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Rezić I, Meštrović E. Challenges of Green Transition in Polymer Production: Applications in Zero Energy Innovations and Hydrogen Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1310. [PMID: 38794503 PMCID: PMC11124979 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The green transition in the sustainable production and processing of polymers poses multifaceted challenges that demand integral comprehensive solutions. Specific problems of presences of toxic trace elements are often missed and this prevents shifting towards eco-friendly alternatives. Therefore, substantial research and the development of novel approaches is needed to discover and implement innovative, sustainable production materials and methods. This paper is focused on the most vital problems of the green transition from the aspect of establishing universally accepted criteria for the characterization and classification of eco-friendly polymers, which is essential to ensuring transparency and trust among consumers. Additionally, the recycling infrastructure needs substantial improvement to manage the end-of-life stage of polymer products effectively. Moreover, the lack of standardized regulations and certifications for sustainable polymers adds to the complexity of this problem. In this paper we propose solutions from the aspect of standardization protocols for the characterization of polymers foreseen as materials that should be used in Zero Energy Innovations in Hydrogen Storage. The role model standards originate from eco-labeling procedures for materials that come into direct or prolonged contact with human skin, and that are monitored by different methods and testing procedures. In conclusion, the challenges of transitioning to green practices in polymer production and processing demands a concerted effort from experts in the field which need to emphasize the problems of the analysis of toxic ultra trace and trace impurities in samples that will be used in hydrogen storage, as trace impurities may cause terrific obstacles due to their decreasing the safety of materials. Overcoming these obstacles requires the development and application of current state-of-the-art methodologies for monitoring the quality of polymers during their recycling, processing, and using, as well as the development of other technological innovations, financial initiatives, and a collective commitment to fostering a sustainable and environmentally responsible future for the polymer industry and innovations in the field of zero energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Rezić
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ernest Meštrović
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Zhou T, Huang X, Ding N, Lin Z, Yao Y, Guo J. Porous polyelectrolyte frameworks: synthesis, post-ionization and advanced applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:237-267. [PMID: 34877581 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00889g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs), which feature high surface areas, robust skeletons, tunable pores, adjustable functionality and versatile applicability, have constituted a designable platform to develop advanced organic materials. Endowing polyelectrolytes with the distinct characteristics of POPs will attract mounting interest as the structural diversity of polyelectrolytes will bring the new hope of intriguing applications and potential benefits. In this review, the striking progress in ionized POPs (i-POPs) has been systematically summarized with regard to their synthetic strategies and applications. In the synthesis of i-POPs, we illustrate the representative ionic building blocks and charged functional groups capable of constructing the polyelectrolyte frameworks. The synthetic methods, including direct synthesis and post-modification, are detailed for the i-POPs with amorphous or crystalline structures, respectively. Subsequently, we outline the distinctive performances of i-POPs in adsorption, separation, catalysis, sensing, ion conduction and biomedical applications. The survey concerns the interplay between the surface chemistry, ionic interaction and pore confinement that cooperatively promote the performance of i-POPs. Finally, we conclude with the remaining challenges and promising opportunities for the on-going development of i-POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xingye Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Ning Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Zheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Ying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Recent progress in conjugated microporous polymers for clean energy: Synthesis, modification, computer simulations, and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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He J, Mousavi SH, Li G, Li Z, Mokarizadeh AH, Shang J, May EF, Li GK. The rational design of Li-doped nitrogen adsorbents for natural gas purification. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:971-981. [PMID: 33399149 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04690f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Separation of nitrogen (N2) and methane (CH4) is one of the most challenging and energy-intensive processes in the natural gas industry, due to their close physico-chemical properties. The quest for an effective N2-selective adsorbent has long been the focus of research; however, the results have been sparse. In this work, a first-principle study has been used to construct and investigate Li-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for N2 rejection in natural gas purification. We doped lithium on a series of linear/nonlinear PAHs consisting of two to six benzene rings. The adsorption affinity of the Li-doped organic molecular systems toward N2 and CH4 was evaluated by calculating the interaction energy using density functional theory. From the gas adsorption selectivities for different Li-doped PAHs, Li-doped phenanthrene and chrysene showed the highest N2 over CH4 equilibrium selectivities, with values of 119.7 and 80.8, respectively. It was found that the Li atom enabled the π bond of the aromatic substrate to interfere with the N2 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, resulting in strong physisorption of N2. These results indicate the high potential of Li-doped phenanthrene and chrysene for N2 removal from natural gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialuo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China and Centre for Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Seyed Hesam Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Guoliang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhikao Li
