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Guo S, Huang X, Situ Y, Huang Q, Guan K, Huang J, Wang W, Bai X, Liu Z, Wu Y, Qiao Z. Interpretable Machine-Learning and Big Data Mining to Predict Gas Diffusivity in Metal-Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301461. [PMID: 37166040 PMCID: PMC10375163 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For gas separation and catalysis by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), gas diffusion has a substantial impact on the process' overall rate, so it is necessary to determine the molecular diffusion behavior within the MOFs. In this study, an interpretable machine learing (ML) model, light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), is trained to predict the molecular diffusivity and selectivity of 9 gases (Kr, Xe, CH4 , N2 , H2 S, O2 , CO2 , H2 , and He). For these 9 gases, LGBM displays high accuracy (average R2 = 0.962) and superior extrapolation for the diffusivity of C2 H6 . And this model calculation is five orders of magnitude faster than molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Subsequently, using the trained LGBM model, an interactive desktop application is developed that can help researchers quickly and accurately calculate the diffusion of molecules in porous crystal materials. Finally, the authors find the difference in the molecular polarizability (ΔPol) is the key factor governing the diffusion selectivity by combining the trained LGBM model with the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP). By the calculation of interpretable ML, the optimal MOFs are selected for separating binary gas mixtures and CO2 methanation. This work provides a new direction for exploring the structure-property relationships of MOFs and realizing the rapid calculation of molecular diffusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Guo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Xiaoshan Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yizhen Situ
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Qiuhong Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Kexin Guan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Zili Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yufang Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Zhiwei Qiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green CatalysisSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Joint Institute of Guangzhou University & Institute of Corrosion Science and TechnologyGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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Xiao Y, Chu Y, Li S, Xu J, Deng F. Preferential adsorption sites for propane/propylene separation on ZIF-8 as revealed by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6535-6543. [PMID: 35258049 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with theoretical calculation was employed to investigate the adsorbent-adsorbate host-guest interactions during propane/propylene separation on ZIF-8. 1H NMR chemical shifts of free gaseous and adsorbed propane/propylene are unambiguously assigned with the assistance of two-dimensional (2D) 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY) MAS NMR spectra. Meanwhile, the adsorption selectivity for propane/propylene mixtures on ZIF-8 at a pressure in range of 1.9-9.6 bar is quantitatively determined using 1H MAS NMR experiments, which agreed well with the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) predictions. The preferential adsorption of propane compared with propylene on ZIF-8 is directly visualized from the 2D 1H-1H spin diffusion homo-nuclear correlation (HOMCOR) MAS NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the preferential adsorption sites for propane and propylene are deduced from the 1H-1H spin diffusion buildup curves, which is further confirmed by DFT theoretical calculations. This work provides insights to understand the structure-property relationship during the propane/propylene separation on ZIF-8 as adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yueying Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Shenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Sharp CH, Bukowski BC, Li H, Johnson EM, Ilic S, Morris AJ, Gersappe D, Snurr RQ, Morris JR. Nanoconfinement and mass transport in metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11530-11558. [PMID: 34661217 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00558h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of metal-organic frameworks in recent scientific literature underscores their highly versatile nature. MOFs have been developed for use in a wide array of applications, including: sensors, catalysis, separations, drug delivery, and electrochemical processes. Often overlooked in the discussion of MOF-based materials is the mass transport of guest molecules within the pores and channels. Given the wide distribution of pore sizes, linker functionalization, and crystal sizes, molecular diffusion within MOFs can be highly dependent on the MOF-guest system. In this review, we discuss the major factors that govern the mass transport of molecules through MOFs at both the intracrystalline and intercrystalline scale; provide an overview of the experimental and computational methods used to measure guest diffusivity within MOFs; and highlight the relevance of mass transfer in the applications of MOFs in electrochemical systems, separations, and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H Sharp
- National Research Council Associateship Program and Electronic Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Brandon C Bukowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Eric M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Stefan Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Dilip Gersappe
