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Small Molecules as Toll-like Receptor 4 Modulators Drug and In-House Computational Repurposing. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092326. [PMID: 36140427 PMCID: PMC9496124 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immunity toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) system is a receptor of paramount importance as a therapeutic target. Virtual screening following a “computer-aided drug repurposing” approach was applied to the discovery of novel TLR4 modulators with a non-lipopolysaccharide-like structure. We screened almost 29,000 approved drugs and drug-like molecules from commercial, public, and in-house academia chemical libraries and, after biological assays, identified several compounds with TLR4 antagonist activity. Our computational protocol showed to be a robust approach for the identification of hits with drug-like scaffolds as possible inhibitors of the TLR4 innate immune pathways. Our collaborative work broadens the chemical diversity for inspiration of new classes of TLR4 modulators.
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2
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Matamoros‐Recio A, Franco‐Gonzalez JF, Perez‐Regidor L, Billod J, Guzman‐Caldentey J, Martin‐Santamaria S. Full-Atom Model of the Agonist LPS-Bound Toll-like Receptor 4 Dimer in a Membrane Environment. Chemistry 2021; 27:15406-15425. [PMID: 34569111 PMCID: PMC8596573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) innate immunity system is a membrane receptor of paramount importance as therapeutic target. Its assembly, upon binding of Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and also dependent on the membrane composition, finally triggers the immune response cascade. We have combined ab-initio calculations, molecular docking, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, and thermodynamics calculations to provide the most realistic and complete 3D models of the active full TLR4 complex embedded into a realistic membrane to date. Our studies give functional and structural insights into the transmembrane domain behavior in different membrane environments, the ectodomain bouncing movement, and the dimerization patterns of the intracellular Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain. Our work provides TLR4 models as reasonable 3D structures for the (TLR4/MD-2/LPS)2 architecture accounting for the active (agonist) state of the TLR4, and pointing to a signal transduction mechanism across cell membrane. These observations unveil relevant molecular aspects involved in the TLR4 innate immune pathways and will promote the discovery of new TLR4 modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Matamoros‐Recio
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Juan Felipe Franco‐Gonzalez
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Lucia Perez‐Regidor
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Jean‐Marc Billod
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Joan Guzman‐Caldentey
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Sonsoles Martin‐Santamaria
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
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3
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Su L, Feng Y, Wei K, Xu X, Liu R, Chen G. Carbohydrate-Based Macromolecular Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10950-11029. [PMID: 34338501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into two categories: Carbohydrates as matter and carbohydrates as information. As matter, carbohydrates are abundantly present in the extracellular matrix of animals and cell walls of various plants, bacteria, fungi, etc., serving as scaffolds. Some commonly found polysaccharides are featured as biocompatible materials with controllable rigidity and functionality, forming polymeric biomaterials which are widely used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. As information, carbohydrates are usually referred to the glycans from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans, which bind to proteins or other carbohydrates, thereby meditating the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These glycans could be simplified as synthetic glycopolymers, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, which could be afforded through polymerization, multistep synthesis, or a semisynthetic strategy. The information role of carbohydrates can be demonstrated not only as targeting reagents but also as immune antigens and adjuvants. The latter are also included in this review as they are always in a macromolecular formulation. In this review, we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials since 2010 while emphasizing the fundamental understanding to guide the rational design of biomaterials. Carbohydrate-based macromolecules on the basis of their resources and chemical structures will be discussed, including naturally occurring polysaccharides, naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides, glycopolymers/glycodendrimers, supramolecular glycopolymers, and synthetic glycolipids/glycoproteins. Multiscale structure-function relationships in several major application areas, including delivery systems, tissue engineering, and immunology, will be detailed. We hope this review will provide valuable information for the development of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials and build a bridge between the carbohydrates as matter and the carbohydrates as information to promote new biomaterial design in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Yingle Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Department of Materials meet Life, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Xuyang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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4
