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Bandyopadhyay M, Bhadra S, Pathak S, Menon AM, Chopra D, Patra S, Escorihuela J, De S, Ganguly D, Bhadra S, Bera MK. An Atom-Economic Method for 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives via Oxidative [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Harnessing the Power of Electrochemical Oxidation and Click Chemistry. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15772-15782. [PMID: 37924324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method was developed to accomplish the reagentless synthesis of 4,5-disubstituted triazole derivatives employing secondary propargyl alcohol as C-3 synthon and sodium azide as cycloaddition counterpart. The reaction was conducted at room temperature in an undivided cell with a constant current using a pencil graphite (C) anode and stainless-steel cathode in a MeCN solvent system. The proposed reaction mechanism was convincingly established by carrying out a series of control experiments and further supported by electrochemical and density functional theory (DFT) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayan Bhadra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Swastik Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Anila M Menon
- Department of Chemistry, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Snehangshu Patra
- Sustainable Hydrogen for Valuable Applications (SHYVA), 23 Allee Gilbert Becaud, 34470 Perols, France
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Souradeep De
- School of Advanced Materials, Green Energy and Sensor Systems, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabani Ganguly
- Centre for Health Science and Technology (CHeST), JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research Kolkata, Saltlake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Bhadra
- Centre for Health Science and Technology (CHeST), JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research Kolkata, Saltlake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
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2
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Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Counter Electrode Reactions-Important Stumbling Blocks on the Way to a Working Electro-organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204140. [PMID: 35668714 PMCID: PMC9828107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, electro-organic synthesis has gained significant interest, both in technical and academic research as well as in terms of applications. The omission of stoichiometric oxidizers or reducing agents enables a more sustainable route for redox reactions in organic chemistry. Even if it is well-known that every electrochemical oxidation is only viable with an associated reduction reaction and vice versa, the relevance of the counter reaction is often less addressed. In this Review, the importance of the corresponding counter reaction in electro-organic synthesis is highlighted and how it can affect the performance and selectivity of the electrolytic conversion. A selection of common strategies and unique concepts to tackle this issue are surveyed to provide a guide to select appropriate counter reactions for electro-organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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3
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Berger M, Lenhard MS, Waldvogel SR. Para-Fluorination of Anilides Using Electrochemically Generated Hypervalent Iodoarenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201029. [PMID: 35510825 PMCID: PMC9401020 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The para-selective fluorination reaction of anilides using electrochemically generated hypervalent ArIF2 is reported, with Et3 N ⋅ 5HF serving as fluoride source and as supporting electrolyte. This electrochemical reaction is characterized by a simple set-up, easy scalability and affords a broad variety of fluorinated anilides from easily accessible anilides in good yields up to 86 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berger
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Marola S. Lenhard
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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5
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Meng Z, Feng C, Xu K. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Formation of Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202012013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Wesenberg LJ, Diehl E, Zähringer TJB, Dörr C, Schollmeyer D, Shimizu A, Yoshida J, Hellmich UA, Waldvogel SR. Metal-Free Twofold Electrochemical C-H Amination of Activated Arenes: Application to Medicinally Relevant Precursor Synthesis. Chemistry 2020; 26:17574-17580. [PMID: 32866328 PMCID: PMC7839481 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The efficient production of many medicinally or synthetically important starting materials suffers from wasteful or toxic precursors for the synthesis. In particular, the aromatic non-protected primary amine function represents a versatile synthetic precursor, but its synthesis typically requires toxic oxidizing agents and transition metal catalysts. The twofold electrochemical amination of activated benzene derivatives via Zincke intermediates provides an alternative sustainable strategy for the formation of new C-N bonds of high synthetic value. As a proof of concept, we use our approach to generate a benzoxazinone scaffold that gained attention as a starting structure against castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Further improvement of the structure led to significantly increased cancer cell line toxicity. Thus, exploiting environmentally benign electrooxidation, we present a new versatile and powerful method based on direct C-H activation that is applicable for example the production of medicinally relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars J. Wesenberg
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Erika Diehl
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzJohann-Joachim Becherweg 3055128MainzGermany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Str. 960438Frankfurt/MGermany
| | - Till J. B. Zähringer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Carolin Dörr
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzJohann-Joachim Becherweg 3055128MainzGermany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Akihiro Shimizu
- Department Materials Engineering ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka UniversityToyonakaOsaka 560–8531Japan
| | - Jun‐ichi Yoshida
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Ute A. Hellmich
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzJohann-Joachim Becherweg 3055128MainzGermany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Goethe-University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Str. 960438Frankfurt/MGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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7
