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Song Y, Amaya JA, Murarka VC, Mendez H, Hogan M, Muldoon J, Evans P, Ortin Y, Kelly SL, Lamb DC, Poulos TL, Caffrey P. Biosynthesis of a new skyllamycin in Streptomyces nodosus: a cytochrome P450 forms an epoxide in the cinnamoyl chain. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2835-2843. [PMID: 38511621 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Activation of a silent gene cluster in Streptomyces nodosus leads to synthesis of a cinnamoyl-containing non-ribosomal peptide (CCNP) that is related to skyllamycins. This novel CCNP was isolated and its structure was interrogated using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The isolated compound is an oxidised skyllamycin A in which an additional oxygen atom is incorporated in the cinnamoyl side-chain in the form of an epoxide. The gene for the epoxide-forming cytochrome P450 was identified by targeted disruption. The enzyme was overproduced in Escherichia coli and a 1.43 Å high-resolution crystal structure was determined. This is the first crystal structure for a P450 that forms an epoxide in a substituted cinnamoyl chain of a lipopeptide. These results confirm the proposed functions of P450s encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters for other epoxidized CCNPs and will assist investigation of how epoxide stereochemistry is determined in these natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Song
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Jose A Amaya
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Vidhi C Murarka
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hugo Mendez
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mark Hogan
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Jimmy Muldoon
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Evans
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yannick Ortin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David C Lamb
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Patrick Caffrey
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Yan Y, Zheng C, Song W, Wu J, Guo L, Gao C, Liu J, Chen X, Zhu M, Liu L. Efficient Production of Epoxy-Norbornane from Norbornene by an Engineered P450 Peroxygenase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200529. [PMID: 36354378 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy-norbornane (EPO-NBE) is a crucial building block for the synthesis of various biologically active heterocyclic systems. To develop an efficient protocol for producing EPO-NBE using norbornene (NBE) as a substrate, cytochrome P450 enzyme from Pseudomonas putida (CYP238A1) was examined and its crystal structure (PDB code: 7X53) was resolved. Molecular mechanism analysis showed a high energy barrier related to iron-alkoxy radical complex formation. Therefore, a protein engineering strategy was developed and an optimal CYP238A1NPV variant containing a local hydrophobic "fence" at the active site was obtained, which increased the H2 O2 -dependent epoxidation activity by 7.5-fold compared with that of CYP238A1WT . Among the "fence", Glu255 participates in an efficient proton transfer system. Whole-cell transformation using CYP238A1NPV achieved an EPO-NBE yield of 77.6 g ⋅ L-1 in a 30-L reactor with 66.3 % conversion. These results demonstrate the potential of this system for industrial production of EPO-NBE and provides a new biocatalytic platform for epoxidation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chenni Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Wuxi Acryl Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
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3
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Wang Q, Jiang X, Gao Y, Yin L, Wei X, Guo K, Gao X, Wang L, Zhang C. Studies on Biosynthesis of Chiral Sulfoxides by Using P450 119 Peroxygenase and Its Mutants. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University No. 1, Section 1, XiangLin road, Longmatan District Luzhou 646000 China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University No. 25 Taiping road, Jiangyang District Luzhou 646000 China
- Dazhou Vocational College of Chinese Medicine Luojiang Town, Tongchuan District Dazhou 635000 China
| | - Xin‐Meng Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University No. 1, Section 1, XiangLin road, Longmatan District Luzhou 646000 China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University No. 25 Taiping road, Jiangyang District Luzhou 646000 China
| | - Yan‐Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University No. 1, Section 1, XiangLin road, Longmatan District Luzhou 646000 China
| | - Li‐Ping Yin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University No. 1, Section 1, XiangLin road, Longmatan District Luzhou 646000 China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University No. 25 Taiping road, Jiangyang District Luzhou 646000 China
| | - Xiao‐Yao Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University No. 1, Section 1, XiangLin road, Longmatan District Luzhou 646000 China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University No. 1, Section 1, XiangLin road, Longmatan District Luzhou 646000 China
| | - Xiao‐Wei Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University No. 1, Section 1, XiangLin road, Longmatan District Luzhou 646000 China
| | - Li Wang