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Prašnikar E, Perdih A, Borišek J. Nonameric Peptide Orchestrates Signal Transduction in the Activating HLA-E/NKG2C/CD94 Immune Complex as Revealed by All-Atom Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6670. [PMID: 34206395 PMCID: PMC8268078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system's natural killer (NK) cells exert their cytolytic function against a variety of pathological challenges, including tumors and virally infected cells. Their activation depends on net signaling mediated via inhibitory and activating receptors that interact with specific ligands displayed on the surfaces of target cells. The CD94/NKG2C heterodimer is one of the NK activating receptors and performs its function by interacting with the trimeric ligand comprised of the HLA-E/β2m/nonameric peptide complex. Here, simulations of the all-atom multi-microsecond molecular dynamics in five immune complexes provide atomistic insights into the receptor-ligand molecular recognition, as well as the molecular events that facilitate the NK cell activation. We identify NKG2C, the HLA-Eα2 domain, and the nonameric peptide as the key elements involved in the molecular machinery of signal transduction via an intertwined hydrogen bond network. Overall, the study addresses the complex intricacies that are necessary to understand the mechanisms of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Prašnikar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Borišek
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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5
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Yin XG, Lu J, Wang J, Zhang RY, Wang XF, Liao CM, Liu XP, Liu Z, Guo J. Synthesis and Evaluation of Liposomal Anti-GM3 Cancer Vaccine Candidates Covalently and Noncovalently Adjuvanted by αGalCer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1951-1965. [PMID: 33539088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GM3, a typical tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, is considered as an important target for cancer vaccine development, but its low immunogenicity limits its application. αGalCer, an iNKT cell agonist, has been employed as an adjuvant via a unique immune mode. Herein, we prepared and investigated two types of antitumor vaccine candidates: (a) self-adjuvanting vaccine GM3-αGalCer by conjugating GM3 with αGalCer and (b) noncovalent vaccine GM3-lipid/αGalCer, in which GM3 is linked with lipid anchor and coassembled with αGalCer. This demonstrated that βGalCer is an exceptionally optimized lipid anchor, which enables the noncovalent vaccine candidate GM3-βGalCer/αGalCer to evoke a comparable antibody level to GM3-αGalCer. However, the antibodies induced by GM3-αGalCer are better at recognition B16F10 cancer cells and more effectively activate the complement system. Our study highlights the importance of vaccine constructs utilizing covalent or noncovalent assembly between αGalCer with carbohydrate antigens and choosing an appropriate lipid anchor for use in noncovalent vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Guang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Miao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
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Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV strategy modulates the innate and adaptive immune systems with broader activation to redeploy antitumor immunity with individualized tumor-specific antigens (neoantigens). Following a sequential scheme of tumor biopsy, mutation analysis, and epitope prediction, the administration of neoantigens with synthetic long peptide (SLP) or mRNA formulations dramatically improves the population and activity of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Despite the promising prospect of PCVs, there is still great potential for optimizing prevaccination procedures and vaccine potency. In particular, the arduous development of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-based vaccines provides valuable experience and rational principles for augmenting vaccine potency which is expected to advance PCV through the design of adjuvants, delivery systems, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) reversion since current personalized vaccination simply admixes antigens with adjuvants. Considering the broader application of TAA-based vaccine design, these two strategies complement each other and can lead to both personalized and universal therapeutic methods. Chemical strategies provide vast opportunities for (1) exploring novel adjuvants, including synthetic molecules and materials with optimizable activity, (2) constructing efficient and precise delivery systems to avoid systemic diffusion, improve biosafety, target secondary lymphoid organs, and enhance antigen presentation, and (3) combining bioengineering methods to innovate improvements in conventional vaccination, "smartly" re-educate the TME, and modulate antitumor immunity. As chemical strategies have proven versatility, reliability, and universality in the design of T cell- and B cell-based antitumor vaccines, the union of such numerous chemical methods in vaccine construction is expected to provide new vigor and vitality in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 100069 Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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7