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Selt M, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Supporting-Electrolyte-Free and Scalable Flow Process for the Electrochemical Synthesis of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethyl-2,2′-biphenol. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Selt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Electro-organic synthesis - a 21 st century technique. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12386-12400. [PMID: 34123227 PMCID: PMC8162804 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe limitations of fossil fuels and finite resources influence the scientific community to reconsider chemical synthesis and establish sustainable techniques. Several promising methods have emerged, and electro-organic conversion has attracted particular attention from international academia and industry as an environmentally benign and cost-effective technique. The easy application, precise control, and safe conversion of substrates with intermediates only accessible by this method reveal novel pathways in synthetic organic chemistry. The popularity of electricity as a reagent is accompanied by the feasible conversion of bio-based feedstocks to limit the carbon footprint. Several milestones have been achieved in electro-organic conversion at rapid frequency, which have opened up various perspectives for forthcoming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
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9
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Gutmann A, Wesenberg LJ, Peez N, Waldvogel SR, Hoffmann T. Charged Tags for the Identification of Oxidative Drug Metabolites Based on Electrochemistry and Mass Spectrometry. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:568-572. [PMID: 32382470 PMCID: PMC7202420 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients like Metoprolol are oxidatively metabolized by liver enzymes, such as Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases into oxygenates and therefore hydrophilic products. It is of utmost importance to identify the metabolites and to gain knowledge on their toxic impacts. By using electrochemistry, it is possible to mimic enzymatic transformations and to identify metabolic hot spots. By introducing charged-tags into the intermediate, it is possible to detect and isolate metabolic products. The identification and synthesis of initially oxidized metabolites are important to understand possible toxic activities. The gained knowledge about the metabolism will simplify interpretation and predictions of metabolitic pathways. The oxidized products were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For proof-of-principle, we present a synthesis of one pyridinated main oxidation product of Metoprolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gutmann
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Lars Julian Wesenberg
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Nadine Peez
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Institute for Integrated Natural SciencesUniversity of KoblenzUniversitätsstraße 156072KoblenzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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10
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Cui HL. Recent progress in (hetero)arene cation radical-based heteroarene modification. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2975-2990. [PMID: 32239015 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of (hetero)arene cation radicals has become a powerful tool for the construction of highly functionalized (hetero)arenes. These (hetero)arene cation radicals could be generated under electrochemical, photochemical or chemical oxidation systems. The in situ generated (hetero)arene cation radicals can be attacked by various nucleophiles, such as (hetero)aromatics and anions, yielding structurally diverse molecules. Recently, a large number of impressive heteroarene modifications have been designed by this strategy. This review summarizes the advances in heteroarene modification via reactions of in situ formed (hetero)arene cation radicals, ranging from 2010 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, PR China.
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11
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Morofuji T, Ikarashi G, Kano N. Photocatalytic C-H Amination of Aromatics Overcoming Redox Potential Limitations. Org Lett 2020; 22:2822-2827. [PMID: 32207629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the photocatalytic C-H amination of aromatics overcoming redox potential limitations. Radical cations of aromatic compounds are generated photocatalytically using Ru(phen)3(PF6)2, which has a reduction potential at a high oxidation state (Ered(RuIII/RuII) = +1.37 V vs SCE) lower than the oxidation potentials of aromatic substrates (Eox = +1.65 to +2.27 V vs SCE). The radical cations are trapped with pyridine to give N-arylpyridinium ions, which were converted to aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morofuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Gun Ikarashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naokazu Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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12
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Vargová D, Mudráková B, Némethová I, Šebesta R. Reductions of Imines Using Zirconocene Chloride Hydride. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Vargová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Organic Chemistry; Comenius University in Bratislava; Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Brigita Mudráková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Organic Chemistry; Comenius University in Bratislava; Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ivana Némethová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Organic Chemistry; Comenius University in Bratislava; Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Organic Chemistry; Comenius University in Bratislava; Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
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13
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Wang JH, Lei T, Nan XL, Wu HL, Li XB, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Regioselective Ortho Amination of an Aromatic C–H Bond by Trifluoroacetic Acid via Electrochemistry. Org Lett 2019; 21:5581-5585. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lei Nan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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14
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Jian W, Wang H, Du K, Zhong W, Huang J. Electrochemical Synthesis of 3‐Bromoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines Directly from 2‐Aminopyridines and
alpha
‐Bromoketones. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Qian Jian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