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University No. 25 Taiping road, Jiangyang District Luzhou 646000 China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University No. 25 Taiping road, Jiangyang District Luzhou 646000 China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University No. 1, Section 1, XiangLin road, Longmatan District Luzhou 646000 China
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4
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Thomson RES, D'Cunha SA, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ. Use of engineered cytochromes P450 for accelerating drug discovery and development. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:195-252. [PMID: 35953156 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous steps in drug development, including the generation of authentic metabolites and late-stage functionalization of candidates, necessitate the modification of often complex molecules, such as natural products. While it can be challenging to make the required regio- and stereoselective alterations to a molecule using purely chemical catalysis, enzymes can introduce changes to complex molecules with a high degree of stereo- and regioselectivity. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are biocatalysts of unequalled versatility, capable of regio- and stereoselective functionalization of unactivated CH bonds by monooxygenation. Collectively they catalyze over 60 different biotransformations on structurally and functionally diverse organic molecules, including natural products, drugs, steroids, organic acids and other lipophilic molecules. This catalytic versatility and substrate range makes them likely candidates for application as potential biocatalysts for industrial chemistry. However, several aspects of the P450 catalytic cycle and other characteristics have limited their implementation to date in industry, including: their lability at elevated temperature, in the presence of solvents, and over lengthy incubation times; the typically low efficiency with which they metabolize non-natural substrates; and their lack of specificity for a single metabolic pathway. Protein engineering by rational design or directed evolution provides a way to engineer P450s for industrial use. Here we review the progress made to date toward engineering the properties of P450s, especially eukaryotic forms, for industrial application, and including the recent expansion of their catalytic repertoire to include non-natural reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raine E S Thomson
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephlina A D'Cunha
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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5
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Yan Y, Wu J, Hu G, Gao C, Guo L, Chen X, Liu L, Song W. Current state and future perspectives of cytochrome P450 enzymes for C–H and C=C oxygenation. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:887-899. [PMID: 35601824 PMCID: PMC9112060 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) catalyze a series of C–H and C=C oxygenation reactions, including hydroxylation, epoxidation, and ketonization. They are attractive biocatalysts because of their ability to selectively introduce oxygen into inert molecules under mild conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the C–H and C=C oxygenation reactions catalyzed by CYPs and the various strategies for achieving higher selectivity and enzymatic activity. Furthermore, we discuss the application of C–H and C=C oxygenation catalyzed by CYPs to obtain the desired chemicals or pharmaceutical intermediates in practical production. The rapid development of protein engineering for CYPs provides excellent biocatalysts for selective C–H and C=C oxygenation reactions, thereby promoting the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guipeng Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Corresponding author.
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6
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Grogan G. Hemoprotein Catalyzed Oxygenations: P450s, UPOs, and Progress toward Scalable Reactions. JACS AU 2021; 1:1312-1329. [PMID: 34604841 PMCID: PMC8479775 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of nonactivated carbon atoms is an ongoing synthetic challenge, and biocatalysts, particularly hemoprotein oxygenases, continue to be investigated for their potential, given both their sustainable chemistry credentials and also their superior selectivity. However, issues of stability, activity, and complex reaction requirements often render these biocatalytic oxygenations problematic with respect to scalable industrial processes. A continuing focus on Cytochromes P450 (P450s), which require a reduced nicotinamide cofactor and redox protein partners for electron transport, has now led to better catalysts and processes with a greater understanding of process requirements and limitations for both in vitro and whole-cell systems. However, the discovery and development of unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) has also recently provided valuable complementary technology to P450-catalyzed reactions. UPOs need only hydrogen peroxide to effect oxygenations but are hampered by their sensitivity to peroxide and also by limited selectivity. In this Perspective, we survey recent developments in the engineering of proteins, cells, and processes for oxygenations by these two groups of hemoproteins and evaluate their potential and relative merits for scalable reactions.