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Kobayashi Y, Takemoto Y. Regio- and stereoselective glycosylation of 1,2-O-unprotected sugars using organoboron catalysts. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Vaccines are powerful tools that can activate the immune system for protection against various diseases. As carbohydrates can play important roles in immune recognition, they have been widely applied in vaccine development. Carbohydrate antigens have been investigated in vaccines against various pathogenic microbes and cancer. Polysaccharides such as dextran and β-glucan can serve as smart vaccine carriers for efficient antigen delivery to immune cells. Some glycolipids, such as galactosylceramide and monophosphoryl lipid A, are strong immune stimulators, which have been studied as vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we focus on the current advances in applying carbohydrates as vaccine delivery carriers and adjuvants. We will discuss the examples that involve chemical modifications of the carbohydrates for effective antigen delivery, as well as covalent antigen-carbohydrate conjugates for enhanced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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9
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Chen PG, Hu HG, Sun ZY, Li QQ, Zhang BD, Wu JJ, Li WH, Zhao YF, Chen YX, Li YM. Fully Synthetic Invariant NKT Cell-Dependent Self-Adjuvanting Antitumor Vaccines Eliciting Potent Immune Response in Mice. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:417-425. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Guang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Guo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Zhan-Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Dou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (the Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 100069 Beijing, China
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10
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Sánchez-Fernández EM, García-Moreno MI, Arroba AI, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Padrón JM, García-Hernández R, Gamarro F, Fustero S, Sánchez-Aparicio JE, Masgrau L, García Fernández JM, Ortiz Mellet C. Synthesis of polyfluoroalkyl sp 2-iminosugar glycolipids and evaluation of their immunomodulatory properties towards anti-tumor, anti-leishmanial and anti-inflammatory therapies. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111604. [PMID: 31425910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory glycolipids, among which α-galactosylceramide (KRN7000) is an iconic example, have shown strong therapeutic potential in a variety of conditions ranging from cancer and infection to autoimmune or neurodegenerative diseases. A main difficulty for those channels is that they often provoke a cytokine storm comprising both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators that antagonize each other and negatively affect the immune response. The synthesis of analogues with narrower cytokine secretion-inducing capabilities is hampered by the intrinsic difficulty at controlling the stereochemical outcome in glycosidation reactions, particularly if targeting the α-anomer, which seriously hampers drug optimization strategies. Here we show that replacing the monosaccharide glycone by a sp2-iminosugar glycomimetic moiety allows accessing N-linked sp2-iminosugar glycolipids (sp2-IGLs) with total α-stereocontrol in a single step with no need of protecting groups or glycosidation promotors. The lipid tail has been then readily tailored by incorporating polyfluoroalkyl segments of varied lengths in view of favouring binding to the lipid binding site of the master p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), thereby polarizing the immune response in a cell-context dependent manner. The compounds have been evaluated for their antiproliferative, anti-leishmanial and anti-inflammatory activities in different cell assays. The size of the fluorous segment was found to be critical for the biological activity, probably by regulating the aggregation and membrane-crossing properties, whereas the hydroxylation profile (gluco or galacto-like) was less relevant. Biochemical and computational data further support a mechanism of action implying binding to the allosteric lipid binding site of p38 MAPK and subsequent activation of the noncanonical autophosphorylation route. The ensemble of results provide a proof of concept of the potential of sp2-IGLs as immunoregulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Sánchez-Fernández
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, C/ Profesor García González 1, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | - Ma Isabel García-Moreno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, C/ Profesor García González 1, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Arroba
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Av/ Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain; Research Unit, Jerez University Hospital, Carretera Circunvalación s/n, 11407, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain.
