1
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Zhou P, Zhang Y, Zhao C. A photo-crosslinkable stomatocyte nanomotor with excellent stability for repeated autonomous motion. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3308-3312. [PMID: 35416827 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an ultrastable and reusable stomatocyte nanomotor using a photo-crosslinkable block copolymer is presented. After photo-crosslinking, the resulting nanomotors equipped with a covalently crosslinked membrane, are able to withstand the destruction of organic solvents, resist the corrosion of strong acidic and alkali solutions, and repeatedly move many times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yichen Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Liu Y, Lin G, Bao G, Guan M, Yang L, Liu Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Liao J, Fang G, Di X, Huang G, Zhou J, Cheng YY, Jin D. Stratified Disk Microrobots with Dynamic Maneuverability and Proton-Activatable Luminescence for in Vivo Imaging. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19924-19937. [PMID: 34714044 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots can expand our abilities to access remote, confined, and enclosed spaces. Their potential applications inside our body are obvious, e.g., to diagnose diseases, deliver medicine, and monitor treatment efficacy. However, critical requirements exist in relation to their operations in gastrointestinal environments, including resistance to strong gastric acid, responsivity to a narrow proton variation window, and locomotion in confined cavities with hierarchical terrains. Here, we report a proton-activatable microrobot to enable real-time, repeated, and site-selective pH sensing and monitoring in physiological relevant environments. This is achieved by stratifying a hydrogel disk to combine a range of functional nanomaterials, including proton-responsive molecular switches, upconversion nanoparticles, and near-infrared (NIR) emitters. By leveraging the 3D magnetic gradient fields and the anisotropic composition, the microrobot can be steered to locomote as a gyrating "Euler's disk", i.e., aslant relative to the surface and along its low-friction outer circumference, exhibiting a high motility of up to 60 body lengths/s. The enhanced magnetomotility can boost the pH-sensing kinetics by 2-fold. The fluorescence of the molecular switch can respond to pH variations with over 600-fold enhancement when the pH decreases from 8 to 1, and the integration of upconversion nanoparticles further allows both the efficient sensitization of NIR light through deep tissue and energy transfer to activate the pH probes. Moreover, the embedded down-shifting NIR emitters provide sufficient contrast for imaging of a single microrobot inside a live mouse. This work suggests great potential in developing multifunctional microrobots to perform generic site-selective tasks in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Gungun Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Guochen Bao
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ming Guan
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan Qu, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Yang
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan Qu, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Dejiang Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Xun Zhang
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan Qu, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiayan Liao
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Guocheng Fang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Xiangjun Di
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Guan Huang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Yuen Yee Cheng
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan Qu, Shenzhen 518055, China
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3
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Li Y, Liu X, Huang Q, Ohta AT, Arai T. Bubbles in microfluidics: an all-purpose tool for micromanipulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1016-1035. [PMID: 33538756 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the integration of microfluidic devices and multiple actuation technologies at the microscale has greatly contributed to the progress of related fields. In particular, microbubbles are playing an increasingly important role in microfluidics because of their unique characteristics that lead to specific responses to different energy sources and gas-liquid interactions. Many effective and functional bubble-based micromanipulation strategies have been developed and improved, enabling various non-invasive, selective, and precise operations at the microscale. This review begins with a brief introduction of the morphological characteristics and formation of microbubbles. The theoretical foundations and working mechanisms of typical micromanipulations based on acoustic, thermodynamic, and chemical microbubbles in fluids are described. We critically review the extensive applications and the frontline advances of bubbles in microfluidics, including microflow patterns, position and orientation control, biomedical applications, and development of bubble-based microrobots. We lastly present an outlook to provide directions for the design and application of microbubble-based micromanipulation tools and attract the attention of relevant researchers to the enormous potential of microbubbles in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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4
