1
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Smart J, Emerson-King J, Jeans RJ, Hood TM, Lau S, Bara-Estaún A, Hintermair U, Pringle PG, Chaplin AB. A Resorcin[4]arene-Based Phosphite-Phosphine Ligand for the Branched-Selective Hydroformylation of Alkyl Alkenes. ACS Catal 2024; 14:11803-11807. [PMID: 39114094 PMCID: PMC11301622 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of a chelating phosphite-phosphine ligand from a tris(quinoxaline) extended resorcin[4]arene and its application in the rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of terminal alkyl alkenes are reported. Rhodium complexes are formed within the cavity of the macrocycle and branched-selective hydroformylation of 1-octene with a b/l ratio of 5.9 has been achieved at 60 °C under 1:1 H2/CO (20 bar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
E. Smart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Jack Emerson-King
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Rebekah J. Jeans
- Dynamic
Reaction Monitoring Facility and Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Thomas M. Hood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Samantha Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Alejandro Bara-Estaún
- Dynamic
Reaction Monitoring Facility and Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Dynamic
Reaction Monitoring Facility and Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Paul G. Pringle
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Adrian B. Chaplin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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2
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Linnebank PR, Kluwer AM, Reek JNH. Substrate scope driven optimization of an encapsulated hydroformylation catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2024; 14:1837-1847. [PMID: 38571547 PMCID: PMC10987017 DOI: 10.1039/d4cy00051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Caged complexes can provide impressive selective catalysts. Due to the complex shapes of such caged catalysts, however, the level of selectivity control of a single substrate cannot be extrapolated to other substrates. Herein, the substrate scope using 41 terminal alkene substrates is investigated in the hydroformylation reaction with an encapsulated rhodium catalyst [Rh(H)(CO)3(P(mPy3(ZnTPP)3))] (CAT1). For all substrates, the amount of branched products formed was higher with CAT1 than with the unencapsulated reference catalyst [Rh(H)(CO)2(P(mPy3))2] (CAT2) (linear/branched ratio between 2.14 and 0.12 for CAT1 and linear/branched ratio between 6.22 and 0.59 for CAT2). Interestingly, the level of cage induced selectivity depends strongly on the substrate structure that is converted. Analysis of the substrate scope combined with DFT calculations suggests that noncovalent interactions between the substrate moieties and cage walls play a key role in controlling the regioselectivity. Consequently, these supramolecular interactions were further optimized by replacing the ZnTPP building block with a zinc porphyrin analog that contained OiPr substituents on the meta position of the aryl rings. The resulting caged catalyst, CAT4, converted substrates with even higher branched selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim R Linnebank
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- InCatT B.V Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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3
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Fuentes JA, Janka ME, McKay AP, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Lebl T, Clarke ML. Ligand Hydrogenation during Hydroformylation Catalysis Detected by In Situ High-Pressure Infra-Red Spectroscopic Analysis of a Rhodium/Phospholene-Phosphite Catalyst. Molecules 2024; 29:845. [PMID: 38398597 PMCID: PMC10891676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholane-phosphites are known to show highly unusual selectivity towards branched aldehydes in the hydroformylation of terminal alkenes. This paper describes the synthesis of hitherto unknown unsaturated phospholene borane precursors and their conversion to the corresponding phospholene-phosphites. The relative stereochemistry of one of these ligands and its Pd complex was assigned with the aid of X-ray crystal structure determinations. These ligands were able to approach the level of selectivity observed for phospholane-phosphites in the rhodium-catalysed hydroformylation of propene. High-pressure infra-red (HPIR) spectroscopic monitoring of the catalyst formation revealed that whilst the catalysts showed good thermal stability with respect to fragmentation, the C=C bond in the phospholene moiety was slowly hydrogenated in the presence of rhodium and syngas. The ability of this spectroscopic tool to detect even subtle changes in structure, remotely from the carbonyl ligands, underlines the usefulness of HPIR spectroscopy in hydroformylation catalyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Fuentes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.A.F.); (A.P.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.M.Z.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Mesfin E. Janka
- Eastman Chemical Company, 200 South Wilcox Drive, Kingsport, TN 37660, USA
| | - Aidan P. McKay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.A.F.); (A.P.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.M.Z.S.); (T.L.)
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.A.F.); (A.P.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.M.Z.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.A.F.); (A.P.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.M.Z.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Tomas Lebl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.A.F.); (A.P.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.M.Z.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Matthew L. Clarke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.A.F.); (A.P.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.M.Z.S.); (T.L.)
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4
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Kuznetsova AA, Chachkov DV, Belogorlova NA, Malysheva SF, Vereshchagina YA. Structure of Tris[2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl]phosphine, Tris[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]phosphine, and Their Chalcogenides in Solution: Dipole Moments, IR Spectroscopy, and DFT Study. Molecules 2023; 29:110. [PMID: 38202693 PMCID: PMC10779502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tris(hetaryl)substituted phosphines and their chalcogenides are promising polydentate ligands for the design of metal complexes. An experimental and theoretical conformational analysis of tris[2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl]phosphine, tris[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]phosphine, and their chalcogenides was carried out by the methods of dipole moments, IR spectroscopy and DFT B3PW91/6-311++G(df,p) calculations. In solution, these compounds exist as an equilibrium of mainly non-eclipsed (synclinal or antiperiplanar) forms with a predominance of a symmetrical conformer having a gauche-orientation of the Csp3-Csp3 bonds of pyridylethyl substituents relative to the P=X bond (X = lone pair, O, S, Se) and a gauche-orientation of the pyridyl rings relative to the zigzag ethylene bridges. Regardless of the presence and nature of the chalcogen atom (oxygen, sulfur, or selenium) in the studied molecules with many axes of internal rotation, steric factors-the different position of the nitrogen atoms in the pyridyl rings and the configuration of ethylene bridges-determine the realization and spatial structure of preferred conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia A. Kuznetsova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Denis V. Chachkov
- Kazan Department of Joint Supercomputer Center of Russian Academy of Sciences—Branch of Federal Scientific Center “Scientific Research Institute for System Analysis of the RAS”, Lobachevskogo 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Natalia A. Belogorlova
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorskogo 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (N.A.B.); (S.F.M.)