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Zhao P, Chen J, Ma N, Chen J, Qin X, Liu C, Yao F, Yao L, Jin L, Cong Z. Enabling highly ( R)-enantioselective epoxidation of styrene by engineering unique non-natural P450 peroxygenases. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6307-6314. [PMID: 34084428 PMCID: PMC8115292 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00317h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike the excellent (S)-enantioselective epoxidation of styrene performed by natural styrene monooxygenases (ee > 99%), the (R)-enantioselective epoxidation of styrene has not yet achieved a comparable efficiency using natural or engineered oxidative enzymes. This report describes the H2O2-dependent (R)-enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalized styrene and its derivatives by site-mutated variants of a unique non-natural P450BM3 peroxygenase, working in tandem with a dual-functional small molecule (DFSM). The observed (R)-enantiomeric excess (ee) of styrene epoxidation is up to 99% with a turnover number (TON) of 918 by the best enantioselective mutant F87A/T268I/L181Q, while the best active mutant F87A/T268I/V78A/A184L (with 98% ee) gave a catalytic TON of 4350, representing the best activity of a P450 peroxygenase towards styrene epoxidation to date. Following this approach, a set of styrene derivatives, such as o-, m-, p-chlorostyrenes and fluorostyrenes, could also be epoxidized with modest to very good TONs (362–3480) and high (R)-enantioselectivities (95–99% ee). The semi-preparative scale synthesis of (R)-styrene oxide performed at 0 °C with high conversion, maintaining enantioselectivity, and moderate isolated yields, further suggests the potential application of the current P450 enzymatic system in styrene epoxidation. This study indicates that the synergistic use of protein engineering and an exogenous DFSM constitutes an efficient strategy to control the enantioselectivity of styrene epoxidation, thus substantially expanding the chemical scope of P450 enzymes as useful bio-oxidative catalysts. H2O2-dependent epoxidation of unfunctionalized styrenes is achieved with high (R)-enantioselectivity and moderate to excellent TONs by combining site-mutated variants of cytochrome P450BM3 monooxygenase and a dual-functional small molecule (DFSM).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Panxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Nana Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jingfei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Xiangquan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China .,Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University Yanji Jilin 133002 China
| | - Chuanfei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Fuquan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Lishan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Longyi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University Yanji Jilin 133002 China
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao Shandong 266101 China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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8
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Rauch MCR, Tieves F, Paul CE, Arends IWCE, Alcalde M, Hollmann F. Peroxygenase-Catalysed Epoxidation of Styrene Derivatives in Neat Reaction Media. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:4519-4523. [PMID: 31762830 PMCID: PMC6853256 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic oxyfunctionalisation reactions are traditionally conducted in aqueous media limiting their production yield. Here we report the application of a peroxygenase in neat reaction conditions reaching product concentrations of up to 360 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine C. R. Rauch
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyDelft2629HZThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Tieves
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyDelft2629HZThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyDelft2629HZThe Netherlands
| | | | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of BiocatalysisInstitute of Catalysis, CSIC28049MadridSpain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyDelft2629HZThe Netherlands
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Wei X, Zhang C, Gao X, Gao Y, Yang Y, Guo K, Du X, Pu L, Wang Q. Enhanced Activity and Substrate Specificity by Site-Directed Mutagenesis for the P450 119 Peroxygenase Catalyzed Sulfoxidation of Thioanisole. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1076-1083. [PMID: 31406654 PMCID: PMC6682931 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
P450 119 peroxygenase was found to catalyze the sulfoxidation of thioanisole and the sulfonation of sulfoxide in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) for the first time with turnover rates of 1549 min-1 and 196 min-1 respectively. Several mutants were designed to improve the peroxygenation activity and thioanisole specificity by site-directed mutagenesis. The F153G/T213G mutant gave an increase of sulfoxide yield and a decrease of sulfone yield. Moreover the S148P/I161T/K199E/T214V mutant and the K199E mutant with acidic Glu residue contributed to improving the product ratio of sulfoxide to sulfone. Addition of short-alkyl-chain organic acids to the P450 119 peroxygenase-catalyzed sulfur oxidation of thioanisole was investigated. Octanoic acid was found to induce a preferred sulfoxidation of thioanisole catalyzed by the F153G/T213G mutant to give approximately 2.4-fold increase in turnover rate with a k cat value of 3687 min-1 relative to that of the wild-type, and by the F153G mutant to give the R-sulfoxide up to 30 % ee. The experimental control and the proposed mechanism for the P450 119 peroxygenase-catalyzed sulfoxidation of thioanisole in the presence of octanoic acid suggested that octanoic acid could partially occupy the substrate pocket; meanwhile the F153G mutation could enhance the substrate specificity, which could lead to efficiently regulate the spatial orientation of thioanisole and facilitate the formation of Compound I. This is the most effective catalytic system for the P450 119 peroxygenase-catalyzed sulfoxidation of thioanisole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan 646000 P. R. China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan 646000 P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan 646000 P. R. China
| | - Yanping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan 646000 P. R. China
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan 646000 P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan 646000 P. R. China
| | - Xi Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan 646000 P. R. China
| | - Lin Pu
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan 646000 P. R. China
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10
