Coupling Reaction of Enol Derivatives with Silyl Ketene Acetals Catalyzed by Gallium Trihalides

Gallium(III)- and Indium(III)-Containing Ionic Liquids as Highly Active Catalysts in Organic Synthesis

The chemical industry still requires development of environmentally friendly processes. Acid-catalysed chemical processes may cause environmental problems. Urgent need to replace conventional acids has forced the search for sustainable alternatives. Metal-containing ionic liquids have drawn considerable attention from scientists for many years. These compounds may exhibit very high Lewis acidity, which is usually dependent on the composition of the ionic liquid with the particular content of metal salt. Therefore, metal-containing ionic liquids have found a lot of applications and are successfully employed as catalysts, co-catalysts or reaction media in various fields of chemistry, especially in organic chemistry. Gallium(III)- and indium(III)-containing ionic liquids help to transfer the remarkable activity of metal salts into even more active and easier-to-handle forms of ionic liquids. This review highlights the wide range of possible applications and the high potential of metal-containing ionic liquids with special focus on Ga(III) and In(III), which may help to outline the framework for further development of the presented research topic and synthesis of new representatives of this group of compounds.

Silver-Catalyzed Controlled Intermolecular Cross-Coupling of Silyl Enol Ethers: Scalable Access to 1,4-Diketones

A protocol for silver-catalyzed controlled intermolecular cross-coupling of silyl enolates is disclosed. The protocol displays good functional group tolerance and allows efficient preparation of a series of synthetically useful 1,4-diketones. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that the reaction proceeds through a one-electron process involving free radical species in which PhBr acts as the oxidant.

A theoretical study of the hydroboration of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds catalyzed by a metal-free complex and subsequent C–C coupling with acetonitrile

Herein, the density functional theory (DFT) method was employed to investigate the reaction mechanism of the selective hydroboration of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds catalyzed by the metal-free complex 1,3,2-diazaphospholene (DAP).

Carbometalation and Heterometalation of Carbon-Carbon Multiple-Bonds Using Group-13 Heavy Metals: Carbogallation, Carboindation, Heterogallation, and Heteroindation

Organogallium and -indium compounds are useful reagents in organic synthesis because of their moderate stability, efficient reactivity and high chemoselectivity. Carbogallation and -indation of a carbon-carbon multiple bond achieves the simultaneous formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-metal bonds. Heterogallation and -indation construct carbon-heteroatom and carbon-metal bonds. Therefore, these reaction systems represent a significant synthetic method for organogalliums and -indiums. Many chemists have attempted to apply various types of unsaturated compounds such as alkynes, alkenes, and allenes to these reaction systems. This minireview provides an overview of carboindation and -gallation as well as heteroindation and -gallation.

Acetylene in Organic Synthesis: Recent Progress and New Uses

Recent progress in the leading synthetic applications of acetylene is discussed from the prospect of rapid development and novel opportunities. A diversity of reactions involving the acetylene molecule to carry out vinylation processes, cross-coupling reactions, synthesis of substituted alkynes, preparation of heterocycles and the construction of a number of functionalized molecules with different levels of molecular complexity were recently studied. Of particular importance is the utilization of acetylene in the synthesis of pharmaceutical substances and drugs. The increasing interest in acetylene and its involvement in organic transformations highlights a fascinating renaissance of this simplest alkyne molecule.

Indium(iii) as π-acid catalyst for the electrophilic activation of carbon–carbon unsaturated systems

This review focuses on indium(iii) as a π-acid for the activation of C–C unsaturated systems (alkynes, alkenes, and allenes) in organic synthesis.

Synthesis of 2-aryloxy butenoates by copper-catalysed allylic C–H carboxylation of allyl aryl ethers with carbon dioxide

2-Aryloxy butenoates were efficiently synthesized by deprotonative alumination of ally aryl ethers and subsequent Cu-catalysed carboxylation with CO₂.