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Wu X, Chen L, Zheng C, Yan X, Dai P, Wang Q, Li W, Chen W. Bubble-propelled micromotors based on hierarchical MnO2 wrapped carbon nanotube aggregates for dynamic removal of pollutants. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14846-14855. [PMID: 35497119 PMCID: PMC9052125 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00626b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Water pollution is currently an urgent public health and environmental issue. Bubble-propelled micromotors might offer an effective approach for dealing with environmental contamination. Herein, we present the synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/manganese dioxide (MnO2) micromotors based on MWCNT aggregates as microscale templates by a simple one-step hydrothermal procedure. The morphology, composition, and structure of the obtained MWCNT/MnO2 micromotors were characterized in detail. The MnO2 nanoflakes formed a catalytic layer on the MWCNT backbone, which promoted effective bubble evolution and propulsion at remarkable speeds of 359.31 μm s−1. The bubble velocity could be modulated based on the loading of MnO2 nanoflakes. The rapid movement of these MWCNT/MnO2 catalytic micromotors resulted in a highly efficient moving adsorption platform, which considerably enhanced the effectiveness of water purification. Dynamic adsorption of organic dyes by the micromotors increased the degradation rate to approximately 4.8 times as high as that of their corresponding static counterparts. The adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics were also explored. The adsorption mechanism was well fitted by the Langmuir model, following pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thus, chemisorption of Congo red at the heterogeneous MnO2 wrapped microimotor surface was the rate determining step. The high propulsion speed and remarkable decontamination efficiency of the MWCNT/MnO2 micromotors indicate potential for environmental contamination applications. Water pollution is currently an urgent public health and environmental issue.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiukai Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian University of Technology
- Fuzhou 350108
- PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian University of Technology
- Fuzhou 350108
- PR China
| | - Chan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian University of Technology
- Fuzhou 350108
- PR China
- Institute of Materials Surface Technology
| | - Xinxin Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian University of Technology
- Fuzhou 350108
- PR China
| | - Pingqiang Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian University of Technology
- Fuzhou 350108
- PR China
| | - Qianting Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian University of Technology
- Fuzhou 350108
- PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian University of Technology
- Fuzhou 350108
- PR China
- Institute of Materials Surface Technology
| | - Wenzhe Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian University of Technology
- Fuzhou 350108
- PR China
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5
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Chi Q, Wang Z, Tian F, You J, Xu S. A Review of Fast Bubble-Driven Micromotors Powered by Biocompatible Fuel: Low-Concentration Fuel, Bioactive Fluid and Enzyme. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E537. [PMID: 30424470 PMCID: PMC6215315 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Micromotors are extensively applied in various fields, including cell separation, drug delivery and environmental protection. Micromotors with high speed and good biocompatibility are highly desirable. Bubble-driven micromotors, propelled by the recoil effect of bubbles ejection, show good performance of motility. The toxicity of concentrated hydrogen peroxide hampers their practical applications in many fields, especially biomedical ones. In this paper, the latest progress was reviewed in terms of constructing fast, bubble-driven micromotors which use biocompatible fuels, including low-concentration fuels, bioactive fluids, and enzymes. The geometry of spherical and tubular micromotors could be optimized to acquire good motility using a low-concentration fuel. Moreover, magnesium- and aluminum-incorporated micromotors move rapidly in water if the passivation layer is cleared in the reaction process. Metal micromotors demonstrate perfect motility in native acid without any external chemical fuel. Several kinds of enzymes, including catalase, glucose oxidase, and ureases were investigated to serve as an alternative to conventional catalysts. They can propel micromotors in dilute peroxide or in the absence of peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjia Chi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Feifei Tian
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| | - Ji'an You
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China.