| | - Svetlana F. Malysheva
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorskogo 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (N.A.B.); (S.F.M.)
| | - Yana A. Vereshchagina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
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5
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Linnebank PR, Poole DA, Kluwer AM, Reek JNH. A substrate descriptor based approach for the prediction and understanding of the regioselectivity in caged catalyzed hydroformylation. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:169-185. [PMID: 37139675 PMCID: PMC10416704 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of data driven tools to predict the selectivity of homogeneous catalysts has received considerable attention in the past years. In these studies often the catalyst structure is varied, but the use of substrate descriptors to rationalize the catalytic outcome is relatively unexplored. To study whether this may be an effective tool, we investigated both an encapsulated and a non-encapsulated rhodium based catalyst in the hydroformylation reaction of 41 terminal alkenes. For the non-encapsulated catalyst, CAT2, the regioselectivity of the acquired substrate scope could be predicted with high accuracy using the Δ13C NMR shift of the alkene carbon atoms as a descriptor (R2 = 0.74) and when combined with a computed intensity of the CC stretch vibration (ICC stretch) the accuracy increased further (R2 = 0.86). In contrast, a substrate descriptor approach with an encapsulated catalyst, CAT1, appeared more challenging indicating a confined space effect. We investigated Sterimol parameters of the substrates as well as computer-aided drug design descriptors of the substrates, but these parameters did not result in a predictive formula. The most accurate substrate descriptor based prediction was made with the Δ13C NMR shift and ICC stretch (R2 = 0.52), suggestive of the involvement of CH-π interactions. To further understand the confined space effect of CAT1, we focused on the subset of 21 allylbenzene derivatives to investigate predictive parameters unique for this subset. These results showed the inclusion of a charge parameter of the aryl ring improved the regioselectivity predictions, which is in agreement with our assessment that noncovalent interactions between the phenyl ring of the cage and the aryl ring of the substrate are relevant for the regioselectivity outcome. However, the correlation is still weak (R2 = 0.36) and as such we are investigating novel parameters that should improve the overall regioselectivity outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim R Linnebank
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - David A Poole
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- InCatT B.V., Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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García-Romero Á, Miguel D, Wright DS, Álvarez CM, García-Rodríguez R. Structural and dimensional control of porphyrin capsules using Group 15 tris(3-pyridyl) linkers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6522-6530. [PMID: 37350820 PMCID: PMC10283503 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02151c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While supramolecular chemistry involving organic and metallo-organic host assemblies is a well-established and important field with applications in gas-storage, drug-delivery and the regio- and stereo-control of organic reactions, the use of main group elements in this setting (beyond the second row of the p-block) has been little explored. In this paper we show how periodic trends in the p-block can provide the means for systematic size and structural control in an important class of supramolecular porphyrin-based capsules. The formation of molecular and extended 2D capsule arrangements between the heavier Group 15 tris(3-pyridyl) linkers Sb(3-py)3 and Bi(3-py)3 and the metallo-porphyrins MTPP (M = Zn, Mg; TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin, 3-py = 3-pyridyl) is the first study involving heavier Group 15 pyridyl linkers. The increase in C-E bond length in the E(3-py)3 linkers moving down Group 15 (from E = P, to Sb, to Bi) can be used to alter the dimensions and structural preference of the capsules, as can oxidation of the Group 15 bridgehead atoms themselves. The subtle changes in the dimensions and Lewis acidity of the encapsulates have a dramatic effect on the rate and selectivity of the catalytic oxidative cleavage of organic diols and catalytic oxidation of α-hydroxyketones. By providing simple tools for modulating the chemical and steric properties of the capsules this work should have direct applications for the tuning of the activity and specificity of a range of catalytic systems based on main-group-based capsules of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro García-Romero
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Chemistry Department, Cambridge University Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Celedonio M Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
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7
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Shin T, Jang T, Kim H. Synergistic Ligand Effect in Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Regio-Controlled Propene Hydroformylation. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taeil Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Taehoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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8
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Hewage N, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Chaudhri N, Zeller M, Gascón JA, Brückner C. Syntheses and Aromaticity Parameters of Hexahydroxypyrrocorphin, Porphotrilactones, and Their Oxidation State Intermediates. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12096-12108. [PMID: 36066858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triple OsO4-mediated dihydroxylation of meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin formed a non-aromatic hexahydroxypyrrocorphin as a single stereo-isomer. A one-step oxidative conversion of all three diol functionalities to lactone moieties generated three out of the four possible porphotrilactone regioisomers that were spectroscopically and structurally characterized. This conversion recovered most of the porphyrinic macrocycle aromatic ring current, as seen in their 1H NMR spectra and modeled using DFT computations. Stepwise OsO4-mediated dihydroxylations of porpho-mono- and -di-lactones generated intermediate oxidation state compounds between the pyrrole-three pyrroline macrocycle of the pyrrocorphin and the pyrrole-three oxazolone chromophore of the trilactones. The aromaticity of these chromophores was reduced with increasing number of oxazolone to pyrroline replacements, showing the importance for the presence of three lactone moieties for the retention of the macrocycle aromaticity in the tris-β,β'-modified macrocycles. This work first describes hexahydoxypyrrocorphins, porphotrislactones, and the oxidation state intermediates between them; furthers the understanding of the roles of β-lactone moieties in the expression of porphyrinic macrocycle aromaticity; and generally broadens access to chemically stable pyrrocorphins and pyrrocorphin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisansala Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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9
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Sigrist M, Zhang Y, Antheaume C, Dydio P. Isoselective Hydroformylation of Propylene by Iodide‐Assisted Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116406. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sigrist
