacia ER, Higgins M, Bogdan AR, Wang Z, Richter SM, Gong W, Voight EA, Henle J, Diwan M, Kallemeyn JM, Sharland JC, Wei B, Davies HML. Continuous Process to Safely Manufacture an Aryldiazoacetate and Its Direct Use in a Dirhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Cyclopropanation. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Lathrop
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Laurie B. Mlinar
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Onkar N. Manjrekar
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yong Zhou
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kaid C. Harper
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Eric R. Sacia
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Molly Higgins
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Andrew R. Bogdan
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven M. Richter
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Wei Gong
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Eric A. Voight
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jeremy Henle
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Moiz Diwan
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Kallemeyn
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jack C. Sharland
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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3
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O'Mahony RM, Lynch D, O'Callaghan KS, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Generation of Tosyl Azide in Continuous Flow Using an Azide Resin, and Telescoping with Diazo Transfer and Rhodium Acetate-Catalyzed O-H Insertion. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:2772-2785. [PMID: 34955628 PMCID: PMC8689650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Generation of tosyl azide 12 in acetonitrile in flow under water-free conditions using an azide resin and its use in diazo transfer to a series of aryl acetates are described. Successful telescoping with a rhodium acetate-catalyzed O-H insertion has been achieved, thereby transforming the aryl acetate 8 to α-hydroxy ester 10, a key intermediate in the synthesis of clopidogrel 11, without requiring isolation or handling of either tosyl azide 12 or α-aryl-α-diazoacetate 9, or indeed having significant amounts of either present at any point. Significantly, the solution of α-diazo ester 9 was sufficiently clean to progress directly to the rhodium acetate-catalyzed step without any detrimental impact on the efficiency of the O-H insertion. In addition, the rhodium acetate-catalyzed O-H insertion process is cleaner in flow than under traditional batch conditions. Use of the azide resin offers clear safety advantages and, in addition, this approach complements earlier protocols for the generation of tosyl azide 12 in flow; this protocol is especially useful with less acidic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella M O'Mahony
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Katie S O'Callaghan
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
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4
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Kearney AM, Lynch D, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Telescoped diazo transfer and rhodium-catalysed S–H insertion in continuous flow. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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5
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Hatridge TA, Wei B, Davies HML, Jones CW. Copper-Catalyzed, Aerobic Oxidation of Hydrazone in a Three-Phase Packed Bed Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Hatridge
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
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6
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Crowley DC, Brouder TA, Kearney AM, Lynch D, Ford A, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Exploiting Continuous Processing for Challenging Diazo Transfer and Telescoped Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transformations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13955-13982. [PMID: 34379975 PMCID: PMC8524431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Generation and use
of triflyl azide in flow enables efficient synthesis
of a range of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, including α-diazoketones,
α-diazoamides, and an α-diazosulfonyl ester, via both
Regitz-type diazo transfer and deacylative/debenzoylative diazo-transfer
processes with excellent yields and offers versatility in the solvent
employed, in addition to addressing the hazards associated with handling
of this highly reactive sulfonyl azide. Telescoping the generation
of triflyl azide and diazo-transfer process with highly enantioselective
copper-mediated intramolecular aromatic addition and C–H insertion
processes demonstrates that the reaction stream containing the α-diazocarbonyl
compound can be obtained in sufficient purity to pass directly over
the immobilized copper bis(oxazoline) catalyst without detrimentally
impacting the catalyst enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Crowley
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas A Brouder
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife M Kearney
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Ford
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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7
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Wei B, Hatridge TA, Jones CW, Davies HML. Copper(II) Acetate-Induced Oxidation of Hydrazones to Diazo Compounds under Flow Conditions Followed by Dirhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Cyclopropanation Reactions. Org Lett 2021; 23:5363-5367. [PMID: 34228465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A tandem system comprising in-line diazo compound synthesis and downstream consumption in a rhodium-catalyzed cyclopropanation reaction has been developed. Passing hydrazone through a silica column absorbed with Cu(OAc)2-H2O/N,N-dimethylaminopyridine oxidized the hydrazone to generate an aryldiazoacetate in flow. The crude aryldiazoacetate elutes from this column directly into a downstream cyclopropanation reaction, catalyzed by the chiral dirhodium tetracarboxylates, Rh2(R-p-Ph-TPCP)4 and Rh2(R-PTAD)4. This convenient flow to batch method was applied to the synthesis of a range of 1,2-diarylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates in high yields and with high levels of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Taylor A Hatridge
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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8
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Hatridge TA, Liu W, Yoo C, Davies HML, Jones CW. Optimized Immobilization Strategy for Dirhodium(II) Carboxylate Catalysts for C−H Functionalization and Their Implementation in a Packed Bed Flow Reactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Hatridge