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Xu J, Wang C, Cong Z. Strategies for Substrate-Regulated P450 Catalysis: From Substrate Engineering to Co-catalysis. Chemistry 2019; 25:6853-6863. [PMID: 30698852 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) catalyze the monooxygenation of various organic substrates. These enzymes are fascinating and promising biocatalysts for synthetic applications. Despite the impressive abilities of P450s in the oxidation of C-H bonds, their practical applications are restricted by intrinsic drawbacks, such as poor stability, low turnover rates, the need for expensive cofactors (e.g., NAD(P)H), and the narrow scope of useful non-native substrates. These issues may be overcome through the general strategy of protein engineering, which focuses on the improvement of the catalysts themselves. Alternatively, several emerging strategies have been developed that regulate the P450 catalytic process from the viewpoint of the substrate. These strategies include substrate engineering, decoy molecule, and dual-functional small-molecule co-catalysis. Substrate engineering focuses on improving the substrate acceptance and reaction selectivity by means of an anchoring group. The latter two strategies utilize co-substrate-like small molecules that either are proposed to reform the active site, thereby switching the substrate specificity, or directly participate in the catalytic process, thereby creating new catalytic peroxygenation capabilities towards non-native substrates. For at least 10 years, these approaches have played unique roles in solving the problems highlighted above, either alone or in conjunction with protein engineering. Herein, we review three strategies for substrate regulation in the P450-catalyzed oxidation of non-native substrates. Furthermore, we address remaining challenges and potential solutions associated with these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of, Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Chunlan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of, Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of, Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
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11
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Zhang W, Hollmann F. Nonconventional regeneration of redox enzymes - a practical approach for organic synthesis? Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7281-7289. [PMID: 29714371 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02219d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases have become useful tools in the hands of chemists to perform selective and mild oxidation and reduction reactions. Instead of mimicking native catalytic cycles, generally involving costly and unstable nicotinamide cofactors, more direct, NAD(P)-independent methodologies are being developed. The promise of these approaches not only lies with simpler and cheaper reaction schemes but also with higher selectivity as compared to whole cell approaches and their mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyuan Zhang
- Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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12
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Dong J, Fernández‐Fueyo E, Hollmann F, Paul CE, Pesic M, Schmidt S, Wang Y, Younes S, Zhang W. Biocatalytic Oxidation Reactions: A Chemist's Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9238-9261. [PMID: 29573076 PMCID: PMC6099261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation chemistry using enzymes is approaching maturity and practical applicability in organic synthesis. Oxidoreductases (enzymes catalysing redox reactions) enable chemists to perform highly selective and efficient transformations ranging from simple alcohol oxidations to stereoselective halogenations of non-activated C-H bonds. For many of these reactions, no "classical" chemical counterpart is known. Hence oxidoreductases open up shorter synthesis routes based on a more direct access to the target products. The generally very mild reaction conditions may also reduce the environmental impact of biocatalytic reactions compared to classical counterparts. In this Review, we critically summarise the most important recent developments in the field of biocatalytic oxidation chemistry and identify the most pressing bottlenecks as well as promising solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Dong
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández‐Fueyo
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Sabry Younes
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
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13
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Dong J, Fernández-Fueyo E, Hollmann F, Paul CE, Pesic M, Schmidt S, Wang Y, Younes S, Zhang W. Biokatalytische Oxidationsreaktionen - aus der Sicht eines Chemikers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Dong
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Sabry Younes
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
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14
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Ma N, Chen Z, Chen J, Chen J, Wang C, Zhou H, Yao L, Shoji O, Watanabe Y, Cong Z. Dual-Functional Small Molecules for Generating an Efficient Cytochrome P450BM3 Peroxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7628-7633. [PMID: 29481719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a unique strategy for the development of a H2 O2 -dependent cytochrome P450BM3 system, which catalyzes the monooxygenation of non-native substrates with the assistance of dual-functional small molecules (DFSMs), such as N-(ω-imidazolyl fatty acyl)-l-amino acids. The acyl amino acid group of DFSM is responsible for bounding to enzyme as an anchoring group, while the imidazolyl group plays the role of general acid-base catalyst in the activation of H2 O2 . This system affords the best peroxygenase activity for the epoxidation of styrene, sulfoxidation of thioanisole, and hydroxylation of ethylbenzene among those P450-H2 O2 system previously reported. This work provides the first example of the activation of the normally H2 O2 -inert P450s through the introduction of an exogenous small molecule. This approach improves the potential use of P450s in organic synthesis as it avoids the expensive consumption of the reduced nicotinamide cofactor NAD(P)H and its dependent electron transport system. This introduces a promising approach for exploiting enzyme activity and function based on direct chemical intervention in the catalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingfei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Lishan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
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15