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Yang Zhang
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Cyril Antheaume
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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10
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Sigrist M, Zhang Y, Antheaume C, Dydio P. Isoselective Hydroformylation of Propylene by Iodide‐Assisted Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sigrist
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Yang Zhang
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Cyril Antheaume
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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11
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Ueda M, Kimura M, Miyagawa S, Naito M, Takaya H, Tokunaga Y. Four- and two-armed hetero porphyrin dimers: their specific recognition and self-sorting behaviours. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:387-395. [PMID: 34908079 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study we self-assembled the four-armed porphyrin hetero dimer capsule Cap4, stabilized through amidinium-carboxylate salt bridges, in CH2Cl2 and CHCl3. The dimer capsule Cap4 was kinetically and thermodynamically more stable than the corresponding two-armed dimer Cap2. The number of arms strongly influenced their recognition behaviour; guests possessing small aromatic faces (e.g., 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene) preferred residing in the cavity of the two-armed capsule Cap2, rather than in Cap4, both thermodynamically and kinetically; in contrast, large aromatic guests (e.g., 9,10-dibromoanthracene) were encapsulated predominantly by Cap4 because of favourable entropic effects. The number of arms enabled self-sorting behaviour of the dimer formation; complexation studies using an equimolar mixture of the four porphyrin constituents of the two capsules revealed the quantitative formation of the corresponding dimers Cap2 and Cap4. Furthermore, we examined the specific molecular recognition of Cap2 and Cap4; NMR experiments of mixtures of Cap2 and Cap4 in the presence of favourable guests for Cap2 and Cap4 revealed that these guest molecules were encapsulated selectively by their preferred hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ueda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Masaya Naito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International Research Centre for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Science, Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
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12
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Poyac L, Rose C, Wahiduzzaman M, Lebrun A, Cazals G, Devillers CH, Yot PG, Clément S, Richeter S. Synthesis, Characterization, and Encapsulation Properties of Rigid and Flexible Porphyrin Cages Assembled from N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Metal Bonds. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19009-19021. [PMID: 34878781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four porphyrins equipped with imidazolium rings on the para positions of their meso aryl groups were prepared and used as tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene) (NHC) precursors for the synthesis of porphyrin cages assembled from eight NHC-M bonds (M = Ag+ or Au+). The conformation of the obtained porphyrin cages in solution and their encapsulation properties strongly depend on the structure of the spacer -(CH2)n- (n = 0 or 1) between meso aryl groups and peripheral NHC ligands. In the absence of methylene groups (n = 0), porphyrin cages are rather rigid and the short porphyrin-porphyrin distance prevents the encapsulation of guest molecules like 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). By contrast, the presence of methylene functions (n = 1) between meso aryl groups and peripheral NHCs offers additional flexibility to the system, allowing the inner space between the two porphyrins to expand enough to encapsulate guest molecules like water molecules or DABCO. The peripheral NHC-wingtip groups also play a significant role in the encapsulation properties of the porphyrin cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Poyac
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Clémence Rose
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
| | | | | | | | - Charles H Devillers
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
| | - Pascal G Yot
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
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13
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García-Romero Á, Martín-Álvarez JM, Miguel D, Wright DS, Álvarez CM, García-Rodríguez R. Cation- and Anion-Mediated Supramolecular Assembly of Bismuth and Antimony Tris(3-pyridyl) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19206-19218. [PMID: 34882394 PMCID: PMC8693195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The use of antimony
and bismuth in supramolecular chemistry has
been largely overlooked in comparison to the lighter elements of Group
15, and the coordination chemistry of the tripodal ligands [Sb(3-py)3] and [Bi(3-py)3] (L) containing the heaviest p-block
element bridgehead atoms has been unexplored. We show that these ligands
form a common hybrid metal–organic framework (MOF) structure
with Cu(I) and Ag(I) (M) salts of weakly coordinating anions (PF6–, SbF6–, and
OTf–), composed of a cationic substructure of rhombic
cage (M)4(L)4 units linked by Sb/Bi–M
bonding. The greater Lewis acidity of Bi compared to Sb can, however,
allows anion···Bi interactions to overcome Bi–metal
bonding in the case of BF4–, leading
to collapse of the MOF structure (which is also seen where harder
metals like Li+ are employed). This study therefore provides
insight into the way in which the electronic effects of the bridgehead
atom in these ligand systems can impact their supramolecular chemistry. The Lewis acidity of the Group 15 bridgehead
atoms (E =
Sb vs Bi) proves to be a decisive structural directing factor in the
coordination of tris(3-pyridyl) ligands E(3-py)3, being
responsible for promoting or disfavoring E−metal or E···anion
interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro García-Romero
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose M Martín-Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Celedonio M Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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14
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Fuentes JA, Janka ME, Rodgers J, Fontenot KJ, Bühl M, Slawin AMZ, Clarke ML. Effect of Ligand Backbone on the Selectivity and Stability of Rhodium Hydroformylation Catalysts Derived from Phospholane-Phosphites. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Fuentes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Mesfin E. Janka
- Eastman Chemical Company, 200 South Wilcox Drive, Kingsport, Tennessee 37660, United States
| | - Jody Rodgers
- Eastman Chemical Company, 200 South Wilcox Drive, Kingsport, Tennessee 37660, United States
| | - Kevin J. Fontenot
- Eastman Chemical Company, 200 South Wilcox Drive, Kingsport, Tennessee 37660, United States
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L. Clarke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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15