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - John R Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Cohen Y, Slovak S, Avram L. Solution NMR of synthetic cavity containing supramolecular systems: what have we learned on and from? Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8856-8884. [PMID: 34486595 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NMR has been instrumental in studies of both the structure and dynamics of molecular systems for decades, so it is not surprising that NMR has played a pivotal role in the study of host-guest complexes and supramolecular systems. In this mini-review, selected examples will be used to demonstrate the added value of using (multiparametric) NMR for studying macrocycle-based host-guest and supramolecular systems. We will restrict the discussion to synthetic host systems having a cavity that can engulf their guests thus restricting them into confined spaces. So discussion of selected examples of cavitands, cages, capsules and their complexes, aggregates and polymers as well as organic cages and porous liquids and other porous materials will be used to demonstrate the insights that have been gathered from the extracted NMR parameters when studying such systems emphasizing the information obtained from somewhat less routine NMR methods such as diffusion NMR, diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and their variants. These selected examples demonstrate the impact that the results and findings from these NMR studies have had on our understanding of such systems and on the developments in various research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Cohen
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 699781, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sarit Slovak
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 699781, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Liat Avram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Audu CO, Chen D, Kung CW, Snurr RQ, Nguyen ST, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Transport Diffusion of Linear Alkanes (C 5-C 16) through Thin Films of ZIF-8 as Assessed by Quartz Crystal Microgravimetry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9405-9414. [PMID: 34338528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report uptake capacities and transport diffusivities, D, for each of eight linear alkanes (ranging from C5 to C16) in quartz crystal-supported films of solvent-evacuated ZIF-8. Analyses of the alkane uptake profiles revealed that the transport dynamics are governed by guest diffusion through metal-organic framework (MOF) (ZIF-8) crystallites rather than by rates of entry into films at the MOF/vapor interface. The obtained diffusivities range from just over 10-18 m2/s to just under 10-14 m2/s. Notably, minimum cross-sectional widths for all guests exceed the crystallographically measured width of ZIF-8's largest apertures and imply consistently with previous experimental and computational studies that apertures expand to accommodate guest uptake. On average, each additional carbon decreases the transport diffusivity of an alkane by twofold. Closer examination, however, reveals an odd-even effect such that linear alkanes having even numbers of carbons diffuse more rapidly than alkanes featuring one more or one less carbon atom. Thus, ZIF-8's differentiation of transport diffusivities for pairs of alkanes differing in length by only one carbon atom can be significantly greater than the aforementioned factor of 2. Elucidation of the microscopic basis for the odd-even behavior, however, awaits the outcome of molecular dynamics calculations that are beyond the scope of the present study. For compact, solvothermally prepared films, guest transport is dominated by 1D diffusion from the film/vapor interface and toward the underlying quartz crystal. For much lower density, electrophoretically deposited (EPD) films, crystallites behave nearly independently, and guest transport can be adequately modeled by assuming rapid permeation of macroscopic voids between crystallites, followed by entry and rate-limiting radial diffusion into isolated crystallites. One consequence is that EPD films can be much more rapidly infiltrated by molecular guests than can compact, solvothermally grown films. The combined results have potentially favorable implications for the development of kinetic separation schemes for closely related analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius O Audu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - David Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA
| | - SonBinh T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Marreiros J, de Oliveira-Silva R, Iacomi P, Llewellyn PL, Ameloot R, Sakellariou D. Benchtop In Situ Measurement of Full Adsorption Isotherms by NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8249-8254. [PMID: 34043343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physisorption using gas or vapor probe molecules is the most common characterization technique for porous materials. The method provides textural information on the adsorbent as well as the affinity for a specific adsorbate, typically through equilibrium pressure measurements. Here, we demonstrate how low-field NMR can be used to measure full adsorption isotherms, and how by selectively measuring 1H spins of the adsorbed probe molecules, rather than those in the vapor phase, this "NMR-relaxorption" technique provides insights about local dynamics beyond what can be learned from physisorption alone. The potential of this double-barreled approach was illustrated for a set of microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). For methanol adsorption in ZIF-8, the method identifies multiple guest molecules populations assigned to MeOH clusters in the pore center, MeOH bound at cage windows and to MeOH adsorption on defect sites. For UiO-66(Zr), the sequential pore filling is demonstrated and accurate pore topologies are directly obtained, and for MIL-53(Al), structural phase transitions are accurately detected and linked with two populations of dimeric chemical species localized to specific positions in the framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marreiros
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Iacomi
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, MADIREL UMR 7246, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Philip L Llewellyn
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, MADIREL UMR 7246, 13397 Marseille, France.,TOTAL SE, E&P, Centre Scientifique et Technique Jean Féger, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Rob Ameloot
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dimitrios Sakellariou
