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Goncharova IK, Kutumov SP, Novikov RA, Shiryaeva TY, Volodin AD, Korlyukov AA, Arzumanyan AV. The selective synthesis of di- and cyclosiloxanes bearing several hidden p-tolyl-functionalities. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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2
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Sturm AG, Santowski T, Felder T, Lewis KM, Holthausen MC, Auner N. Müller–Rochow Reloaded: Single-Step Synthesis of Bifunctional Monosilanes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Sturm
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials, Chempark, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Kenrick M. Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials, 769 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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3
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Xu Y, Xu W, Chen X, Luo X, Lu H, Zhang M, Yang X, Deng G, Liang Y, Yang Y. Me 3SiSiMe 2(O n Bu): a disilane reagent for the synthesis of diverse silacycles via Brook- and retro-Brook-type rearrangement. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11756-11761. [PMID: 34659712 PMCID: PMC8442712 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a readily available disilane Me3SiSiMe2(OnBu) has been developed for the synthesis of diverse silacycles via Brook- and retro-Brook-type rearrangement. This protocol enables the incorporation of a silylene into different starting materials, including acrylamides, alkene-tethered 2-(2-iodophenyl)-1H-indoles, and 2-iodobiaryls, via the cleavage of Si–Si, Si–C, and Si–O bonds, leading to the formation of spirobenzosiloles, fused benzosiloles, and π-conjugated dibenzosiloles in moderate to good yields. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that this transformation is realized by successive palladium-catalyzed bis-silylation and Brook- and retro-Brook-type rearrangement of silane-tethered silanols. A readily available disilane Me3SiSiMe2(OnBu) as a silylene source has been developed for the synthesis of diverse silacycles via Brook- and retro-Brook-type rearrangement.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Xinyang Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Xiai Luo
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Haiyan Lu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Xiumei Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Guobo Deng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Yun Liang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Yuan Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
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4
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Sharma S, Basu S, Shetti NP, Nadagouda MN, Aminabhavi TM. Microplastics in the environment: Occurrence, perils, and eradication. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 408:127317. [PMID: 34017217 PMCID: PMC8129922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) with sizes < 5 mm are found in various compositions, shapes, morphologies, and textures that are the major sources of environmental pollution. The fraction of MPs in total weight of plastic accumulation around the world is predicted to be 13.2% by 2060. These micron-sized MPs are hazardous to marine species, birds, animals, soil creatures and humans due to their occurrence in air, water, soil, indoor dust and food items. The present review covers discussions on the damaging effects of MPs on the environment and their removal techniques including biodegradation, adsorption, catalytic, photocatalytic degradation, coagulation, filtration and electro-coagulation. The main techniques used to analyze the structural and surface changes such as cracks, holes and erosion post the degradation processes are FTIR and SEM analysis. In addition, reduction in plastic molecular weight by the microbes implies disintegration of MPs. Adsorptive removal by the magnetic adsorbent promises complete elimination while the biodegradable catalysts could remove 70-100% of MPs. Catalytic degradation via advanced oxidation assisted by S O 4 • - or O H • radicals generated by peroxymonosulfate or sodium sulfate are also adequately covered in addition to photocatalysis. The chemical methods such as sol-gel, agglomeration, and coagulation in conjunction with other physical methods are discussed concerning the drinking water/wastewater/sludge treatments. The efficacy, merits and demerits of the currently used removal approaches are reviewed that will be helpful in developing more sophisticated technologies for the complete mitigation of MPs from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Nagaraj P. Shetti
- Center for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi-580 027, Karnataka, India
| | - Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda
- The United States Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, CESER, WID, CMTB, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
- Corresponding authors. (M.N. Nadagouda), (T.M. Aminabhavi)
| | - Tejraj M. Aminabhavi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580 002, Karnataka, India
- Corresponding authors. (M.N. Nadagouda), (T.M. Aminabhavi)
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5
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Białoń M, Dziuk B, Olijnyk V. Copper‐Promoted Formation of Vinylsiloxanes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Białoń
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Opole Oleska 48 45‐052 Opole Poland
