1
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Al Shehimy S, Le HD, Amano S, Di Noja S, Monari L, Ragazzon G. Progressive Endergonic Synthesis of Diels-Alder Adducts Driven by Chemical Energy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202411554. [PMID: 39017608 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202411554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of artificial chemical reaction networks respond to stimuli by relaxing towards an equilibrium state. The opposite response-moving away from equilibrium-can afford the endergonic synthesis of molecules, of which only rare examples have been reported. Here, we report six examples of Diels-Alder adducts formed in an endergonic process and use this strategy to realize their stepwise accumulation. Indeed, systems respond to repeated occurrences of the same stimulus by increasing the amount of adduct formed, with the final network distribution depending on the number of stimuli received. Our findings indicate how endergonic processes can contribute to the transition from responsive to adaptive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hai-Dang Le
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shuntaro Amano
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Simone Di Noja
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luca Monari
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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2
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Borsley S, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Molecular Ratchets and Kinetic Asymmetry: Giving Chemistry Direction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400495. [PMID: 38568047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades ratchet mechanisms have transformed the understanding and design of stochastic molecular systems-biological, chemical and physical-in a move away from the mechanical macroscopic analogies that dominated thinking regarding molecular dynamics in the 1990s and early 2000s (e.g. pistons, springs, etc), to the more scale-relevant concepts that underpin out-of-equilibrium research in the molecular sciences today. Ratcheting has established molecular nanotechnology as a research frontier for energy transduction and metabolism, and has enabled the reverse engineering of biomolecular machinery, delivering insights into how molecules 'walk' and track-based synthesisers operate, how the acceleration of chemical reactions enables energy to be transduced by catalysts (both motor proteins and synthetic catalysts), and how dynamic systems can be driven away from equilibrium through catalysis. The recognition of molecular ratchet mechanisms in biology, and their invention in synthetic systems, is proving significant in areas as diverse as supramolecular chemistry, systems chemistry, dynamic covalent chemistry, DNA nanotechnology, polymer and materials science, molecular biology, heterogeneous catalysis, endergonic synthesis, the origin of life, and many other branches of chemical science. Put simply, ratchet mechanisms give chemistry direction. Kinetic asymmetry, the key feature of ratcheting, is the dynamic counterpart of structural asymmetry (i.e. chirality). Given the ubiquity of ratchet mechanisms in endergonic chemical processes in biology, and their significance for behaviour and function from systems to synthesis, it is surely just as fundamentally important. This Review charts the recognition, invention and development of molecular ratchets, focussing particularly on the role for which they were originally envisaged in chemistry, as design elements for molecular machinery. Different kinetically asymmetric systems are compared, and the consequences of their dynamic behaviour discussed. These archetypal examples demonstrate how chemical systems can be driven inexorably away from equilibrium, rather than relax towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M W Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
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3
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Menke AJ, Jacobus ZP, Claton LE, Annunziata O, Capelli R, Pavan GM, Simanek EE. Proton Affinity and Conformational Integrity of a 24-Atom Triazine Macrocycle across Physiologically Relevant pH. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2467-2473. [PMID: 38299798 PMCID: PMC11512517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
For 24-atom triazine macrocycles, protonation of the heterocycle leads to a rigid, folded structure presenting a network of hydrogen bonds. These molecules derive from dynamic covalent chemistry wherein triazine monomers bearing a protected hydrazine group and acetal tethered by the amino acid dimerize quantitatively in an acidic solution. Here, lysine is used, and the product is a tetracation. The primary amines of the lysine side chains do not interfere with quantitative yields of the desired bis(hydrazone) at concentrations of 5-125 mg/mL. Mathematical modeling of data derived from titration experiments of the macrocycle reveals that the pKa values of the protonated triazines are 5.6 and 6.7. Changes in chemical shifts of resonances in the 1H NMR spectra corroborate these values and further support assignment of the protonation sites. The pKa values of the lysine side chains are consistent with expectation. Upon deprotonation, the macrocycle enjoys greater conformational freedom as evident from the broadening of resonances in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra indicative of dynamic motion on the NMR time scale and the appearance of additional conformations at room temperature. While well-tempered metadynamics suggests only a modest difference in accessible conformational footprints of the protonated and deprotonated macrocycles, the shift in conformation(s) supports the stabilizing role that the protons adopt in the hydrogen-bonded network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Menke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Zachary P Jacobus
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Liam E Claton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Onofrio Annunziata
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Riccardo Capelli
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano, Lugano-Viganello 6962, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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4