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Waters JE, Berger G, Peel AJ, García-Rodríguez R, Bond AD, Wright DS. Uncovering the Hidden Landscape of Tris(4-pyridyl) Ligands: Topological Complexity Derived from the Bridgehead. Chemistry 2021; 27:12036-12040. [PMID: 34128570 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular main group chemistry is a developing field which parallels the conventional domain of metallo-organic chemistry. Little explored building blocks in this area are main group metal-based ligands which have the appropriate donor symmetry to build desired molecular or extended arrangements. Tris(pyridyl) main group ligands (E(py)3 , E=main group metal) are potentially highly versatile building blocks since shifting the N-donor arms from the 2- to the 3-positions and 4-positions provides a very simple way of changing the ligand character from mononuclear/chelating to multidentate/metal-bridging. Here, the coordination behaviour of the first main group metal tris(4-pyridyl) ligands, E(4-py)3 (E=Sb, Bi, Ph-Sn) is explored, as well as their ability to build metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The complicated topology of these MOFs shows a marked influence on the counter anion and on the ability of the E(4-py)3 ligands to switch coordination mode, depending on the steric and donor character of the bridgehead. This structure-directing influence of the bridgehead provides a potential building strategy for future molecular and MOF design in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Waters
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Georg Berger
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Peel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT, IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, E-47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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16
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Transition metal-catalyzed branch-selective hydroformylation of olefins in organic synthesis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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17
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Orton GRF, Pilgrim BS, Champness NR. The chemistry of phosphines in constrained, well-defined microenvironments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4411-4431. [PMID: 33606857 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the confinement of phosphines within micro- or nano-environments are explored. Phosphines are ubiquitous across metal coordination chemistry and underpin some of the most famous homogeneous transition metal catalysts. Constraining phosphines within confined environments influences not only their behaviour but also that of their metal complexes. Notable examples include the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or metal-organic cages (MOCs) to support phosphines which demonstrate how the microenvironment within such constructs leads to reactivity modification. The development of phosphine confinement is explored and parallels are drawn with related constrained macrocyclic systems and mechanically interlocked molecules. The review concludes by identifying areas that remain a challenge and those that will provide new avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia R F Orton
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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18
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Zhang D, Huang X, Huang J, Li Y, Cai J. The facile preparation of porphyrin based hierarchical micro/nano assemblies and their visible light photocatalytic activity. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin nanostructures are widely used in the field of visible light catalysis due to their superior light absorption properties and good controllability in size, shape and function. In this paper, the development of various morphologies in three types of porphyrins with three different phenyl substituents (designated as H2TTP, H2TPP and H2TCPP, respectively) is demonstrated. The formation mechanism proposed was based on the evolution of morphology as functions of molecular structure and solvent mixture. These nano/micro assemblies are well characterized by SEM, IR, UV-vis, X-ray diffraction and photoelectric conversion. The photocatalytic oxidation reactions under visible light irradiation of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) in water is utilized to evaluate the photoactivity of the as-prepared porphyrin assemblies. The photocatalytic results indicate that the obtained porphyrin assemblies exhibit enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. In addition, the photocatalyst is easy to separate and recover, and has good stability. The possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism of DHN by the porphyrins nanopolyhedron photocatalyst was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwa Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Jian, 343009, China
| | - Xueren Huang
- College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibuwan University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Jiangen Huang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Jian, 343009, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Jian, 343009, China
| | - Jinhua Cai
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Jian, 343009, China
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19
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Paul A, Shipman MA, Onabule DY, Sproules S, Symes MD. Selective aldehyde reductions in neutral water catalysed by encapsulation in a supramolecular cage. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5082-5090. [PMID: 34163748 PMCID: PMC8179549 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of reactivity inside supramolecular coordination cages has many analogies to the mode of action of enzymes, and continues to inspire the design of new catalysts for a range of reactions. However, despite being a near-ubiquitous class of reactions in organic chemistry, enhancement of the reduction of carbonyls to their corresponding alcohols remains very much underexplored in supramolecular coordination cages. Herein, we show that encapsulation of small aromatic aldehydes inside a supramolecular coordination cage allows the reduction of these aldehydes with the mild reducing agent sodium cyanoborohydride to proceed with high selectivity (ketones and esters are not reduced) and in good yields. In the absence of the cage, low pH conditions are essential for any appreciable conversion of the aldehydes to the alcohols. In contrast, the specific microenvironment inside the cage allows this reaction to proceed in bulk solution that is pH-neutral, or even basic. We propose that the cage acts to stabilise the protonated oxocarbenium ion reaction intermediates (enhancing aldehyde reactivity) whilst simultaneously favouring the encapsulation and reduction of smaller aldehydes (which fit more easily inside the cage). Such dual action (enhancement of reactivity and size-selectivity) is reminiscent of the mode of operation of natural enzymes and highlights the tremendous promise of cage architectures as selective catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Paul
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Michael A Shipman
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Dolapo Y Onabule
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Mark D Symes
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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20
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Trouvé J, Gramage-Doria R. Beyond hydrogen bonding: recent trends of outer sphere interactions in transition metal catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3565-3584. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of interactions beyond hydrogen bonding in the 2nd coordination sphere of transition metal catalysts is rare. However, it has already shown great promise in last 5 years, providing new tools to control the activity and selectivity as here reviewed.