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Ma N, Chen Z, Chen J, Chen J, Wang C, Zhou H, Yao L, Shoji O, Watanabe Y, Cong Z. Dual-Functional Small Molecules for Generating an Efficient Cytochrome P450BM3 Peroxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University; Yichang Hubei 443002 China
| | - Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jingfei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University; Yichang Hubei 443002 China
| | - Lishan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
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16
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Oelschlägel M, Zimmerling J, Tischler D. A Review: The Styrene Metabolizing Cascade of Side-Chain Oxygenation as Biotechnological Basis to Gain Various Valuable Compounds. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:490. [PMID: 29623070 PMCID: PMC5874493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Styrene is one of the most produced and processed chemicals worldwide and is released into the environment during widespread processing. But, it is also produced from plants and microorganisms. The natural occurrence of styrene led to several microbiological strategies to form and also to degrade styrene. One pathway designated as side-chain oxygenation has been reported as a specific route for the styrene degradation among microorganisms. It comprises the following enzymes: styrene monooxygenase (SMO; NADH-consuming and FAD-dependent, two-component system), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI; cofactor independent, membrane-bound protein) and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD; NAD+-consuming) and allows an intrinsic cofactor regeneration. This specific way harbors a high potential for biotechnological use. Based on the enzymatic steps involved in this degradation route, important reactions can be realized from a large number of substrates which gain access to different interesting precursors for further applications. Furthermore, stereochemical transformations are possible, offering chiral products at high enantiomeric excess. This review provides an actual view on the microbiological styrene degradation followed by a detailed discussion on the enzymes of the side-chain oxygenation. Furthermore, the potential of the single enzyme reactions as well as the respective multi-step syntheses using the complete enzyme cascade are discussed in order to gain styrene oxides, phenylacetaldehydes, or phenylacetic acids (e.g., ibuprofen). Altered routes combining these putative biocatalysts with other enzymes are additionally described. Thus, the substrates spectrum can be enhanced and additional products as phenylethanols or phenylethylamines are reachable. Finally, additional enzymes with similar activities toward styrene and its metabolic intermediates are shown in order to modify the cascade described above or to use these enzyme independently for biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Oelschlägel
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Zimmerling
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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17
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Wang L, Wei S, Pan X, Liu P, Du X, Zhang C, Pu L, Wang Q. Enhanced Turnover for the P450 119 Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of Styrenes by Random Mutagenesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:2741-2749. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
| | - Siping Wei
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
| | - Xianchao Pan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
| | - Pingxian Liu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
| | - Xi Du
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
| | - Lin Pu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Sichuan 646000 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
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18
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Harris KL, Thomson RES, Strohmaier SJ, Gumulya Y, Gillam EMJ. Determinants of thermostability in the cytochrome P450 fold. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:97-115. [PMID: 28822812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are found throughout the biosphere in a wide range of environments, serving a multitude of physiological functions. The ubiquity of the P450 fold suggests that it has been co-opted by evolution many times, and likely presents a useful compromise between structural stability and conformational flexibility. The diversity of substrates metabolized and reactions catalyzed by P450s makes them attractive starting materials for use as biocatalysts of commercially useful reactions. However, process conditions impose different requirements on enzymes to those in which they have evolved naturally. Most natural environments are relatively mild, and therefore most P450s have not been selected in Nature for the ability to withstand temperatures above ~40°C, yet industrial processes frequently require extended incubations at much higher temperatures. Thus, there has been considerable interest and effort invested in finding or engineering thermostable P450 systems. Numerous P450s have now been identified in thermophilic organisms and analysis of their structures provides information as to mechanisms by which the P450 fold can be stabilized. In addition, protein engineering, particularly by directed or artificial evolution, has revealed mutations that serve to stabilize particular mesophilic enzymes of interest. Here we review the current understanding of thermostability as it applies to the P450 fold, gleaned from the analysis of P450s characterized from thermophilic organisms and the parallel engineering of mesophilic forms for greater thermostability. We then present a perspective on how this information might be used to design stable P450 enzymes for industrial application. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt L Harris
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Raine E S Thomson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Silja J Strohmaier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Yosephine Gumulya
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
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19
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Zhou P, Wang X, Yang B, Hollmann F, Wang Y. Chemoenzymatic epoxidation of alkenes with Candida antarctica lipase B and hydrogen peroxide in deep eutectic solvents. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00805h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxides are important synthetic intermediates for the synthesis of a broad range of industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhou
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Xuping Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delft University of Technology
- Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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