| | - Błażej Dziuk
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Opole Oleska 48 45‐052 Opole Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50‐370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Volodymyr Olijnyk
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Opole Oleska 48 45‐052 Opole Poland
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Santowski T, Sturm AG, Lewis KM, Felder T, Holthausen MC, Auner N. Disilane Cleavage with Selected Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Salts. Chemistry 2019; 25:13202-13207. [PMID: 31355503 PMCID: PMC6856802 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The industry-scale production of methylchloromonosilanes in the Müller-Rochow Direct Process is accompanied by the formation of a residue, the direct process residue (DPR), comprised of disilanes Men Si2 Cl6-n (n=1-6). Great research efforts have been devoted to the recycling of these disilanes into monosilanes to allow reintroduction into the siloxane production chain. In this work, disilane cleavage by using alkali and alkaline earth metal salts is reported. The reaction with metal hydrides, in particular lithium hydride (LiH), leads to efficient reduction of chlorine containing disilanes but also induces disproportionation into mono- and oligosilanes. Alkali and alkaline earth chlorides, formed in the course of the reduction, specifically induce disproportionation of highly chlorinated disilanes, whereas highly methylated disilanes (n>3) remain unreacted. Nearly quantitative DPR conversion into monosilanes was achieved by using concentrated HCl/ether solutions in the presence of lithium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Kenrick M. Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc.769 Old Saw Mill River RdTarrytownNY10591USA
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials GmbH, Chempark51368LeverkusenGermany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
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7
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Sturm AG, Santowski T, Schweizer JI, Meyer L, Lewis KM, Felder T, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Making Use of the Direct Process Residue: Synthesis of Bifunctional Monosilanes. Chemistry 2019; 25:8499-8502. [PMID: 31026105 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The industrial production of monosilanes Men SiCl4-n (n=1-3) through the Müller-Rochow Direct Process generates disilanes Men Si2 Cl6-n (n=2-6) as unwanted byproducts ("Direct Process Residue", DPR) by the thousands of tons annually, large quantities of which are usually disposed of by incineration. Herein we report a surprisingly facile and highly effective protocol for conversion of the DPR: hydrogenation with complex metal hydrides followed by Si-Si bond cleavage with HCl/ether solutions gives (mostly bifunctional) monosilanes in excellent yields. Competing side reactions are efficiently suppressed by the appropriate choice of reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Julia I Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Lioba Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Kenrick M Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials, 769 Old Saw Mill River Rd., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials, Chempark, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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8
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Sturm AG, Schweizer JI, Meyer L, Santowski T, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Lewis Base Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Monosilanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:17796-17801. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Lioba Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
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Herbort AF, Sturm MT, Schuhen K. A new approach for the agglomeration and subsequent removal of polyethylene, polypropylene, and mixtures of both from freshwater systems - a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15226-15234. [PMID: 29675819 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on a new concept for the sustainable removal of microplastics from freshwater systems, a case study for a pH-induced agglomeration and subsequent removal of polyethylene and polypropylene particles from water is presented. The two-step-based process includes firstly a localization and secondly an aggregation of microplastic particles (250-350 μM) in a physicochemical process. The research describes a strong increase in the particle size independent of pH of the aquatic milieu induced by the addition of trichlorosilane-substituted Si derivatives. The resulting Si-based microplastic aggregates (particle size after aggregation is 2-3 cm) could be easily removed by use of, e.g., sand traps. Due to the effect that microplastic particles form agglomeration products under every kind of process conditions (e.g., various pH, various polymer concentrations), the study shows a high potential for the sustainable removal of particles from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Frank Herbort
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz - Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Michael Toni Sturm
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz - Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Katrin Schuhen
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz - Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany.
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