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21
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Peel AJ, Waters JE, Plajer AJ, García-Rodríguez R, Wright DS. Recent advances in the synthesis and application of tris(pyridyl) ligands containing metallic and semimetallic p-block bridgeheads. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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23
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Thuita D, Damunupola D, Brückner C. Oxazolochlorins 21. Most Efficient Access to meso-Tetraphenyl- and meso-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactones, and Their Zinc(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:E4351. [PMID: 32972021 PMCID: PMC7570530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
meso-Phenyl- and meso-pentafluorophenyl-porpholactones, their metal complexes, as well as porphyrinoids directly derived from them are useful in a number of technical and biomedical applications, and more uses are expected to be discovered. About a dozen competing and complementary pathways toward their synthesis were reported. The suitability of the methods changes with the meso-aryl group and whether the free base or metal derivatives are sought. These circumstances make it hard for anyone outside of the field of synthetic porphyrin chemistry to ascertain which pathway is the best to produce which specific derivative. We report here on what we experimentally evaluated to be the most efficient pathways to generate the six key compounds from the commercially available porphyrins, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TFPP): free base meso-tetraphenylporpholactone (TPL) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactone (TFPL), and their platinum(II) and zinc(II) complexes TPLPt, TFPLPt, TPLZn, and TFPLZn, respectively. Detailed procedures are provided to make these intriguing molecules more readily available for their further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269–3060, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
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24
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Rogovoy MI, Davydova MP, Bagryanskaya IY, Artem’ev AV. Efficient one-pot synthesis of diphenyl(pyrazin-2-yl)phosphine and its AgI, AuI and PtII complexes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Jongkind LJ, Reek JNH. Asymmetric Hydroformylation Using a Rhodium Catalyst Encapsulated in a Chiral Capsule. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:867-875. [PMID: 32020766 PMCID: PMC7155075 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular capsules can be used to change the activity and selectivity of a catalyst through the influence of the second coordination sphere, reminiscent of how enzymes control the selectivity of their processes. In enzymes, this approach is used to also control the enantioselectivity of reactions in which the active catalytic site is often not chiral but the second coordination sphere is. We are interested in the possibility to generate a chiral second coordination sphere around an otherwise achiral transition metal complex for asymmetric catalysis. In this paper we show that the ligand template approach can be used to generate a chiral second coordination sphere around a rhodium complex, which is used in asymmetric hydroformylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J. Jongkind
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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26
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Bauer G, Ongari D, Tiana D, Gäumann P, Rohrbach T, Pareras G, Tarik M, Smit B, Ranocchiari M. Metal-organic frameworks as kinetic modulators for branched selectivity in hydroformylation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1059. [PMID: 32103008 PMCID: PMC7044171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding heterogeneous catalysts that are superior to homogeneous ones for selective catalytic transformations is a major challenge in catalysis. Here, we show how micropores in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) push homogeneous catalytic reactions into kinetic regimes inaccessible under standard conditions. Such property allows branched selectivity up to 90% in the Co-catalysed hydroformylation of olefins without directing groups, not achievable with existing catalysts. This finding has a big potential in the production of aldehydes for the fine chemical industry. Monte Carlo and density functional theory simulations combined with kinetic models show that the micropores of MOFs with UMCM-1 and MOF-74 topologies increase the olefins density beyond neat conditions while partially preventing the adsorption of syngas leading to high branched selectivity. The easy experimental protocol and the chemical and structural flexibility of MOFs will attract the interest of the fine chemical industries towards the design of heterogeneous processes with exceptional selectivity. The Co-catalysed hydroformylation of olefins produces selectively linear but not branched aldehydes. Here, the authors show that microporous MOFs increase the olefins density in the pores beyond neat conditions allowing high branched selectivity through kinetic modulation when added to a liquid phase hydroformylation mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Bauer
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Ongari
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Valais, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Davide Tiana
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick Gäumann
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rohrbach
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Pareras
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Tarik
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Berend Smit
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Valais, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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27
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Yang ES, Plajer AJ, García-Romero Á, Bond AD, Ronson TK, Álvarez CM, García-Rodríguez R, Colebatch AL, Wright DS. A Tris(3-pyridyl)stannane as a Building Block for Heterobimetallic Coordination Polymers and Supramolecular Cages. Chemistry 2019; 25:14003-14009. [PMID: 31469199 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The systematic assembly of supramolecular arrangements is a persistent challenge in modern coordination chemistry, especially where further aspects of complexity are concerned, as in the case of large molecular mixed-metal arrangements. One targeted approach to such heterometallic complexes is to engineer metal-based donor ligands of the correct geometry to build 3D arrangements upon coordination to other metals. This simple idea has, however, only rarely been applied to main group metal-based ligand systems. Here, we show that the new, bench-stable tris(3-pyridyl)stannane ligand PhSn(3-Py)3 (3-Py=3-pyridyl) provides simple access to a range of heterometallic SnIV /transition metal complexes, and that the presence of weakly coordinating counter anions can be used to build discrete molecular arrangements involving anion encapsulation. This work therefore provides a building strategy in this area, which parallels that of supramolecular transition metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Álvaro García-Romero
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel, Delibes, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Celedonio M Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel, Delibes, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel, Delibes, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Annie L Colebatch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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28