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Fu Y, Guan H, Yin J, Kong X. Probing molecular motions in metal-organic frameworks with solid-state NMR. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Boulé R, Roiland C, Bataille T, Le Pollés L, Audebrand N, Ghoufi A. Anomalous Dynamics of a Nanoconfined Gas in a Soft Metal-Organics Framework. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1698-1708. [PMID: 30913385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics of confined molecules within porous materials is equally important as local structural order, and it is necessary to quantify it and to reveal the microscopic mechanisms ruling it for better control of adsorption applications. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate the translational and the rotational dynamics of methanol trapped into the flexible NH2-MIL-53(Al) metal-organics framework (MOF). Indeed, atomistic simulation is nowadays a relevant tool to explore matter at the nanoscale. Very recently it has been shown that the NH2-MIL-53(Al) MOF material was capable to undergo a reversible structural transition (breathing phenomenon) by combining adsorption and thermal stimuli. This flexibility can drastically affect the dynamics of confined molecules and therefore the successful conduct of adsorption applications such as gas storage and separation. Rotational and translational dynamics of confined methanol through nanoporous flexible NH2-MIL-53(Al) MOF were then deeply investigated by exploring a broad range of dynamical properties to extract the molecular mechanisms ruling them. This study allowed us to shed light on the interplay of dynamics of confined fluids and flexibility of porous material and to highlight the physical insights in diffusion mechanisms of confined molecules. Anomalous translational diffusion was evidenced due to a dynamical heterogeneity caused by a combination of a localized dynamics at the subnanometric scale and translational jumps between nanodomains in a zigzag scheme between the hydroxide group of the NH2-MIL-53(Al). Actually, the non-Fickian dynamics of methanol is the result of the specific host-guest interactions and the MOF flexibility involving the pore opening. Eventually, decoupling between both rotational and translational dynamics related to breaking in the Stokes-Einstein relation was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roald Boulé
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ENSCR, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
| | - Claire Roiland
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ENSCR, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
| | - Thierry Bataille
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ENSCR, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
| | - Laurent Le Pollés
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ENSCR, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
| | - Nathalie Audebrand
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ENSCR, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
| | - Aziz Ghoufi
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251 , F-35000 Rennes , France
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Nießing S, Janiak C. Studies on catalytic activity of MIL-53(Al) and structure analogue DUT-5(Al) using bdc- and bpdc-ligands functionalized with l-proline in a solid-solution mixed-linker approach. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Nuhnen A, Dietrich D, Millan S, Janiak C. Role of Filler Porosity and Filler/Polymer Interface Volume in Metal-Organic Framework/Polymer Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Gas Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33589-33600. [PMID: 30193060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and inorganic fillers are frequently incorporated into mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) to overcome the traditional trade-off in permeability ( P) and selectivity for pure organic polymer membranes. Therefore, it is of great interest to examine the influence of porous and nonporous fillers in MMMs with respect to the possible role of the polymer-filler interface, that is, the void volume. In this work, we compare the same MOF filler in a porous and nonporous state, so that artifacts from a different polymer-filler interface are excluded. MMMs with the porous MOF aluminum fumarate (Al-fum) and with a nonporous dimethyl sulfoxide solvent-filled aluminum fumarate (Al-fum(DMSO)), both with Matrimid as polymer, were prepared. Filler contents ranged from 4 to 24 wt %. Gas separation performances of both MMMs were studied by mixed gas measurements using a binary mixture of CO2/CH4 with gas permeation following the theoretical prediction by the Maxwell model for both porous and nonporous dispersed phase (filler). MMMs with the porous Al-fum filler showed increased CO2 and CH4 permeability with a moderate rise in selectivity upon increasing filler fraction. The MMMs with the nonporous Al-fum(DMSO) filler displayed a reduction in permeability while maintaining the selectivity of the neat polymer. A linear dependence of log P versus the reciprocal specific free fractional volume (sFFV) rules out a significant contribution from a void volume. The sFFV includes the free volume of the polymer and the MOF, but not the polymer-filler interface volume (so-called void volume). The sFFV for the MMM was calculated between 0.23 cm3/g for a 24 wt % Al-fum/Matrimid MMM and 0.12 cm3/g for a 24 wt % Al-fum(DMSO)/Matrimid MMM. The negligible effect of an interface volume is supported by a good matching of theoretical and experimental density of the Al-fum and Al-fum/(DMSO) MMMs which gave a specific void volume below 0.02 cm3/g, often even below 0.01 cm3/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nuhnen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Heinrich-Heine-Universität , Universitätsstraße 1 , D-40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Dennis Dietrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Heinrich-Heine-Universität , Universitätsstraße 1 , D-40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Simon Millan
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Heinrich-Heine-Universität , Universitätsstraße 1 , D-40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Heinrich-Heine-Universität , Universitätsstraße 1 , D-40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
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