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Dr Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Chun‐Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Dr Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Dr Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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9
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Hatridge TA, Liu W, Yoo CJ, Davies HML, Jones CW. Optimized Immobilization Strategy for Dirhodium(II) Carboxylate Catalysts for C-H Functionalization and Their Implementation in a Packed Bed Flow Reactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19525-19531. [PMID: 32483912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate a packed bed flow reactor capable of achieving highly regio- and stereoselective C-H functionalization reactions using a newly developed Rh2 (S-2-Cl-5-CF3 TPCP)4 catalyst. To optimize the immobilized dirhodium catalyst employed in the flow reactor, we systematically study both (i) the effects of ligand immobilization position, demonstrating the critical factor that the catalyst-support attachment location can have on the catalyst performance, and (ii) silica support mesopore length, demonstrating that decreasing diffusional limitations leads to increased accessibility of the active site and higher catalyst turnover frequency. We employ the immobilized dirhodium catalyst in a simple packed bed flow reactor achieving comparable yields and levels of enantioselectivity to the homogeneous catalyst employed in batch and maintain this performance over ten catalyst recycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Hatridge
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Morodo
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Pauline Bianchi
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
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11
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Mao M, Zhang L, Yao H, Wan L, Xin Z. Development and Scale-up of the Rapid Synthesis of Triphenyl Phosphites in Continuous Flow. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9503-9509. [PMID: 32363302 PMCID: PMC7191834 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of triphenyl phosphite and its derivatives has been developed in continuous flow. With a total residence time of 20 s, the target product was prepared in a microreactor, and the reaction time was significantly shortened compared with standard single batch reaction conditions. In addition, the reaction of various substrates gave the corresponding products in good to excellent yields under optimized conditions. The reactants could be employed in a stoichiometric ratio, making the reaction more efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly. In addition, scale-up apparatus was designed and assembled, and the kilogram-scale production (up to 18.4 kg/h) of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite was achieved in 88% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hanlin Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,
School of Chemical Engineering, East China
University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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12
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Green S, Wheelhouse KM, Payne AD, Hallett JP, Miller PW, Bull JA. Thermal Stability and Explosive Hazard Assessment of Diazo Compounds and Diazo Transfer Reagents. Org Process Res Dev 2020; 24:67-84. [PMID: 31983869 PMCID: PMC6972035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite their wide use in academia as metal-carbene precursors, diazo compounds are often avoided in industry owing to concerns over their instability, exothermic decomposition, and potential explosive behavior. The stability of sulfonyl azides and other diazo transfer reagents is relatively well understood, but there is little reliable data available for diazo compounds. This work first collates available sensitivity and thermal analysis data for diazo transfer reagents and diazo compounds to act as an accessible reference resource. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) data for the model donor/acceptor diazo compound ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate are presented. We also present a rigorous DSC dataset with 43 other diazo compounds, enabling direct comparison to other energetic materials to provide a clear reference work to the academic and industrial chemistry communities. Interestingly, there is a wide range of onset temperatures (T onset) for this series of compounds, which varied between 75 and 160 °C. The thermal stability variation depends on the electronic effect of substituents and the amount of charge delocalization. A statistical model is demonstrated to predict the thermal stability of differently substituted phenyl diazoacetates. A maximum recommended process temperature (T D24) to avoid decomposition is estimated for selected diazo compounds. The average enthalpy of decomposition (ΔH D) for diazo compounds without other energetic functional groups is -102 kJ mol-1. Several diazo transfer reagents are analyzed using the same DSC protocol and found to have higher thermal stability, which is in general agreement with the reported values. For sulfonyl azide reagents, an average ΔH D of -201 kJ mol-1 is observed. High-quality thermal data from ARC experiments shows the initiation of decomposition for ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate to be 60 °C, compared to that of 100 °C for the common diazo transfer reagent p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide (p-ABSA). The Yoshida correlation is applied to DSC data for each diazo compound to provide an indication of both their impact sensitivity (IS) and explosivity. As a neat substance, none of the diazo compounds tested are predicted to be explosive, but many (particularly donor/acceptor diazo compounds) are predicted to be impact-sensitive. It is therefore recommended that manipulation, agitation, and other processing of neat diazo compounds are conducted with due care to avoid impacts, particularly in large quantities. The full dataset is presented to inform chemists of the nature and magnitude of hazards when using diazo compounds and diazo transfer reagents. Given the demonstrated potential for rapid heat generation and gas evolution, adequate temperature control and cautious addition of reagents that begin a reaction are strongly recommended when conducting reactions with diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian
P. Green
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Katherine M. Wheelhouse
- API Chemistry, Product Development & Supply and Process Safety,
Pilot Plant Operations, GlaxoSmithKline,
GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Payne
- API Chemistry, Product Development & Supply and Process Safety,
Pilot Plant Operations, GlaxoSmithKline,
GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Philip W. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - James A. Bull