| | - Manuel Aguilar-Diosdado
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Av/ Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain; Research Unit, Jerez University Hospital, Carretera Circunvalación s/n, 11407, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de la Laguna, PO BOX 456, 38200, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Hernández
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Santos Fustero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - Laura Masgrau
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Manuel García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, C/ Profesor García González 1, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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11
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Chen XZ, Zhang RY, Wang XF, Yin XG, Wang J, Wang YC, Liu X, Du JJ, Liu Z, Guo J. Peptide-free Synthetic Nicotine Vaccine Candidates with α-Galactosylceramide as Adjuvant. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1467-1476. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Guang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Du
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
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12
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Cai J, Wang H, Wang D, Li Y. Improving Cancer Vaccine Efficiency by Nanomedicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800287. [PMID: 32627400 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, which have been widely investigated in the past few decades, are one of the most attractive strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Through the precise delivery of antigens and adjuvants to lymphoid organs or lymphocytes via nanotechnology, innate and adaptive immunity can be boosted to prevent the growth and relapse of malignant tumors. Indeed, nanomedicine offers great opportunities to improve the efficiency of vaccines. Various functional platforms are used to deliver small molecules, peptides, nucleic acids, and even whole cell antigens to the target area of interest, achieving enhanced antitumor immunity and durable therapeutic benefits. Herein, the recent progress in cancer vaccines based on nanotechnology is summarized. Novel platforms used for delivering tumor antigens, promoting adjuvant functions, and combining other therapeutic strategies are discussed. Moreover, possible striving directions and major challenges of nanomedicine for vaccination are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, 201203, Shanghai, China.,China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Dangge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
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13
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An R, Gu Z, Sun H, Hu Y, Yan R, Ye D, Liu H. Self-assembly of Fluorescent Dehydroberberine Enhances Mitochondria-Dependent Antitumor Efficacy. Chemistry 2018; 24:9812-9819. [PMID: 29766578 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective imaging and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in tumor cells using mitochondria-targeting probes has become as a promising approach for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we report the design of a fluorescent berberine analog, dehydroberberine (DH-BBR), as a new mitochondria-targeting probe capable of self-assembling into monodisperse organic nanoparticles (DTNPs) upon integration with a lipophilic counter anion, allowing for enhanced fluorescence imaging and treatment of tumors in living mice. X-ray crystallography revealed that the self-assembly process was attributed to a synergy of different molecular interactions, including π-π stacking, O⋅⋅⋅π interaction and electrostatic interaction between DH-BBR and counter anions. We demonstrated that DTNPs could efficiently enter tumor tissue following intravenous injection and enhance mitochondrial delivery of DH-BBR via an electrostatic interaction driven anion exchange process. Selective accumulation in the mitochondria capable of emitting strong fluorescence and causing mitochondrial dysfunction was achieved, enabling efficient inhibition of tumor growth in living mice. This study demonstrates promise for applying lipophilic anions to control molecular self-assembly and tune antitumor activity of mitochondria-targeting probes, which can facilitate to improve cancer treatment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing An
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuxuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Runqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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14
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Ziaco M, Górska S, Traboni S, Razim A, Casillo A, Iadonisi A, Gamian A, Corsaro MM, Bedini E. Development of Clickable Monophosphoryl Lipid A Derivatives toward Semisynthetic Conjugates with Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9757-9768. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Ziaco
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabina Górska
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Razim
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Angela Casillo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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15
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Liu Z, Guo J. NKT-cell glycolipid agonist as adjuvant in synthetic vaccine. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Casillo A, Ziaco M, Lindner B, Parrilli E, Schwudke D, Holgado A, Verstrepen L, Sannino F, Beyaert R, Lanzetta R, Tutino ML, Corsaro MM. Unusual Lipid A from a Cold-Adapted Bacterium: Detailed Structural Characterization. Chembiochem 2017. [PMID: 28650563 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H is a Gram-negative cold-adapted microorganism that adopts many strategies to cope with the limitations associated with the low temperatures of its habitat. In this study, we report the complete characterization of the lipid A moiety from the lipopolysaccharide of Colwellia. Lipid A and its partially deacylated derivative were completely characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and chemical analysis. An unusual structure with a 3-hydroxy unsaturated tetradecenoic acid as a component of the primary acylation pattern was identified. In addition, the presence of a partially acylated phosphoglycerol moiety on the secondary acylation site at the 3-position of the reducing 2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose unit caused tremendous natural heterogeneity in the structure of lipid A. Biological-activity assays indicated that C. psychrerythraea 34H lipid A did not show an agonistic or antagonistic effect upon testing in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Casillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Ziaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Buko Lindner