| | - Shuang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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6
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Pourrahimi AM, Pumera M. Multifunctional and self-propelled spherical Janus nano/micromotors: recent advances. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:16398-16415. [PMID: 30178795 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05196h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in autonomous self-propelled multifunctional Janus nano/micromotors, which are able to convert chemical or light energy into mechanical motion, is presented. This technology of moving micro- and nanodevices is at the forefront of materials research and is a promising and growing technology with the possibility of using these motors in both biomedical and environmental applications. The development of novel multifunctional Janus motors together with their motion mechanisms is discussed. Different preparation and synthesis routes are compared. The effects of the size, interfacial structures and porosity on the directional motion and the speed of Janus micromotors are discussed. For light-derived Janus micromotors, newly developed techniques that are able to observe directly the interfaces' charge distribution on a nanometer scale are presented in order to clarify the underlying electrophoresis motion mechanism. This review aims to encourage further research in the field of micromotors using new and facile methodologies for obtaining novel Janus motors with enhanced motion and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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7
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Liu L, Bai T, Chi Q, Wang Z, Xu S, Liu Q, Wang Q. How to Make a Fast, Efficient Bubble-Driven Micromotor: A Mechanical View. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E267. [PMID: 30400455 PMCID: PMC6189961 DOI: 10.3390/mi8090267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors, which can be moved at a micron scale, have special functions and can perform microscopic tasks. They have a wide range of applications in various fields with the advantages of small size and high efficiency. Both high speed and efficiency for micromotors are required in various conditions. However, the dynamical mechanism of bubble-driven micromotors movement is not clear, owing to various factors affecting the movement of micromotors. This paper reviews various factors acting on micromotor movement, and summarizes appropriate methods to improve the velocity and efficiency of bubble-driven micromotors, from a mechanical view. The dynamical factors that have significant influence on the hydrodynamic performance of micromotors could be divided into two categories: environment and geometry. Improving environment temperature and decreasing viscosity of fluid accelerate the velocity of motors. Under certain conditions, raising the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is applied. However, a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide is not applicable. In the environment of low concentration, changing the geometry of micromotors is an effective mean to improve the velocity of micromotors. Increasing semi-cone angle and reducing the ratio of length to radius for tubular and rod micromotors are propitious to increase the speed of micromotors. For Janus micromotors, reducing the mass by changing the shape into capsule and shell, and increasing the surface roughness, is applied. This review could provide references for improving the velocity and efficiency of micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tao Bai
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qingjia Chi
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Infrastructure Management Department, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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8
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Li J, Angsantikul P, Liu W, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Thamphiwatana S, Xu M, Sandraz E, Wang X, Delezuk J, Gao W, Zhang L, Wang J. Micromotors Spontaneously Neutralize Gastric Acid for pH-Responsive Payload Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2156-2161. [PMID: 28105785 PMCID: PMC5511515 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The highly acidic gastric environment creates a physiological barrier for using therapeutic drugs in the stomach. While proton pump inhibitors have been widely used for blocking acid-producing enzymes, this approach can cause various adverse effects. Reported herein is a new microdevice, consisting of magnesium-based micromotors which can autonomously and temporally neutralize gastric acid through efficient chemical propulsion in the gastric fluid by rapidly depleting the localized protons. Coating these micromotors with a cargo-containing pH-responsive polymer layer leads to autonomous release of the encapsulated payload upon gastric-acid neutralization by the motors. Testing in a mouse model demonstrate that these motors can safely and rapidly neutralize gastric acid and simultaneously release payload without causing noticeable acute toxicity or affecting the stomach function, and the normal stomach pH is restored within 24 h post motor administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Li
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Mingli Xu
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Elodie Sandraz
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jorge Delezuk
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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9
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Li J, Angsantikul P, Liu W, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Thamphiwatana S, Xu M, Sandraz E, Wang X, Delezuk J, Gao W, Zhang L, Wang J. Micromotors Spontaneously Neutralize Gastric Acid for pH-Responsive Payload Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Li
- University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | | | - Wenjuan Liu
- University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | | | | | - Mingli Xu
- University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Elodie Sandraz
- University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Jorge Delezuk
- University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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10
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Moo JGS, Pumera M. Self-Propelled Micromotors Monitored by Particle-Electrode Impact Voltammetry. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Guo Sheng Moo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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11