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Baranov AY, Rakhmanova MI, Samsonenko DG, Malysheva SF, Belogorlova NA, Bagryanskaya IY, Fedin VP, Artem'ev AV. Silver(I) and gold(I) complexes with tris[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]phosphine. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Bouwens T, Mathew S, Reek JNH. p-Type dye-sensitized solar cells based on pseudorotaxane mediated charge-transfer. Faraday Discuss 2019; 215:393-406. [PMID: 30951057 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00169c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) remains low compared to that of n-type congeners due to charge recombination events. We report a supramolecular approach to reduce recombination at the NiO-dye interface, realized by using the cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring (RING4+/RING3˙+) as a redox mediator and a dye (PN) functionalized with a 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) recognition site, promoting the supramolecular formation of a pseudorotaxane capable of directing charge transfer away from the NiO-dye interface. The binding affinity of RING4+ to PN is high (Kass = 3.4 × 104 M-1), with quenching of the photoexcited dye (PN*) ascribed to reduction of RING4+ to RING3˙+. The reduced RING3˙+ exhibits a lower binding affinity to PN, facilitating exchange with the excess RING4+ present in solution. This supramolecular phenomenon was implemented into p-type DSSCs by anchoring the PN dye on a NiO photocathode in conjunction with the RING4+/RING3˙+ redox couple, yielding a 10 fold enhancement in the short-circuit photocurrent (JSC) compared to control devices utilizing P1 dye or the methylviologen (MV2+/MV˙+) redox couple that cannot form pseudorotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessel Bouwens
- Homogeneous Supramolecular and Bio-inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Gao WX, Zhang HN, Jin GX. Supramolecular catalysis based on discrete heterometallic coordination-driven metallacycles and metallacages. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Iu L, Fuentes JA, Janka ME, Fontenot KJ, Clarke ML. High iso
Aldehyde Selectivity in the Hydroformylation of Short-Chain Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Iu
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - José A. Fuentes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Mesfin E. Janka
- Eastman Chemical Company; 200 South Wilcox Drive Kingsport TN 37660 USA
| | - Kevin J. Fontenot
- Eastman Chemical Company; 200 South Wilcox Drive Kingsport TN 37660 USA
| | - Matthew L. Clarke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
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32
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Köster JM, Häussinger D, Tiefenbacher K. Activation of Primary and Secondary Benzylic and Tertiary Alkyl (sp 3 )C-F Bonds Inside a Self-Assembled Molecular Container. Front Chem 2019; 6:639. [PMID: 30662892 PMCID: PMC6328483 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkyl fluorides are generally regarded as chemically inert. However, several literature examples describe the activation of alkyl (sp3)C-F bonds via strong Brønsted or Lewis acids under harsh conditions. We here report that catalytic amounts of the self-assembled resorcinarene capsule are able to activate alkyl (sp3)C-F bonds under mild conditions (40°C, no strong Brønsted or Lewis acid present). Kinetic measurements display a sigmoidal reaction progress after an initial induction period. Control experiments indicate that the presence of the supramolecular capsule is required for an efficient reaction acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper M Köster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Konrad Tiefenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Iu L, Fuentes JA, Janka ME, Fontenot KJ, Clarke ML. High iso
Aldehyde Selectivity in the Hydroformylation of Short-Chain Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2120-2124. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Iu
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - José A. Fuentes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Mesfin E. Janka
- Eastman Chemical Company; 200 South Wilcox Drive Kingsport TN 37660 USA
| | - Kevin J. Fontenot
- Eastman Chemical Company; 200 South Wilcox Drive Kingsport TN 37660 USA
| | - Matthew L. Clarke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
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34
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Nurttila SS, Brenner W, Mosquera J, van Vliet KM, Nitschke JR, Reek JNH. Size-Selective Hydroformylation by a Rhodium Catalyst Confined in a Supramolecular Cage. Chemistry 2019; 25:609-620. [PMID: 30351486 PMCID: PMC6391983 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Size-selective hydroformylation of terminal alkenes was attained upon embedding a rhodium bisphosphine complex in a supramolecular metal-organic cage that was formed by subcomponent self-assembly. The catalyst was bound in the cage by a ligand-template approach, in which pyridyl-zinc(II) porphyrin interactions led to high association constants (>105 m-1 ) for the binding of the ligands and the corresponding rhodium complex. DFT calculations confirm that the second coordination sphere forces the encapsulated active species to adopt the ee coordination geometry (i.e., both phosphine ligands in equatorial positions), in line with in situ high-pressure IR studies of the host-guest complex. The window aperture of the cage decreases slightly upon binding the catalyst. As a result, the diffusion of larger substrates into the cage is slower compared to that of smaller substrates. Consequently, the encapsulated rhodium catalyst displays substrate selectivity, converting smaller substrates faster to the corresponding aldehydes. This selectivity bears a resemblance to an effect observed in nature, where enzymes are able to discriminate between substrates based on shape and size by embedding the active site deep inside the hydrophobic pocket of a bulky protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S. Nurttila
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Brenner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
| | - Jesús Mosquera
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCB2 1EWCambridgeUK
| | - Kaj M. van Vliet
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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35
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Hewage N, Daddario P, Lau KSF, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Gascón JA, Zeller M, Lee CO, Khalil GE, Gouterman M, Brückner C. Bacterio- and Isobacteriodilactones by Stepwise or Direct Oxidations of meso-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin. J Org Chem 2019; 84:239-256. [PMID: 30484650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porpholactones are porphyrinoids in which one or more β,β'-bonds of the parent chromophore were replaced by lactone moieties. Accessible to varying degrees by direct and nonselective oxidations of porphyrins, the rational syntheses of all five dilactone isomers along stepwise, controlled, and high-yielding routes via porphyrin → tetrahydroxyisobacteriochlorin metal complexes → isobacteriochlorindilactone metal complexes or porphyrin → tetrahydroxybacteriochlorin → bacteriochlorindilactone (and related) pathways, respectively, are described. A major benefit of these complementary routes over established methods is the simplicity of the isolation of the dilactones because of the reduced number of side products formed. In an alternative approach we report the direct and selective conversion of free base meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin to all isomers of free base isobacteriodilactones using the oxidant cetyltrimethylN+MnO4-. The solid-state structures of some of the isomers and their precursors are reported, providing data on the conformational modulation induced by the derivatizations. We also rationalize computationally their differing thermodynamic stability and electronic properties. In making new efficient routes toward these dilactone isomers available, we enable the further study of this diverse class of porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisansala Hewage
