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Pritzl RM, Witthaut K, Dialer M, Buda AT, Milman V, Bayarjargal L, Winkler B, Schnick W. Trigonal Planar [PN 3] 4- Anion in the Nitridophosphate Oxide Ba 3[PN 3]O. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405849. [PMID: 38779989 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitridophosphates, with their primary structural motif of isolated or condensed PN4 tetrahedra, meet many requirements for high performance materials. Their properties are associated with their structural diversity, which is mainly limited by this specific building block. Herein, we present the alkaline earth metal nitridophosphate oxide Ba3[PN3]O featuring a trigonal planar [PN3]4- anion. Ba3[PN3]O was obtained using a hot isostatic press by medium-pressure high-temperature synthesis (MP/HT) at 200 MPa and 880 °C. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data in space group R3 ‾ ${\bar 3}$ c (no. 167) and confirmed by SEM-EDX, magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, vibrational spectroscopy (Raman, IR) and low-cost crystallographic calculations (LCC). MP/HT synthesis reveals great potential by extending the structural chemistry of P to include trigonal planar [PN3]4- motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard M Pritzl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristian Witthaut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marwin Dialer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Amalina T Buda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Victor Milman
- Dassault Systèmes BIOVIA, CB4 0WN, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lkhamsuren Bayarjargal
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Björn Winkler
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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2
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Ambach SJ, Pritzl RM, Bhat S, Farla R, Schnick W. Nitride Synthesis under High-Pressure, High-Temperature Conditions: Unprecedented In Situ Insight into the Reaction. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3535-3543. [PMID: 38324917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
High-pressure, high-temperature (HP/HT) syntheses are essential for modern high-performance materials. Phosphorus nitride, nitridophosphate, and more generally nitride syntheses benefit greatly from HP/HT conditions. In this contribution, we present the first systematic in situ investigation of a nitridophosphate HP/HT synthesis using the reaction of zinc nitride Zn3N2 and phosphorus(V) nitride P3N5 to the nitride semiconductor Zn2PN3 as a case study. At a pressure of 8 GPa and temperatures up to 1300 °C, the reaction was monitored by energy-dispersive powder X-ray diffraction (ED-PXRD) in a large-volume press at beamline P61B at DESY. The experiments investigate the general behavior of the starting materials under extreme conditions and give insight into the reaction. During cold compression and subsequent heating, the starting materials remain crystalline above their ambient-pressure decomposition points, until a sufficient minimum temperature is reached and the reaction starts. The reaction proceeds via ion diffusion at grain boundaries with an exponential decay in the reaction rate. Raising the temperature above the minimum required value quickly completes the reaction and initiates single-crystal growth. After cooling and decompression, which did not influence the resulting product, the recovered sample was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Ambach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard M Pritzl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Shrikant Bhat
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Farla
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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3
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Schneider S, Klenk S, Kloss SD, Schnick W. Please Mind the Gap: Highly Condensed P-N Networks in LiP 4 N 7 and Li 3-x P 6 N 11-x (NH) x. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303251. [PMID: 37874966 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Alkali nitridophosphates AP4 N7 and A3 P6 N11 (A=Na, K, Rb, Cs) have been known for decades. However, their Li homologues have remained elusive. In this work, the highly condensed lithium (imido)nitridophosphates LiP4 N7 and Li3-x P6 N11-x (NH)x (x=1.66(3)) were synthesized from LiPN2 and P3 N5 in the multianvil press at 10 GPa. They constitute the first lithium nitridophosphates with 3D networks exhibiting a degree of condensation larger than 0.5 and high thermal stability. LiP4 N7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P21 21 21 with a=4.5846(6) Å, b=8.0094(11) Å, and c=13.252(2) Å (Z=4). Li3-x P6 N11-x (NH)x crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 - ${\mathrel{\mathop{{\rm { 1}}}\limits^{{\rm -}}}}$ with Z=2, a=4.6911(11) Å, b=7.024(2) Å, c=12.736(3) Å, α=87.726(11), β=80.279(11), and γ=70.551(12)°. Both compounds are stable against hydrolysis in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klenk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon D Kloss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
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4