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 10, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ermenegilda Parrilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 10, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Aurora Holgado
- Unit for Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Verstrepen
- Unit for Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomena Sannino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit for Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Tutino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
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17
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Altiti AS, Ma X, Zhang L, Ban Y, Franck RW, Mootoo DR. Synthesis and biological activities of C-glycosides of KRN 7000 with novel ceramide residues. Carbohydr Res 2017; 443-444:73-77. [PMID: 28365448 PMCID: PMC5499692 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The identification of immunoactive agents for clinical and mechanistic applications is a very active area of research. In this vein, analogues of the potent immunostimulant KRN 7000 with diverse cytokine profiles have attracted considerable attention. These compounds have been shown to activate iNKT cells via presentation by CD1d. Herein, we report on the synthesis and activity for four new C-glycosides of KRN 7000, 11-phenylundecanoyl and 11-p-fluorophenylundecanoyl derivatives of C-KRN 7000, 2,3-bis-epi-C-KRN 7000 and the reverse amide of C-KRN 7000. In mice, compared to C-KRN 7000, 2,3-bis-epi-C-KRN 7000 stimulated higher release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and lower release of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12. The phenyl terminated alkanoyl and reverse amide analogues were inactive. These data suggest that structure activity effects for KRN 7000 are not necessarily additive and their use in the design of new analogues will require an improved understanding of how subtle structural changes impact on cytokine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Altiti
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lixing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi Ban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Richard W Franck
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David R Mootoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, CUNY, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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18
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Bowman JD, Surani S, Horseman MA. Endotoxin, Toll-like Receptor-4, and Atherosclerotic Heart Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:86-93. [PMID: 27586023 PMCID: PMC5452150 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160901145313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constituent of the outer membrane of most gram negative bacteria. Ubiquitous in the environment, it has been implicated as a cause or con-tributing factor in several disparate disorders from sepsis to heatstroke and Type II diabetes mellitus. Starting at birth, the innate immune system develops cellular defense mechanisms against environmen-tal microbes that are in part modulated through a series of receptors known as toll-like receptors. Endo-toxin, often referred to as LPS, binds to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/ myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) complexes on various tissues including cells of the innate immune system, smooth muscle and endothelial cells of blood vessels including coronary arteries, and adipose tissue. Entry of LPS into the systemic circulation ultimately leads to intracellular transcription of several inflammatory mediators. The subsequent inflammation has been implicated in the development and progression atherosclerosis and subsequent coronary artery disease and heart failure. Objective: The potential roles of endotoxin and TLR4 are reviewed regarding their role in the pathogen-esis of atherosclerotic heart disease. Conclusion: Atherosclerosis is initiated by inflammation in arterial endothelial and subendothelial cells, and inflammatory processes are implicated in its progression to clinical heart disease. Endotoxin and TLR4 play a central role in the inflammatory process, and represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Therapy with HMG-CoA inhibitors may reduce the expression of TLR4 on monocytes. Other therapeutic interventions targeting TLR4 expression or function may prove beneficial in athero-sclerotic disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Bowman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX, United States
| | - Salim Surani
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael A Horseman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX, United States
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19
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Yin XG, Chen XZ, Sun WM, Geng XS, Zhang XK, Wang J, Ji PP, Zhou ZY, Baek DJ, Yang GF, Liu Z, Guo J. IgG Antibody Response Elicited by a Fully Synthetic Two-Component Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Vaccine Candidate with α-Galactosylceramide as Built-in Adjuvant. Org Lett 2017; 19:456-459. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Guang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Zhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Mei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Shan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Kang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Pan-Pan Ji
- Department
of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhou
- Department
of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P. R. China
| | - Dong Jae Baek
- College
of Pharmacy, Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, 1666 Youngsan-ro, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
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