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Cougnon FBL, Stefankiewicz AR, Ulrich S. Dynamic covalent synthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:879-895. [PMID: 38239698 PMCID: PMC10793650 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic covalent synthesis aims to precisely control the assembly of simple building blocks linked by reversible covalent bonds to generate a single, structurally complex, product. In recent years, considerable progress in the programmability of dynamic covalent systems has enabled easy access to a broad range of assemblies, including macrocycles, shape-persistent cages, unconventional foldamers and mechanically-interlocked species (catenanes, knots, etc.). The reversibility of the covalent linkages can be either switched off to yield stable, isolable products or activated by specific physico-chemical stimuli, allowing the assemblies to adapt and respond to environmental changes in a controlled manner. This activatable dynamic property makes dynamic covalent assemblies particularly attractive for the design of complex matter, smart chemical systems, out-of-equilibrium systems, and molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B L Cougnon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Centre for Advanced Technology and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
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5
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Sangchai T, Al Shehimy S, Penocchio E, Ragazzon G. Artificial Molecular Ratchets: Tools Enabling Endergonic Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309501. [PMID: 37545196 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium chemical systems underpin multiple domains of contemporary interest, including supramolecular chemistry, molecular machines, systems chemistry, prebiotic chemistry, and energy transduction. Experimental chemists are now pioneering the realization of artificial systems that can harvest energy away from equilibrium. In this tutorial Review, we provide an overview of artificial molecular ratchets: the chemical mechanisms enabling energy absorption from the environment. By focusing on the mechanism type-rather than the application domain or energy source-we offer a unifying picture of seemingly disparate phenomena, which we hope will foster progress in this fascinating domain of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Sangchai
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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6
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Ovalle M, Kathan M, Toyoda R, Stindt CN, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Light-Fueled Transformations of a Dynamic Cage-Based Molecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214495. [PMID: 36453623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In a chemical equilibrium, the formation of high-energy species-in a closed system-is inefficient due to microscopic reversibility. Here, we demonstrate how this restriction can be circumvented by coupling a dynamic equilibrium to a light-induced E/Z isomerization of an azobenzene imine cage. The stable E-cage resists intermolecular imine exchange reactions that would "open" it. Upon switching, the strained Z-cage isomers undergo imine exchange spontaneously, thus opening the cage. Subsequent isomerization of the Z-open compounds yields a high-energy, kinetically trapped E-open species, which cannot be efficiently obtained from the initial E-cage, thus shifting an imine equilibrium energetically uphill in a closed system. Upon heating, the nucleophile is displaced back into solution and an opening/closing cycle is completed by regenerating the stable all-E-cage. Using this principle, a light-induced cage-to-cage transformation is performed by the addition of a ditopic aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ovalle
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
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7
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Zhang Y, Barboiu M. Ligand Mediated Metal Cations Exchanges within Metallo-Dynameric Solid Films. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1345-1349. [PMID: 31741819 PMCID: PMC6848901 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynameric solid films may be generated via the adequate imine-bond connection between bis(pyridine-2,6-diimine) core centres, coordinated with different metal cations and diaminoPEG connectors. The adequate selection of metal cations leads to cross-linked metallo-dynameric films, allowing the fine modulation of their colour and mechanical property. The coordination of the metal cations and bis(pyridine-2,6-diimine), results in the formation of interlocked structures, leading to the most probably formation of interweaved structures with better mechanical properties than those formed in the absence of the metallic cations. Removal and addition of metal cations from solid films can be achieved via tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) complexing agent, which strongly binds the metal cations, followed by subsequent insertion of other metallic cations. It allows a ligand-modulated dynamic release of the metal cations from the solid films, together with colour transfer and change of mechanical strength at the interfaces between various solid films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesJiangnan University1800 Lihu AvenueWuxi214122
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Institut Européen des Membranes, Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems GroupUniversity of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRSPlace Eugène Bataillon, CC 047F-34095MontpellierFrance
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8
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Wang X, Shyshov O, Hanževački M, Jäger CM, von Delius M. Ammonium Complexes of Orthoester Cryptands Are Inherently Dynamic and Adaptive. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8868-8876. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marko Hanževački
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Christof M. Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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9