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Schneider S, Kreiner ST, Balzat LG, Lotsch BV, Schnick W. Finding Order in Disorder: The Highly Disordered Lithium Oxonitridophosphate Double Salt Li 8+x P 3 O 10-x N 1+x (x=1.4(5)). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301986. [PMID: 37436099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate Li8+x P3 O10-x N1+x , was obtained in an ampoule synthesis from P3 N5 and Li2 O. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 - ${\mathrel{\mathop{{\rm { 1}}}\limits^{{\rm -}}}}$ with a=5.125(2), b=9.888(5), c=10.217(5) Å, α=70.30(2), β=76.65(2), γ=77.89(2)°. Li8+x P3 O10-x N1+x is a double salt, the structure of which contains distinctive complex anion species, namely non-condensed P(O,N)4 tetrahedra, and P(O,N)7 double tetrahedra connected by one N atom. Additionally, there is mixed occupation of O/N positions, which enables further anionic species by variation of O/N occupancies. To characterize these motifs in detail, complementary analytical methods were applied. The double tetrahedron exhibits significant disorder in single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the title compound is a Li+ ion conductor with a total ionic conductivity of 1.2×10-7 S cm-1 at 25 °C, and a corresponding total activation energy of 0.47(2) eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra T Kreiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas G Balzat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
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5
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Schneider S, Balzat LG, Lotsch BV, Schnick W. Structure Determination of the Crystalline LiPON Model Structure Li 5+x P 2 O 6-x N 1+x with x≈0.9. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202984. [PMID: 36382621 PMCID: PMC10107624 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate (LiPON) is used as solid electrolyte in all-solid-state batteries. Crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphates are important model structures to retrieve analytical information that can be used to understand amorphous phases better. The new crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate Li5+x P2 O6-x N1+x was synthesized as an off-white powder by ampoule synthesis at 750-800 °C under Ar atmosphere. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 /c with a=15.13087(11) Å, b=9.70682(9) Å, c=8.88681(7) Å, and β=106.8653(8)°. Two P(O,N)4 tetrahedra connected by an N atom form the structural motif [P2 O6-x N1+x ](5+x)- . The structure was elucidated from X-ray diffraction data and the model corroborated by NMR and infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. Measurements of ionic conductivity show a total ionic conductivity of 6.8×10-7 S cm-1 at 75 °C with an activation energy of 0.52±0.01 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas G Balzat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany.,MPI for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1, (D) 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany.,MPI for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1, (D) 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany
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6
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Wendl S, Zipkat M, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. Synthesis of Nitride Zeolites in a Hot Isostatic Press. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4470-4473. [PMID: 33201554 PMCID: PMC7985876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recently introduced nitridophosphate synthesis in a hot isostatic press (HIP) enabled simple access to large‐scale product quantities starting from exclusively commercially available starting materials. Herein, we show that this method is suitable for the synthesis of highly condensed functional nitridophosphates, as well. Hence, the syntheses of the nitridophosphate zeolites Ba3P5N10X (X=Cl, Br) are presented as proof of concept for this innovative access. Furthermore, samples of unprecedented Sr3P5N10X (X=Cl, Br) were prepared and characterized to demonstrate the advantages of this synthetic approach over commonly used methods. Luminescence investigations on Eu2+‐doped samples of AE3P5N10X (AE=Sr, Ba; X=Cl, Br) were carried out and characteristics of observed emission bands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Mirjam Zipkat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen, Lumileds (Germany) GmbH, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter J Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen, Lumileds (Germany) GmbH, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
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7
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Wendl S, Zipkat M, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. Synthesis of Nitride Zeolites in a Hot Isostatic Press. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Mirjam Zipkat
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen Lumileds (Germany) GmbH Philipsstr. 8 52068 Aachen Germany
| | - Peter J. Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen Lumileds (Germany) GmbH Philipsstr. 8 52068 Aachen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
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8
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Wendl S, Mardazad S, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. HIP to be Square: Simplifying Nitridophosphate Synthesis in a Hot Isostatic Press. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18240-18243. [PMID: 32644230 PMCID: PMC7590079 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
(Oxo)Nitridophosphates have recently been identified as a promising compound class for application in the field of solid-state lighting. Especially, the latest medium-pressure syntheses under ammonothermal conditions draw attention of the semiconductor and lighting industry on nitridophosphates. In this contribution, we introduce hot isostatic presses as a new type of medium-pressure synthetic tool, further simplifying nitridophosphate synthesis. In a second step, phosphorus nitride was replaced as starting material by red phosphorus, enabling the synthesis of Ca2 PN3 as model compound, starting only from readily available compounds. Moreover, first luminescence investigations on Eu2+ -doped samples reveal Ca2 PN3 :Eu2+ as a promising broad-band red-emitter (λem =650 nm; fwhm=1972 cm-1 ). Besides simple handling, the presented synthetic method offers access to large sample volumes, and the underlying reaction conditions facilitate single-crystal growth, required for excellent optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Sara Mardazad