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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13
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Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
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14
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Santi M, Seitz J, Cicala R, Hardwick T, Ahmed N, Wirth T. Memory of Chirality in Flow Electrochemistry: Fast Optimisation with DoE and Online 2D‐HPLC. Chemistry 2019; 25:16230-16235. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micol Santi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Jakob Seitz
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Rossana Cicala
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Tomas Hardwick
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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15
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Barkhatova D, Zhukovsky D, Dar'in D, Krasavin M. Employing α-Diazocarbonyl Compound Chemistry in the Assembly of Medicinally Important Aryl(alkyl)thiolactam Scaffold. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darina Barkhatova
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Daniil Zhukovsky
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
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16
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Lynch D, O'Mahony RM, McCarthy DG, Bateman LM, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Mechanistic Study of In Situ Generation and Use of Methanesulfonyl Azide as a Diazo Transfer Reagent with Real-Time Monitoring by FlowNMR. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Rosella M. O'Mahony
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Daniel G. McCarthy
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Lorraine M. Bateman
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre; University College Cork; Ireland
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17
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Rao KS, St-Jean F, Kumar A. Quantitation of a Ketone Enolization and a Vinyl Sulfonate Stereoisomer Formation Using Inline IR Spectroscopy and Modeling. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Green SP, Payne AD, Wheelhouse KM, Hallett JP, Miller PW, Bull JA. Diazo-Transfer Reagent 2-Azido-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine Displays Highly Exothermic Decomposition Comparable to Tosyl Azide. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5893-5898. [PMID: 30951630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
2-Azido-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (ADT) was reported recently as a new "intrinsically safe" diazo-transfer reagent. This assessment was based on differential scanning calorimetry data indicating that ADT exhibits endothermic decomposition. We present DSC data on ADT that show exothermic decomposition with an initiation temperature ( Tinit) of 159 °C and an enthalpy of decomposition (Δ HD) of -1135 J g-1 (-207 kJ mol-1). We conclude that ADT is potentially explosive and must be treated with caution, being of comparable exothermic magnitude to tosyl azide (TsN3). A maximum recommended process temperature for ADT is 55 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Green
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane , London W12 0BZ , U.K.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Andrew D Payne
- Process Safety, Pilot Plant Operations, GlaxoSmithKline , GSK Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage , Hertfordshire SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Katherine M Wheelhouse
- API Chemistry, Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline , GSK Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage , Hertfordshire SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Philip W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane , London W12 0BZ , U.K
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane , London W12 0BZ , U.K
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19
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Yoo C, Rackl D, Liu W, Hoyt CB, Pimentel B, Lively RP, Davies HML, Jones CW. An Immobilized‐Dirhodium Hollow‐Fiber Flow Reactor for Scalable and Sustainable C−H Functionalization in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Daniel Rackl
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Caroline B. Hoyt
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Brian Pimentel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ryan P. Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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20
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Yoo C, Rackl D, Liu W, Hoyt CB, Pimentel B, Lively RP, Davies HML, Jones CW. An Immobilized‐Dirhodium Hollow‐Fiber Flow Reactor for Scalable and Sustainable C−H Functionalization in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10923-10927. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Daniel Rackl
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Caroline B. Hoyt
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Brian Pimentel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ryan P. Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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21
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Hock KJ, Koenigs RM. The Generation of Diazo Compounds in Continuous-Flow. Chemistry 2018; 24:10571-10583. [PMID: 29575129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Toxic, cancerogenic and explosive-these attributes are typically associated with diazo compounds. Nonetheless, diazo compounds are nowadays a highly demanded class of reagents for organic synthesis, yet the concerns with regards to safe and scalable transformations of these compounds are still exceptionally high. Lately, the research area of the continuous-flow synthesis of diazo compounds attracted significant interest and a whole variety of protocols for their "on-demand" preparation have been realized to date. This concept article focuses on the recent developments using continuous-flow technologies to access diazo compounds; thus minimizing risks and hazards when working with this particular class of compounds. In this article we discuss these concepts and highlight different pre-requisites to access and to perform downstream functionalization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Hock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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22
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Rullière P, Benoit G, Allouche EMD, Charette AB. Safe and Facile Access to Nonstabilized Diazoalkanes Using Continuous Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5777-5782. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Rullière
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Université de Montreal; P.O. Box 6128 Station Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Guillaume Benoit