| | - Hai‐Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
| | - Ke‐Si Du
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
| | - Wei‐Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
| | - Jing‐Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
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15
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Wan C, Song RJ, Li JH. Electrooxidative 1,2-Bromoesterification of Alkenes with Acids and N-Bromosuccinimide. Org Lett 2019; 21:2800-2803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ren-Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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16
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Wei Z, Yuan J, Tang S, Wu D, Wu L. Porous nanorods of nickel-cobalt double hydroxide prepared by electrochemical co-deposition for high-performance supercapacitors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 542:15-22. [PMID: 30721832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-cobalt double hydroxides (Ni-Co DHs) combined with cost-effectively commercial expanded graphite (EG) was prepared via a facile in-situ electrodeposition in mixed solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide and water. By simply adjust molar ratios of Ni2+/Co2+, a Ni-Co DHs/EG electrode in which Ni-Co DHs showing a porous-nanorod microstructure was fabricated. Thanks to synergistic effects between Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 as well as the unique morphology of porous nanorods, an optimal Ni-Co DHs/EG electrode with a total mass loading of 4.0 mg cm-2 can deliver a specific capacitance of 1246 F g-1 at 1 A g-1, a rate capability of 91.8% as the discharging current density increasing from 1 to 10 A g-1, and a capacitance retention of 80.1% after 1000 cycles charged/discharged at 10 A g-1. Thus we can draw a conclusion that the Ni-Co DHs/EG electrode possesses a satisfactory specific capacitance, extremely superior rate performance, and good cycle stability, therefore it can be very competitive for practical applications in supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Wei
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology & Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Jiawei Yuan
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology & Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Shuihua Tang
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology & Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China.
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology & Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Lingshan Wu
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology & Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
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17
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Deng L, Wang Y, Mei H, Pan Y, Han J. Electrochemical Dehydrogenative Phosphorylation of Alcohols for the Synthesis of Organophosphinates. J Org Chem 2019; 84:949-956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
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18
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SHIMIZU A. Development of Electroorganic Reactions Utilizing Stabilized Reactive Species and Its Application to Organic Energy Storage Materials. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.18-6-e2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro SHIMIZU
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
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19
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Gao Y, Mei H, Han J, Pan Y. Electrochemical Alkynyl/Alkenyl Migration for the Radical Difunctionalization of Alkenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:17205-17209. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Haibo Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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20
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Qiu Y, Stangier M, Meyer TH, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Iridium-Catalyzed Electrooxidative C−H Activation by Chemoselective Redox-Catalyst Cooperation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youai Qiu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Maximilian Stangier
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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21
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Qiu Y, Stangier M, Meyer TH, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Iridium-Catalyzed Electrooxidative C-H Activation by Chemoselective Redox-Catalyst Cooperation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14179-14183. [PMID: 30199130 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Iridium-catalyzed electrochemical C-H activation was accomplished within a cooperative catalysis manifold, setting the stage for electrooxidative C-H alkenylations through weak O-coordination. The iridium-electrocatalyzed C-H activation featured high functional-group tolerance through assistance of a metal-free redox mediator through indirect electrolysis. Detailed mechanistic insights provided strong support for an organometallic C-H cleavage and a synergistic iridium(III/I)/redox catalyst regime, enabling the use of sustainable electricity as the terminal oxidant with improved selectivity features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youai Qiu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stangier
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Qiu Y, Struwe J, Meyer TH, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Catalyst- and Reagent-Free Electrochemical Azole C-H Amination. Chemistry 2018; 24:12784-12789. [PMID: 29901828 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst- and chemical oxidant-free electrochemical azole C-H aminations were accomplished via cross-dehydrogenative C-H/N-H functionalization. The catalyst-free electrochemical C-H amination proved feasible on azoles with high levels of efficacy and selectivity, avoiding the use of stoichiometric oxidants under ambient conditions. Likewise, the C(sp3 )-H nitrogenation proved viable under otherwise identical conditions. The dehydrogenative C-H amination featured ample scope, including cyclic and acyclic aliphatic amines as well as anilines, and employed sustainable electricity as the sole oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youai Qiu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Gieshoff T, Trieu V, Heijl J, Waldvogel SR. Direct electrochemical generation of organic carbonates by dehydrogenative coupling. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1578-1582. [PMID: 30013685 PMCID: PMC6037012 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic carbonates are an important source for polycarbonate synthesis. However, their synthesis generally requires phosgene, sophisticated catalysts, harsh reaction conditions, or other highly reactive chemicals. We present the first direct electrochemical generation of mesityl methyl carbonate by C–H activation. Although this reaction pathway is still challenging concerning scope and efficiency, it outlines a new strategy for carbonate generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tile Gieshoff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vinh Trieu