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060, Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Pedro Daddario
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060, Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Kimberly S F Lau
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060, Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060, Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060, Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 101 Wetherill Hall, 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 , United States
| | - Christal O Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Gamal E Khalil
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Martin Gouterman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060, Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
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36
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Elemans JAAW, Nolte RJM. Porphyrin cage compounds based on glycoluril – from enzyme mimics to functional molecular machines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9590-9605. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04372a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This Feature Article gives an overview of the application of glycoluril-based porphyrin cage compounds in host–guest chemistry, allosterically controlled self-assembly, biomimetic catalysis, and polymer encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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37
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Lensen MC, Nolte RJM, Rowan AE, Pyckhout-Hintzen W, Feiters MC, Elemans JAAW. Self-assembly of porphyrin hexamers via bidentate metal-ligand coordination. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14277-14287. [PMID: 29881835 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01572d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular assembly of metal-porphyrin hexamers with bidentate ligands in chloroform solutions is demonstrated by UV/Vis and 1H NMR-titrations, and Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) experiments. Titrations of zinc porphyrin hexamer Zn1 with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) revealed that at a DABCO/Zn1 molar ratio of 3, intermolecular sandwich complexes are formed, which can be considered as "circular-shaped porphyrin ladders". These supramolecular complexes further aggregate into larger polymeric stacks, as a result of a combination of cooperativity effects, π-π stacking interactions, and chelate effects. The presence of rodlike assemblies in solution, formed by assembly of Zn1 and DABCO, is confirmed by SANS-experiments. Using a model for cylindrical assemblies, curve fitting calculations reveal that rods with an average length of 26 nm and a radius of 30-35 Å were formed, corresponding to columnar stacks of approximately 30 hexamer molecules. In contrast, the metal-free hexamer H21 did not form extended assemblies due to the absence of coordinative intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marga C Lensen
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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38
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Sun B, Nurttila SS, Reek JNH. Synthesis and Characterization of Self-Assembled Chiral Fe II 2 L 3 Cages. Chemistry 2018; 24:14693-14700. [PMID: 30025184 PMCID: PMC6175241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present here the synthesis of chiral BINOL-derived (BINOL=1,1'-bi-2-naphthol) bisamine and bispyridine-aldehyde building blocks that can be used for the self-assembly of novel chiral FeII 2 L3 cages when mixed with an iron(II) precursor. The properties of a series of chiral cages were studied by NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, cold-spray ionization MS, and molecular modeling. Upon formation of the M2 L3 cages, the iron corners can adopt various isomeric forms: mer, fac-Δ, or fac-Λ. We found that the coordination geometry around the metal centers in R-Cages 1 and 2 were influenced by the chiral BINOL backbone only to a limited extent, as a mixture of cages was formed with fac and mer configurations at the iron corners. However, single cage species (fac-RR-Cage and fac-RS-Cage) that are enantiopure and highly symmetric were obtained by generating these chiral M2 L3 cages by using the bispyridine-aldehyde building blocks in combination with chiral amine moieties to form pyridylimine ligands for coordination to iron. Next to consistent NMR spectra, the CD spectra confirm the configurations fac-(Λ,Λ) and fac-(Δ,Δ) corresponding to RR- and RS-Cage, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra S. Nurttila
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Homogeneous, Bioinspired and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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39
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García‐Romero Á, Plajer AJ, Álvarez‐Miguel L, Bond AD, Wright DS, García‐Rodríguez R. Postfunctionalization of Tris(pyridyl) Aluminate Ligands: Chirality, Coordination, and Supramolecular Chemistry. Chemistry 2018; 24:17019-17026. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro García‐Romero
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Alex J. Plajer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Lucía Álvarez‐Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Andrew D. Bond
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Dominic S. Wright
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Raúl García‐Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes 47011 Valladolid Spain
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40
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Jongkind L, Caumes X, Hartendorp APT, Reek JNH. Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2115-2128. [PMID: 30137959 PMCID: PMC6148444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Binding of molecules in molecular cages based on self-assembled concave building blocks has been of great interest to scientists for decades. The binding of static molecular fragments inside cage-like molecular structures is generally based on complementarity of host and guest in terms of shape and interactions. The encapsulation of homogeneous catalysts in molecular cages is of interest as activity, selectivity, and stability can be controlled by the cage as second coordination sphere, reminiscent of how enzymes control chemical reactivity. Homogeneous catalysts, however, are not static guest molecules as catalysts change in shape, charge, and polarity during the catalytic cycle, representing the challenges involved in cage controlled catalysis. To address these issues, we developed a new strategy that we coined the "ligand template approach for catalyst encapsulation". This strategy relies on ligand building blocks that contain multiple orthogonal binding sites: the central ligand (mostly phosphorus) is bound to the transition metal required for catalysis, while other binding sites are used to construct a cage structure around the transition metal atom through self-assembly. By design, the catalyst is inside the capsule during the catalytic cycle, as the central ligand is coordinated to the catalyst. As the approach is based on a self-assembly process of building blocks, the catalyst properties can be easily modulated by modification of building blocks involved. In this Account, we elaborate on template ligand strategies for single catalyst encapsulation, based on divergent ligand templates and the extension to nanospheres with multiple metal complexes, which are formed by assembly of convergent ligand templates. Using the mononuclear approach, a variety of encapsulated catalysts can be generated, which have led to highly (enantio)selective hydroformylation reactions for encapsulated rhodium atoms. Besides the successes of encapsulated rhodium catalysts in hydroformylation, mononuclear ligand template capsules have been applied in asymmetric hydrogenation, the Heck reaction, copolymerization, gold catalyzed cyclization reactions, and hydrosilylation reactions. By changing the capsule building blocks the electronic and steric properties around the transition metal atom have successfully been modified, which translates to changes in catalyst properties. Using the convergent ligand templates, nanospheres have been generated with up to 24 complexes inside the sphere, leading to very high local concentrations of the transition metal. The effect of local concentrations was explored in gold catalyzed cyclization reactions and ruthenium catalyzed water oxidation, and for both reactions, spectacular reaction rate enhancements have been observed. This Account shows that the template ligand approach to provide catalyst in well-defined specific environments is very versatile and leads to catalyst properties that are not achievable with traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas