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Université de Montreal; P.O. Box 6128 Station Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Emmanuelle M. D. Allouche
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Université de Montreal; P.O. Box 6128 Station Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - André B. Charette
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Université de Montreal; P.O. Box 6128 Station Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
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23
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Rullière P, Benoit G, Allouche EMD, Charette AB. Safe and Facile Access to Nonstabilized Diazoalkanes Using Continuous Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Rullière
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Université de Montreal; P.O. Box 6128 Station Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Guillaume Benoit
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Université de Montreal; P.O. Box 6128 Station Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Emmanuelle M. D. Allouche
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Université de Montreal; P.O. Box 6128 Station Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - André B. Charette
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Université de Montreal; P.O. Box 6128 Station Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
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24
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BURTOLOSO ANTONIOC, MOMO PATRÍCIAB, NOVAIS GRAZIELEL. Traditional and New methods for the Preparation of Diazocarbonyl Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:859-893. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Empel C, Hock KJ, Koenigs RM. Iron-catalysed carbene-transfer reactions of diazo acetonitrile. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7129-7133. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01991f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the flow synthesis of hazardous diazo acetonitrile to enable X–H insertion reactions with a readily available iron catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Katharina J. Hock
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
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26
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Britton J, Jamison TF. A Unified Continuous Flow Assembly-Line Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrazoles and Pyrazolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8823-8827. [PMID: 28544160 PMCID: PMC6990874 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and modular continuous flow synthesis of highly functionalized fluorinated pyrazoles and pyrazolines has been developed. Flowing fluorinated amines through sequential reactor coils mediates diazoalkane formation and [3+2] cycloaddition to generate more than 30 azoles in a telescoped fashion. Pyrazole cores are then sequentially modified through additional reactor modules performing N-alkylation and arylation, deprotection, and amidation to install broad molecular diversity in short order. Continuous flow synthesis enables the safe handling of diazoalkanes at elevated temperatures, and the use of aryl alkyne dipolarphiles under catalyst free conditions. This assembly line synthesis provides a flexible approach for the synthesis of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, as demonstrated by a four-step, telescoped synthesis of measles therapeutic, AS-136A, in a total residence time of 31.7 min (1.76 g h-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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27
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Britton J, Jamison TF. A Unified Continuous Flow Assembly-Line Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrazoles and Pyrazolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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28
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Rackl D, Yoo CJ, Jones CW, Davies HML. Synthesis of Donor/Acceptor-Substituted Diazo Compounds in Flow and Their Application in Enantioselective Dirhodium-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation and C–H Functionalization. Org Lett 2017; 19:3055-3058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rackl
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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29
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Santi M, Müller STR, Folgueiras-Amador AA, Uttry A, Hellier P, Wirth T. Enantioselective Synthesis of trans
-2,3-Dihydro-1H
-indoles Through C-H Insertion of α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micol Santi
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building CF10 3AT Cardiff UK
| | - Simon T. R. Müller
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building CF10 3AT Cardiff UK
| | | | - Alexander Uttry
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building CF10 3AT Cardiff UK
| | - Paul Hellier
- Pierre Fabre Médicament; Parc Industriel de la Chartreuse 81106 Castres CEDEX France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building CF10 3AT Cardiff UK
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30
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Bana P, Lakó Á, Kiss NZ, Béni Z, Szigetvári Á, Kóti J, Túrós GI, Éles J, Greiner I. Synthesis of Urea Derivatives in Two Sequential Continuous-Flow Reactors. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bana
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Lakó
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Zsuzsa Kiss
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Béni
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Kóti
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary
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31
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McCaw PG, Buckley NM, Eccles KS, Lawrence SE, Maguire AR, Collins SG. Synthesis of Cyclic α-Diazo-β-keto Sulfoxides in Batch and Continuous Flow. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3666-3679. [PMID: 28272889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diazo transfer to β-keto sulfoxides to form stable isolable α-diazo-β-keto sulfoxides has been achieved for the first time. Both monocyclic and benzofused ketone derived β-keto sulfoxides were successfully explored as substrates for diazo transfer. Use of continuous flow leads to isolation of the desired compounds in enhanced yields relative to standard batch conditions, with short reaction times, increased safety profile, and potential to scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G McCaw
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Naomi M Buckley
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Kevin S Eccles
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon E Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Anita R Maguire