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center AachenLumileds (Germany) GmbHPhilipsstraße 852068AachenGermany
| | - Peter J. Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center AachenLumileds (Germany) GmbHPhilipsstraße 852068AachenGermany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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9
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Wendl S, Mardazad S, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. HIP to be Square: Simplifying Nitridophosphate Synthesis in a Hot Isostatic Press. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Sara Mardazad
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen Lumileds (Germany) GmbH Philipsstraße 8 52068 Aachen Germany
| | - Peter J. Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen Lumileds (Germany) GmbH Philipsstraße 8 52068 Aachen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
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10
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Mallmann M, Wendl S, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. Sr 3 P 3 N 7 : Complementary Approach by Ammonothermal and High-Pressure Syntheses. Chemistry 2020; 26:6257-6263. [PMID: 32030819 PMCID: PMC7318702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitridophosphates exhibit an intriguing structural diversity with different structural motifs, for example, chains, layers or frameworks. In this contribution the novel nitridophosphate Sr3 P3 N7 with unprecedented dreier double chains is presented. Crystalline powders were synthesized using the ammonothermal method, while single crystals were obtained by a high-pressure multianvil technique. The crystal structure of Sr3 P3 N7 was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction and confirmed by powder X-ray methods. Sr3 P3 N7 crystallizes in monoclinic space group P2/c. Energy-dispersive X-ray and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy were conducted to confirm the chemical composition, as well as the absence of NHx functionality. The optical band gap was estimated to be 4.4 eV using diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy. Upon doping with Eu2+ , Sr3 P3 N7 shows a broad deep-red to infrared emission (λem =681 nm, fwhm≈3402 cm-1 ) with an internal quantum efficiency of 42 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mallmann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D)81377MunichGermany
| | - Sebastian Wendl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D)81377MunichGermany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center AachenLumileds (Germany) GmbHPhilipsstraße 852068AachenGermany
| | - Peter J. Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center AachenLumileds (Germany) GmbHPhilipsstraße 852068AachenGermany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D)81377MunichGermany
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11
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Mallmann M, Wendl S, Schnick W. Crystalline Nitridophosphates by Ammonothermal Synthesis. Chemistry 2020; 26:2067-2072. [PMID: 31909508 PMCID: PMC7027869 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nitridophosphates are a well-studied class of compounds with high structural diversity. However, their synthesis is quite challenging, particularly due to the limited thermal stability of starting materials like P3 N5 . Typically, it requires even high-pressure techniques (e.g. multianvil) in most cases. Herein, we establish the ammonothermal method as a versatile synthetic tool to access nitridophosphates with different degrees of condensation. α-Li10 P4 N10 , β-Li10 P4 N10 , Li18 P6 N16 , Ca2 PN3 , SrP8 N14 , and LiPN2 were synthesized in supercritical NH3 at temperatures and pressures up to 1070 K and 200 MPa employing ammonobasic conditions. The products were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. Moreover, we established red phosphorus as a starting material for nitridophosphate synthesis instead of commonly used and not readily available precursors, such as P3 N5 . This opens a promising preparative access to the emerging compound class of nitridophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mallmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
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12
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Kloß SD, Schnick W. Nitridophosphate – eine Erfolgsgeschichte der Nitridsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Kloß
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
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13
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Kloß SD, Schnick W. Nitridophosphates: A Success Story of Nitride Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7933-7944. [PMID: 30485618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nitridophosphates and phosphorus nitrides are thoroughly investigated classes of nitrides. During thirty years of research, the methods for their synthesis evolved from the condensation of molecular precursors at moderate temperatures and ambient pressures to state-of-the-art high-pressure and high-temperature processes. Landmark breakthroughs made in recent years led to a comprehension-based proficiency in nitridophosphate synthesis that is illustrated by the large compositional and structural diversity of the nitridophosphates known today. Herein, we review the advances made in synthesis with regard to the prevalent problem of nitride synthesis: the susceptibility of nitride ions to oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Kloß
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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14