- Covestro AG, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jan Heijl
- Covestro NV, Haven 507 - Scheldelaan 420, 2040 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Arylated products are found in various fields of chemistry and represent essential entities for many applications. Therefore, the formation of this structural feature represents a central issue of contemporary organic synthesis. By the action of electricity the necessity of leaving groups, metal catalysts, stoichiometric oxidizers, or reducing agents can be omitted in part or even completely. The replacement of conventional reagents by sustainable electricity not only will be environmentally benign but also allows significant short cuts in electrochemical synthesis. In addition, this methodology can be considered as inherently safe. The current survey is organized in cathodic and anodic conversions as well as by the number of leaving groups being involved. In some electroconversions the reagents used are regenerated at the electrode, whereas in other electrotransformations free radical sequences are exploited to afford a highly sustainable process. The electrochemical formation of the aryl-substrate bond is discussed for aromatic substrates, heterocycles, other multiple bond systems, and even at saturated carbon substrates. This survey covers most of the seminal work and the advances of the past two decades in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| | - Sebastian Lips
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Mei R, Sauermann N, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Electroremovable Traceless Hydrazides for Cobalt-Catalyzed Electro-Oxidative C–H/N–H Activation with Internal Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7913-7921. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruhuai Mei
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Möhle S, Rodrigo E, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR. Electrifying Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5594-5619. [PMID: 29292849 PMCID: PMC5969240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthetic organic use of electricity is currently experiencing a renaissance. More synthetically oriented laboratories working in this area are exploiting both novel and more traditional concepts, paving the way to broader applications of this niche technology. As only electrons serve as reagents, the generation of reagent waste is efficiently avoided. Moreover, stoichiometric reagents can be regenerated and allow a transformation to be conducted in an electrocatalytic fashion. However, the application of electroorganic transformations is more than minimizing the waste footprint, it rather gives rise to inherently safe processes, reduces the number of steps of many syntheses, allows for milder reaction conditions, provides alternative means to access desired structural entities, and creates intellectual property (IP) space. When the electricity originates from renewable resources, this surplus might be directly employed as a terminal oxidizing or reducing agent, providing an ultra-sustainable and therefore highly attractive technique. This Review surveys recent developments in electrochemical synthesis that will influence the future of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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29
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Qiu Y, Kong WJ, Struwe J, Sauermann N, Rogge T, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Electrooxidative Rhodium-Catalyzed C−H/C−H Activation: Electricity as Oxidant for Cross-Dehydrogenative Alkenylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5828-5832. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youai Qiu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Wei-Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Torben Rogge
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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30
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Qiu Y, Kong WJ, Struwe J, Sauermann N, Rogge T, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Electrooxidative Rhodium-Catalyzed C−H/C−H Activation: Electricity as Oxidant for Cross-Dehydrogenative Alkenylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youai Qiu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Wei-Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Torben Rogge
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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31
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Li J, Huang W, Chen J, He L, Cheng X, Li G. Electrochemical Aziridination by Alkene Activation Using a Sulfamate as the Nitrogen Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenhao Huang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jingzhi Chen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Texas Tech University; Lubbock, TX USA
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32
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Li J, Huang W, Chen J, He L, Cheng X, Li G. Electrochemical Aziridination by Alkene Activation Using a Sulfamate as the Nitrogen Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5695-5698. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenhao Huang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jingzhi Chen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Texas Tech University; Lubbock, TX USA
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33
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Méndez-Rojas C, Quiroz G, Faúndez M, Gallardo-Garrido C, Pessoa-Mahana CD, Chung H, Gallardo-Toledo E, Saitz-Barría C, Araya-Maturana R, Kogan MJ, Zúñiga-López MC, Iturriaga-Vásquez P, Valenzuela-Gutiérrez C, Pessoa-Mahana H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors based on a benzoxazine core. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800024. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Méndez-Rojas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Gabriel Quiroz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Mario Faúndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Carlos Gallardo-Garrido
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - C. David Pessoa-Mahana
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Hery Chung
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Eduardo Gallardo-Toledo
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Claudio Saitz-Barría
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | | | - Marcelo J. Kogan
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - María C. Zúñiga-López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Patricio Iturriaga-Vásquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería Ciencias; Universidad de la Frontera; Temuco Chile