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
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32
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Gérardy R, Winter M, Vizza A, Monbaliu JCM. Assessing inter- and intramolecular continuous-flow strategies towards methylphenidate (Ritalin) hydrochloride. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00184j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of a scalable continuous-flow process towards enriched threo-methylphenidate (Ritalin) hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
| | - Marc Winter
- Corning Reactor Technologies
- Corning SAS
- France
| | | | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
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33
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Bana P, Örkényi R, Lövei K, Lakó Á, Túrós GI, Éles J, Faigl F, Greiner I. The route from problem to solution in multistep continuous flow synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:6180-6189. [PMID: 28087127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of continuous flow chemistry allow the multistep preparation of complex molecules such as APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) in a telescoped manner. Numerous examples of laboratory-scale applications are described, which are pointing towards novel manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical compounds, in accordance with recent regulatory, economical and quality guidances. The chemical and technical knowledge gained during these studies is considerable; nevertheless, connecting several individual chemical transformations and the attached analytics and purification holds hidden traps. In this review, we summarize innovative solutions for these challenges, in order to benefit chemists aiming to exploit flow chemistry systems for the synthesis of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bana
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Örkényi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Lövei
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Lakó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Faigl
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary.
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34
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Müller STR, Hokamp T, Ehrmann S, Hellier P, Wirth T. Ethyl Lithiodiazoacetate: Extremely Unstable Intermediate Handled Efficiently in Flow. Chemistry 2016; 22:11940-2. [PMID: 27339757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) is one of the most prominent diazo reagents. It is frequently used in metal-carbene-type reactions. However, EDA can also be used as a nucleophile under base catalysis. Whilst the addition of EDA to aldehydes can be performed using organic bases, the addition of EDA to other carbonyl electrophiles requires the use of organometallics such as lithium diisopropylamide (LDA). The generated ethyl lithiodiazoacetate is highly reactive and decomposes rapidly, even at low temperatures. Herein, we report a continuous flow protocol that overcomes the problems associated with the instantaneous decomposition of ethyl lithiodiazoacetate. The addition of ethyl lithiodiazoacetate to ketones provides direct access to tertiary diazoalcohols in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T R Müller
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Tobias Hokamp
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Svenja Ehrmann
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Paul Hellier
- Pierre Fabre Médicament, Parc Industriel de la Chartreuse, 81106, Castres CEDEX, France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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35
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Zheng Y, Bian R, Zhang X, Yao R, Qiu L, Bao X, Xu X. Catalyst-Free S-S Bond Insertion Reaction of a Donor/Acceptor-Free Carbene by a Radical Process: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Rongjian Bian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Ruwei Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou P. R. of China
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36
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Mertens L, Hock KJ, Koenigs RM. Fluoroalkyl-Substituted Diazomethanes and Their Application in a General Synthesis of Pyrazoles and Pyrazolines. Chemistry 2016; 22:9542-5. [PMID: 27168358 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel continuous-flow approach for the synthesis of fluoroalkyl-substituted diazomethanes has been developed. Utilizing a cheap, self-made microreactor fluoroalkyl-substituted amines were transformed into the corresponding diazomethanes using tert-butyl nitrite and acetic acid as catalyst. These diazomethanes were employed in [2+3] cycloaddition reactions with olefins and alkynes, yielding valuable pyrazolines and pyrazoles in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Mertens
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina J Hock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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37
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Archambault CM, Leadbeater NE. A benchtop NMR spectrometer as a tool for monitoring mesoscale continuous-flow organic synthesis: equipment interface and assessment in four organic transformations. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach is reported for monitoring continuous-flow reactions by means of a low-field benchtop NMR spectrometer.
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38
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Deadman BJ, O'Mahony RM, Lynch D, Crowley DC, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Taming tosyl azide: the development of a scalable continuous diazo transfer process. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3423-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00246c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In situ generation and use of tosyl azide in flow enables enhanced safety and ready scale-up in diazo transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Deadman
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Rosella M. O'Mahony
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Daniel C. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
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39
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Müller STR, Murat A, Hellier P, Wirth T. Toward a Large-Scale Approach to Milnacipran Analogues Using Diazo Compounds in Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon T. R. Müller
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Aurélien Murat
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 81603 Gaillac, France
| | - Paul Hellier
- Pierre Fabre Médicament, Parc Industriel de la Chartreuse, 81106 Castres, France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| |
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