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Wendl S, Schnick W. SrH 4 P 6 N 12 and SrP 8 N 14 : Insights into the Condensation Mechanism of Nitridophosphates under High Pressure. Chemistry 2018; 24:15889-15896. [PMID: 30136742 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The (imido)nitridophosphates SrH4 P6 N12 and SrP8 N14 were synthesized as colorless crystals by high-pressure/high-temperature reactions using the multianvil technique (5 GPa, ca. 1075 °C). Stoichiometric amounts of Sr(N3 )2, P3 N5 , and amorphous HPN2 were used as starting materials. Whereas the crystal structure of SrH4 P6 N12 was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and confirmed by Rietveld refinement, the structure of SrP8 N14 was determined from powder diffraction data. In order to confirm the structures, 1 H and 31 P solid-state NMR spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy were carried out. The chemical composition was confirmed with EDX measurements. Both compounds show unprecedented layered network structure types, built up from all-side vertex-sharing PN4 tetrahedra which are structurally related. The structural comparison of both compounds gives first insights into the hitherto unknown condensation mechanism of nitridophosphates under high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
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15
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Bertschler EM, Niklaus R, Schnick W. Reversible Polymerization of Adamantane-type [P4
N10
]10−
Anions to Honeycomb-type [P2
N5
]5−
Layers under High-Pressure. Chemistry 2017; 24:736-742. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Bertschler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Robin Niklaus
- Department of Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
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Bertschler EM, Dietrich C, Leichtweiß T, Janek J, Schnick W. Li + Ion Conductors with Adamantane-Type Nitridophosphate Anions β-Li 10 P 4 N 10 and Li 13 P 4 N 10 X 3 with X=Cl, Br. Chemistry 2017; 24:196-205. [PMID: 29027753 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
β-Li10 P4 N10 and Li13 P4 N10 X3 with X=Cl, Br have been synthesized from mixtures of P3 N5 , Li3 N, LiX, LiPN2 , and Li7 PN4 at temperatures below 850 °C. β-Li10 P4 N10 is the low-temperature polymorph of α-Li10 P4 N10 and crystallizes in the trigonal space group R3. It is made up of non-condensed [P4 N10 ]10- T2 supertetrahedra, which are arranged in sphalerite-analogous packing. Li13 P4 N10 X3 (X=Cl, Br) crystallizes in the cubic space group Fm3‾m . Both isomorphic compounds comprise adamantane-type [P4 N10 ]10- , Li+ ions, and halides, which form octahedra. These octahedra build up a face-centered cubic packing, whose tetrahedral voids are occupied by the [P4 N10 ]10- ions. The crystal structures have been elucidated from X-ray powder diffraction data and corroborated by EDX measurements, solid-state NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have examined the phase transition between α- and β-Li10 P4 N10 . To confirm the ionic character, the migration pathways of the Li+ ions have been evaluated and the ion conductivity and its temperature dependence have been determined by impedance spectroscopy. XPS measurements have been carried out to analyze the stability with respect to Li metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Bertschler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Christian Dietrich
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig Universtiy Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thomas Leichtweiß
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig Universtiy Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig Universtiy Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
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17
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Zhu Y, He X, Mo Y. Strategies Based on Nitride Materials Chemistry to Stabilize Li Metal Anode. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600517. [PMID: 28852614 PMCID: PMC5566245 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal battery is a promising candidate for high-energy-density energy storage. Unfortunately, the strongly reducing nature of lithium metal has been an outstanding challenge causing poor stability and low coulombic efficiency in lithium batteries. For decades, there are significant research efforts to stabilize lithium metal anode. However, such efforts are greatly impeded by the lack of knowledge about lithium-stable materials chemistry. So far, only a few materials are known to be stable against Li metal. To resolve this outstanding challenge, lithium-stable materials have been uncovered out of chemistry across the periodic table using first-principles calculations based on large materials database. It is found that most oxides, sulfides, and halides, commonly studied as protection materials, are reduced by lithium metal due to the reduction of metal cations. It is discovered that nitride anion chemistry exhibits unique stability against Li metal, which is either thermodynamically intrinsic or a result of stable passivation. The results here establish essential guidelines for selecting, designing, and discovering materials for lithium metal protection, and propose multiple novel strategies of using nitride materials and high nitrogen doping to form stable solid-electrolyte-interphase for lithium metal anode, paving the way for high-energy rechargeable lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Xingfeng He
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
- University of Maryland Energy Research CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
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18
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Bertschler E, Niklaus R, Schnick W. Li
12
P
3
N
9
with Non‐Condensed [P
3
N
9
]
12−
‐Rings and its High‐Pressure Polymorph Li
4
PN
3
with Infinite Chains of PN
4
‐Tetrahedra. Chemistry 2017; 23:9592-9599. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva‐Maria Bertschler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Robin Niklaus
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
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