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Barra T, Arrue L, Urzúa E, Ratjen L. Synthesis of photocaged diamines and their application in photoinduced self-assembly. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Barra
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Andrés Bello; Santiago Chile
| | - Lily Arrue
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Andrés Bello; Santiago Chile
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Andrés Bello; Santiago Chile
| | - Esteban Urzúa
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Andrés Bello; Santiago Chile
| | - Lars Ratjen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Andrés Bello; Santiago Chile
- Fundación Fraunhofer Chile Research, Centro de Biotecnología de Sistemas (FCR-CSB); Huechuraba, Santiago Chile
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10
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Du XS, Jia Q, Wang CY, Meguellati K, Yang YW. A pillar[5]arene with an amino-terminated arm stabilizes the formation of aliphatic hemiaminals and imines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5736-5739. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01947b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A self-included mono-amino substituted pillar[5]arene efficiently stabilizes the hemiaminal and imine formation from the reaction of aliphatic amines and aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Du
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC)
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Qiong Jia
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC)
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Kamel Meguellati
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC)
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Ying-Wei Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC)
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
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11
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Sakai N, Matile S. Conjugated Polyimine Dynamers as Phase-Sensitive Membrane Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11438-11443. [PMID: 30156837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this report, dynamic polyimines are introduced as multifunctional sensors of lipid bilayer phases. Under mildly acidic conditions, self-condensation of push-pull amino formyl fluorenes into polyimines occurs in solid- or liquid-ordered phases but not in liquid-disordered phases of vesicular membranes. The obtained conjugated polymers are characterized by a progressive red shift of the absorption maxima, the appearance of exciton-coupled circular dichroism (CD) bands, and fluorescence quenching. These characteristics allow multiple modes of detection of membrane phases, which are known to change under membrane tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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12
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Seoane A, Brea RJ, Fuertes A, Podolsky KA, Devaraj NK. Biomimetic Generation and Remodeling of Phospholipid Membranes by Dynamic Imine Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8388-8391. [PMID: 29886740 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic liposomes have a wide array of applications in several areas, ranging from medicinal chemistry to synthetic biology. Due to their biocompatibility and biological relevance, there is particular interest in the formation of synthetic phospholipid vesicles and the development of methods to tune their properties in a controlled manner. However, while true biological membranes are capable of responding to environmental stimuli by enzymatically remodeling their composition, synthetic liposomes are typically static once formed. Herein we report the chemoselective reaction of the natural amine-containing lysosphingomyelin with a series of long-chain aldehydes to form imines. This transformation results in the formation of phospholipid liposomes that are in dynamic equilibrium with the aldehyde-amine form. The reversibility of the imine linkage is exploited in the synthesis of vesicles that are capable of responding to external stimuli such as temperature or the addition of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Seoane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Alberto Fuertes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Kira A Podolsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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13
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Transmetalation for Flexible Pendant-Armed Schiff-Base Macrocyclic Complexes Influenced by Halide Effects. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1438-1448. [PMID: 29323889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three 46-membered [2 + 2] pendant-armed Schiff-base macrocyclic dinuclear CdII and CuII complexes (2a, 2b, and 3b) and one 23-membered [1 + 1] CuII macrocycle 4a were prepared from the template-directed condensation reactions between 1,2-bis(2-aminoethoxy)-ethane and extended Cl-dialdehyde in the presence of CdX2 and CuX2 (X = Cl and Br), in which halide effects play important roles in the organization of final macrocyclic complexes in addition to the dominant influence of metal cations. Transmetalation was intensively studied among these CdII and CuII complexes with large and flexible macrocyclic ligands, including two previously synthesized dinuclear ZnII macrocycles (1a and 1b). Our results indicate that ZnII → CuII and CdII → CuII transmetalation proceeds more quickly than that from CdII to ZnII, and all the processes are found to be irreversible. It is noted that a [2 + 2] heterodinuclear CdIIZnII macrocyclic intermediate could be detected by ESI-MS together with [2 + 2] homodinuclear CdII and ZnII macrocyclic complexes. Furthermore, distinct halide behavior was observed in the in situ CdII → CuII and ZnII → CuII metal-ion exchange. That is to say, [2 + 2] macrocycles (1a and 2a) could be converted to [1 + 1] macrocycles 4a and 4b under the reflux condition in the case of CuCl2, accompanied by the configurational transformation from half-folded dinuclear ZnII and CdII to unfolded CuII macrocyclic skeleton. In contrast, CuBr2 leads to a highly efficient transmetalation to corresponding [2 + 2] dinuclear CuII complex 3b from both 1b and 2b no matter the experimental condition used.