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Xiao M, Wang L, Ji F, Shi F. Converting Chemical Energy to Electricity through a Three-Jaw Mini-Generator Driven by the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:11403-11411. [PMID: 27093949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Energy conversion from a mechanical form to electricity is one of the most important research advancements to come from the horizontal locomotion of small objects. Until now, the Marangoni effect has been the only propulsion method to produce the horizontal locomotion to induce an electromotive force, which is limited to a short duration because of the specific property of surfactants. To solve this issue, in this article we utilized the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to provide the propulsion for a sustainable energy conversion from a mechanical form to electricity. We fabricated a mini-generator consisting of three parts: a superhydrophobic rotator with three jaws, three motors to produce a jet of oxygen bubbles to propel the rotation of the rotator, and three magnets integrated into the upper surface of the rotator to produce the magnet flux. Once the mini-generator was placed on the solution surface, the motor catalyzed the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This generated a large amount of oxygen bubbles that caused the generator and integrated magnets to rotate at the air/water interface. Thus, the magnets passed under the coil area and induced a change in the magnet flux, thus generating electromotive forces. We also investigated experimental factors, that is, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and the turns of the solenoid coil, and found that the mini-generator gave the highest output in a hydrogen peroxide solution with a concentration of 10 wt % and under a coil with 9000 turns. Through combining the stable superhydrophobicity and catalyst, we realized electricity generation for a long duration, which could last for 26 000 s after adding H2O2 only once. We believe this work provides a simple process for the development of horizontal motion and provides a new path for energy reutilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Engineering Research Center for the Synthesis and Applications of Waterborne Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Fanqin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Engineering Research Center for the Synthesis and Applications of Waterborne Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
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12
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Ma X, Wang X, Hahn K, Sánchez S. Motion Control of Urea-Powered Biocompatible Hollow Microcapsules. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3597-605. [PMID: 26863183 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The quest for biocompatible microswimmers powered by compatible fuel and with full motion control over their self-propulsion is a long-standing challenge in the field of active matter and microrobotics. Here, we present an active hybrid microcapsule motor based on Janus hollow mesoporous silica microparticles powered by the biocatalytic decomposition of urea at physiological concentrations. The directional self-propelled motion lasts longer than 10 min with an average velocity of up to 5 body lengths per second. Additionally, we control the velocity of the micromotor by chemically inhibiting and reactivating the enzymatic activity of urease. The incorporation of magnetic material within the Janus structure provides remote magnetic control on the movement direction. Furthermore, the mesoporous/hollow structure can load both small molecules and larger particles up to hundreds of nanometers, making the hybrid micromotor an active and controllable drug delivery microsystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ma
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Institution , Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xu Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Institution , Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kersten Hahn
- Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Institution , Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA) , Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC) , Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Su Y, Ge Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Liu M, Sun Y, Zhang H, Dong B. Motion-Based pH Sensing Based on the Cartridge-Case-like Micromotor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4250-7. [PMID: 26815003 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a novel cartridge-case-like micromotor. The micromotor, which is fabricated by the template synthesis method, consists of a gelatin shell with platinum nanoparticles decorating its inner surface. Intriguingly, the resulting cartridge-case-like structure exhibits a pH-dependent "open and close" feature, which originates from the pH responsiveness of the gelatin material. On the basis of the catalytic activity of the platinum nanoparticle inside the gelatin shell, the resulting cartridge-case-like structure is capable of moving autonomously in the aqueous solution containing the hydrogen peroxide fuel. More interestingly, we find out that the micromotor can be utilized as a motion-based pH sensor over the whole pH range. The moving velocity of the micromotor increases monotonically with the increase of pH of the analyte solution. Three different factors are considered to be responsible for the proportional relation between the motion speed and pH of the analyte solution: the peroxidase-like and oxidase-like catalytic behavior of the platinum nanoparticle at low and high pH, the volumetric decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide under the basic condition and the pH-dependent catalytic activity of the platinum nanoparticle caused by the swelling/deswelling behavior of the gelatin material. The current work highlights the impact of the material properties on the motion behavior of a micromotor, thus paving the way toward its application in the motion-based sensing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Su
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Ge
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyu Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
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14
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Jodra A, Soto F, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Escarpa A, Wang J. Delayed ignition and propulsion of catalytic microrockets based on fuel-induced chemical dealloying of the inner alloy layer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11838-11841. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The delayed ignition of catalytic microrockets based on chemical dealloying of an inner alloy layer is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Jodra
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California
- San Diego, La Jolla
- USA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
| | - Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California
- San Diego, La Jolla
- USA
| | | | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- University of Alcalá
- Alcalá de Henares
- Madrid E-28871
- Spain
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California
- San Diego, La Jolla
- USA
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