| | - Carla Valenzuela-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Hernán Pessoa-Mahana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
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34
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Sauermann N, Mei R, Ackermann L. Electrochemical C−H Amination by Cobalt Catalysis in a Renewable Solvent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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35
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Electrochemical C−H Amination by Cobalt Catalysis in a Renewable Solvent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5090-5094. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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36
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Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Möhle S, Rodrigo E, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR. Elektrifizierung der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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37
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Yang QL, Fang P, Mei TS. Recent Advances in Organic Electrochemical C-H Functionalization. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
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38
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Tian C, Massignan L, Meyer TH, Ackermann L. Electrochemical C-H/N-H Activation by Water-Tolerant Cobalt Catalysis at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2383-2387. [PMID: 29316187 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry enabled C-H/N-H functionalizations at room temperature by external oxidant-free cobalt catalysis. Thus, the sustainable cobalt electrocatalysis manifold proceeds with excellent levels of chemoselectivity and positional selectivity, and with ample scope, thus allowing electrochemical C-H activation under exceedingly mild reaction conditions at room temperature in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonardo Massignan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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39
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Tian C, Massignan L, Meyer TH, Ackermann L. Electrochemical C−H/N−H Activation by Water-Tolerant Cobalt Catalysis at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Leonardo Massignan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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40
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Yamamoto T, Riehl B, Naba K, Nakahara K, Wiebe A, Saitoh T, Waldvogel SR, Einaga Y. A solvent-directed stereoselective and electrocatalytic synthesis of diisoeugenol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2771-2773. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00794b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective and electrocatalytic coupling reaction of isoeugenol has been demonstrated for the first time, wherein 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) plays a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University, Hiyoshi 3-14-1
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University, Hiyoshi 3-14-1
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
- Institut für Organische Chemie
| | - Keisuke Naba
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University, Hiyoshi 3-14-1
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Kenshin Nakahara
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University, Hiyoshi 3-14-1
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- Duesbergweg 10-14
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai
- Tsukuba 305-8577
- Japan
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- Duesbergweg 10-14
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University, Hiyoshi 3-14-1
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
- JST-ACCEL
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41
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Sauermann N, Meyer TH, Tian C, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Cobalt-Catalyzed C-H Oxygenation at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18452-18455. [PMID: 29149561 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical cobalt-catalyzed C-H functionalizations were achieved in terms of C-H oxygenation under mild conditions at 23 °C. The robust electrochemical C-H functionalization was characterized by ample substrate scope, whereas mechanistic studies provided support for a facile C-H cleavage. The electrochemical cobalt-catalyzed C-H oxygenation proved viable on arenes and alkenes with excellent levels of positional and diastereo-selectivity, avoiding the use of stoichiometric silver(I) oxidants under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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42
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Xu F, Qian XY, Li YJ, Xu HC. Synthesis of 4H-1,3-Benzoxazines via Metal- and Oxidizing Reagent-Free Aromatic C–H Oxygenation. Org Lett 2017; 19:6332-6335. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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43
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1865] [Impact Index Per Article: 266.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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44
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Li C, Kawamata Y, Nakamura H, Vantourout JC, Liu Z, Hou Q, Bao D, Starr JT, Chen J, Yan M, Baran PS. Electrochemically Enabled, Nickel-Catalyzed Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13088-13093. [PMID: 28834098 PMCID: PMC5792186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Along with amide bond formation, Suzuki cross-coupling, and reductive amination, the Buchwald-Hartwig-Ullmann-type amination of aryl halides stands as one of the most employed reactions in modern medicinal chemistry. The work herein demonstrates the potential of utilizing electrochemistry to provide a complementary avenue to access such critical bonds using an inexpensive nickel catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Of note is the scalability, functional-group tolerance, rapid rate, and the ability to employ a variety of aryl donors (Ar-Cl, Ar-Br, Ar-I, Ar-OTf), amine types (primary and secondary), and even alternative X-H donors (alcohols and amides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hugh Nakamura
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Julien C Vantourout
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Qinglong Hou
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Denghui Bao
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jeremy T Starr
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jinshan Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Ming Yan
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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