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14
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García F, Pelss J, Zuilhof H, Smulders MMJ. Multi-responsive coordination polymers utilising metal-stabilised, dynamic covalent imine bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:9059-62. [PMID: 26879208 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00500d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report how the combination of dynamic covalent imine bonds and coordination bonds in a single polymer material not only imparts enhanced stability to the final polymer, but also allows the material to be sensitive to a range of stimuli, offering more fine-grained control over its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima García
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janis Pelss
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands. and Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Komáromy D, Stuart MCA, Monreal Santiago G, Tezcan M, Krasnikov VV, Otto S. Self-Assembly Can Direct Dynamic Covalent Bond Formation toward Diversity or Specificity. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6234-6241. [PMID: 28398730 PMCID: PMC5423079 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
With
the advent of reversible covalent chemistry the study of the
interplay between covalent bond formation and noncovalent interactions
has become increasingly relevant. Here we report that the interplay
between reversible disulfide chemistry and self-assembly can give
rise either to molecular diversity, i.e., the emergence of a unprecedentedly
large range of macrocycles or to molecular specificity, i.e., the
autocatalytic emergence of a single species. The two phenomena are
the result of two different modes of self-assembly, demonstrating
that control over self-assembly pathways can enable control over covalent
bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Komáromy
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Monreal Santiago
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meniz Tezcan
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor V Krasnikov
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dhers S, Holub J, Lehn JM. Coevolution and ratiometric behaviour in metal cation-driven dynamic covalent systems. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2125-2130. [PMID: 28507664 PMCID: PMC5407266 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04662b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution can be defined as the correlated changes of structurally and/or functionally connected entities. Dynamic Covalent Libraries (DCLs) have been used to demonstrate coevolution and ratiometric behaviour on a molecular level using dynamic covalent molecules such as imines and hydrazones.
Dynamic Covalent Libraries (DCLs) have been used to demonstrate coevolution behaviour on a molecular level using dynamic covalent molecules such as imines and hydrazones. Two systems are presented: the first system is based on a dialdehyde and two diamines in combination with Zn(ii) and Hg(ii) to form a 2 × 2 Constitutional Dynamic Network (CDN) of four complexes of macrocyclic bis-imines. Whereas the two metal ions, when reacted separately form a complex with each macrocycle with low selectivity, when applied together, each cation yields selectively a complex with one of the two macrocycles. Thus, the simultaneous application of both cations, where one might have expected the formation of four different complexes, results in the synergistic evolution (co-evolution) towards a simpler, more selective outcome under agonist amplification. The second system of 4 components, 2 amines and 2 aldehydes displays metalloselection together with a correlated evolution in distribution on complexation of Zn(ii) and Cu(i) with the dynamic ligand constituents and exhibits a dynamic ratiometry process related to the antagonistic behaviour of a pair of ligand constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dhers
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire , ISIS , Université de Strasbourg , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Jan Holub
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire , ISIS , Université de Strasbourg , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire , ISIS , Université de Strasbourg , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
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Holub J, Vantomme G, Lehn JM. Training a Constitutional Dynamic Network for Effector Recognition: Storage, Recall, and Erasing of Information. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11783-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Holub
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire,
Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire,
Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire,
Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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