J. Jongkind
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit
van Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xavier Caumes
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit
van Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnout P. T. Hartendorp
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit
van Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit
van Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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41
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Phanopoulos A, Nozaki K. Branched-Selective Hydroformylation of Nonactivated Olefins Using an N-Triphos/Rh Catalyst. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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42
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Köster JM, Tiefenbacher K. Elucidating the Importance of Hydrochloric Acid as a Cocatalyst for Resorcinarene-Capsule-Catalyzed Reactions. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper M. Köster
- Department of Chemistry, BPR1096; University of Basel; Mattenstrasse 24a 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Konrad Tiefenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, BPR1096; University of Basel; Mattenstrasse 24a 4058 Basel Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering; ETH Zürich; Mattenstrasse 24 4058 Basel Switzerland
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43
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Nurttila S, Linnebank PR, Krachko T, Reek JNH. Supramolecular Approaches To Control Activity and Selectivity in Hydroformylation Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018; 8:3469-3488. [PMID: 29657887 PMCID: PMC5894442 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hydroformylation reaction is one of the most intensively explored reactions in the field of homogeneous transition metal catalysis, and many industrial applications are known. However, this atom economical reaction has not been used to its full potential, as many selectivity issues have not been solved. Traditionally, the selectivity is controlled by the ligand that is coordinated to the active metal center. Recently, supramolecular strategies have been demonstrated to provide powerful complementary tools to control activity and selectivity in hydroformylation reactions. In this review, we will highlight these supramolecular strategies. We have organized this paper in sections in which we describe the use of supramolecular bidentate ligands, substrate preorganization by interactions between the substrate and functional groups of the ligands, and hydroformylation catalysis in molecular cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra
S. Nurttila
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Pim R. Linnebank
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Tetiana Krachko
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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44
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Colomban C, Fuertes-Espinosa C, Goeb S, Sallé M, Costas M, Blancafort L, Ribas X. Self-Assembled Cofacial Zinc-Porphyrin Supramolecular Nanocapsules as Tuneable 1 O 2 Photosensitizers. Chemistry 2018; 24:4371-4381. [PMID: 29315876 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the benefits of using cofacial Zn-porphyrins as structural synthons in coordination-driven self-assembled prisms to produce cage-like singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) photosensitizers with tunable properties. In particular, we describe the photosensitizing and emission properties of palladium- and copper-based supramolecular capsules, and demonstrate that the nature of the bridging metal nodes in these discrete self-assembled prisms strongly influences 1 O2 generation at the Zn-porphyrin centers. The PdII -based prism is a particularly robust photosensitizer, whereas the CuII self-assembled prism is a dormant photosensitizer that could be switched to a ON state upon disassembly of the suprastructure. Furthermore, the well-defined cavity within the prisms allowed encapsulation of pyridine-based ligands and fullerene derivatives, which led to a remarkable guest tuning of the 1 O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Colomban
- Institut de Química Computatcional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Fuertes-Espinosa
- Institut de Química Computatcional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sébastien Goeb
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers, CNRS UMR 6200, 2 bd Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Marc Sallé
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers, CNRS UMR 6200, 2 bd Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computatcional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Blancafort
- Institut de Química Computatcional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computatcional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E17003, Catalonia, Spain
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45
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Wang X, Nurttila SS, Dzik WI, Becker R, Rodgers J, Reek JNH. Tuning the Porphyrin Building Block in Self-Assembled Cages for Branched-Selective Hydroformylation of Propene. Chemistry 2017; 23:14769-14777. [PMID: 28608592 PMCID: PMC5697640 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented regioselectivity to the branched aldehyde product in the hydroformylation of propene was attained on embedding a rhodium complex in supramolecular assembly L2, formed by coordination-driven self-assembly of tris(meta-pyridyl)phosphine and zinc(II) porpholactone. The design of cage L2 is based on the ligand-template approach, in which the ligand acts as a template for cage formation. Previously, first-generation cage L1, in which zinc(II) porphyrin units were utilized instead of porpholactones, was reported. Binding studies demonstrate that the association constant for the formation of second-generation cage L2 is nearly an order of magnitude higher than that of L1. This strengthened binding allows cage L2 to remain intact in polar and industrially relevant solvents. As a consequence, the unprecedented regioselectivity for branched aldehyde products can be maintained in polar and coordinating solvents by using the second-generation assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Wang
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Present address: Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 189 Songling Road, Laoshan DistrictQingdao266101P. R. China
| | - Sandra S. Nurttila
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wojciech I. Dzik
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - René Becker
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jody Rodgers
- Eastman Chemical CompanyP.O. Box 7444LongviewTX75607-7444USA
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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