- Centre for Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | | | - Jin Shang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Eric F May
- Centre for Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Gang Kevin Li
- Centre for Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia. and Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Tan Z, Su H, Guo Y, Liu H, Liao B, Amin AM, Liu Q. Ferrocene-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymers Derived from Yamamoto Coupling for Gas Storage and Dye Removal. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E719. [PMID: 32213898 PMCID: PMC7183264 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have conjugated skeleton and permanent porosity, and exhibit huge potential in developing novel functional materials for resolving the challenging energy and environment issues. Metal-containing CMPs often exhibited unique properties. In the present manuscript, ferrocene-based conjugated microporous polymers (FcCMPs) were designed and synthesized with 1,1'-dibromoferrocene and 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4- bromophenyl) porphyrin (FcCMP-1) or Tetra (p-bromophenyl) methane (FcCMP-2) as building units via Yamamoto coupling. FcCMPs were amorphous, and exhibited excellent thermal and physicochemical stability. The BET surface area of FcCMP-1 and FcCMP-2 was 638 m2/g and 422 m2/g, respectively. In comparison with FcCMP-2, FcCMP-1 displayed better gas storage capacity due to higher porosity. FcCMPs were also used as an adsorbent for removal of methyl violet from aqueous solution, and exhibited excellent adsorption properties due to the interaction between electron-rich conjugated structure of the polymers and methyl violet with cationic groups. Moreover, FcCMPs could be extracted and regenerated by an eluent and then re-used for high efficient removal of methyl violet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.T.); (H.S.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Huimin Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.T.); (H.S.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Yiwen Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.T.); (H.S.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.T.); (H.S.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Bo Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.T.); (H.S.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Abid Muhammad Amin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal 38850, Pakistan;
| | - Qingquan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.T.); (H.S.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (B.L.)
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Taylor D, Dalgarno SJ, Xu Z, Vilela F. Conjugated porous polymers: incredibly versatile materials with far-reaching applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3981-4042. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00315k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses conjugated porous polymers and focuses on relating design principles and synthetic methods to key properties and applications such as (photo)catalysis, gas storage, chemical sensing, energy storage and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Taylor
- School of Engineering and Physical Science
- Heriot-Watt University
- Riccarton
- UK
| | - Scott J. Dalgarno
- School of Engineering and Physical Science
- Heriot-Watt University
- Riccarton
- UK
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- Hong Kong
| | - Filipe Vilela
- School of Engineering and Physical Science
- Heriot-Watt University
- Riccarton
- UK
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Cousins K, Zhang R. Highly Porous Organic Polymers for Hydrogen Fuel Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E690. [PMID: 30995735 PMCID: PMC6523522 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is one of the best candidates to replace current petroleum energy resources due to its rich abundance and clean combustion. However, the storage of H2 presents a major challenge. There are two methods for storing H2 fuel, chemical and physical, both of which have some advantages and disadvantages. In physical storage, highly porous organic polymers are of particular interest, since they are low cost, easy to scale up, metal-free, and environmentally friendly. In this review, highly porous polymers for H2 fuel storage are examined from five perspectives: (a) brief comparison of H2 storage in highly porous polymers and other storage media; (b) theoretical considerations of the physical storage of H2 molecules in porous polymers; (c) H2 storage in different classes of highly porous organic polymers; (d) characterization of microporosity in these polymers; and (e) future developments for highly porous organic polymers for H2 fuel storage. These topics will provide an introductory overview of highly porous organic polymers in H2 fuel storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Cousins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 5500, USA.
| | - Renwu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 5500, USA.
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Effect of Li Adsorption on the Electronic and Hydrogen Storage Properties of Acenes: A Dispersion-Corrected TAO-DFT Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33081. [PMID: 27609626 PMCID: PMC5016802 DOI: 10.1038/srep33081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the presence of strong static correlation effects and noncovalent interactions, accurate prediction of the electronic and hydrogen storage properties of Li-adsorbed acenes with n linearly fused benzene rings (n = 3–8) has been very challenging for conventional electronic structure methods. To meet the challenge, we study these properties using our recently developed thermally-assisted-occupation density functional theory (TAO-DFT) with dispersion corrections. In contrast to pure acenes, the binding energies of H2 molecules on Li-adsorbed acenes are in the ideal binding energy range (about 20 to 40 kJ/mol per H2). Besides, the H2 gravimetric storage capacities of Li-adsorbed acenes are in the range of 9.9 to 10.7 wt%, satisfying the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) ultimate target of 7.5 wt%. On the basis of our results, Li-adsorbed acenes can be high-capacity hydrogen storage materials for reversible hydrogen uptake and release at ambient conditions.
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